Shoot Shell Research Articles

Fractionation and evaluation of light-colored lignin extracted from bamboo shoot shells using hydrated deep eutectic solvents

In this study, light-colored lignin was extracted from bamboo shoot shells (BSS) using a hydrated deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment. The hydrated DES used in pretreatment consist of formic acid, benzyl triethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) and water. The pretreatment using a hydrated DES containing 30% water (H30) demonstrate efficient delignification (82.9%). Additionally, the hydrated DES protected the β-O-4 linkage from excessive cleavage and recondensation as well as keep the light-colored of lignin. Moreover, the hydrated DES extracted lignin exhibits superior antioxidant performance and tyrosinase inhibitory capacity compared to the control. Notably, incorporating 5% lignin of H30-extracted lignin into a commercial suncream led to a remarkable enhancement of the SPF value, elevating from 14.8 to 32.6. In summary, the proposed hydrated DES pretreatment method offers significant benefits for extracting light-colored lignin, thereby promoting the multifunctional application of lignin in cosmetics.

Pyrolysis characteristics and gaseous products of bamboo shoot shells under N2 and CO2 atmospheres

To design industrial thermal conversion systems of bamboo shoot shells (BSS), pyrolysis characteristics of BSS under N2 and CO2 atmospheres were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a Fourier-transform infrared. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods were used to calculate kinetic parameters. Thermodynamics were evaluated based on Enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy. Results showed that BSS pyrolysis under CO2 atmosphere had an obvious peak at the temperature range of 645–922 °C. CO2 decreased residual weight and average Eα of BSS pyrolysis, and improved the release of gaseous products. CO was the main gaseous product during pyrolysis process of BSS under CO2 atmosphere. The release of CO2 and CH4 reduced. BSS pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere and the first peak under CO2 atmosphere fitted with R2, R3, and A2 models when α increased from 0.1 to 0.5 and subsequently followed F2 model. Pyrolysis reaction of BSS was non-spontaneous and required an external heat supply.

Synthesis of furoic acid from biomasses by sequential catalysis with fish scale-rice husk-based heterogeneous chemocatalyst and dehydrogenase biocatalyst

In this work, furfural was effectively converted to furoic acid (FCA) by using biological macromolecules as raw materials in tandem reaction with chemical biological catalysts. Firstly, a biochar-based heterogeneous catalyst Sn-FS-RH was prepared using equal mass of fish scale (FS) and rice husk (RH) as carriers. Different biomasses (such as poplar wood, winter bamboo shoot shell, corn cob, corn straw, reed leaf, peanut shell, rape straw, and potato shell) were transformed into furfural with Sn-FS-RH in deep eutectic solvent choline chloride:Maleic acid (ChCl:MLA)-H2O (10:90, v/v; 170 °C), and the furfural yield from corn cob-derived xylose reached the highest (70.5% yield, based on xylose) after 15 min of catalysis. The mechanism of Sn-FS-RH-catalyzed the transformation of lignocellulose to furfural was interpreted in ChCl:MLA-H2O. One liter of xylose-hydrolysate was obtained after acid hydrolysis of biomass. The preparation of FUR was generally carried out in a 10 liter of autoclave reactor containing 75 g biomass, 36 g Sn-FS-RH catalyst, 100 g ChCl:MLA, and 20 g ZnCl2. The reactor was stirred at 170 ℃ for 15 min at 500 rpm. It was observed that the by-products (formic acid, levulinic acid, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) formed in the transformation of lignocellulose to furfural had somewhat inhibitory effect on the formation of furoic acid from furfural bioconversion. After 24–72 h, Escherichia coli HMFOMUT cells containing dehydrogenase could transform fully furfural derived from different biomass (30–90 mM) into furoic acid. This two-step chemoenzymatic strategy was an efficient way to transform biomacromolecules into biofurans in a sustainable medium.

Implementing dilute acid pretreatment coupled with solid acid catalysis and enzymatic hydrolysis to improve bioconversion of bamboo shoot shells

Exploiting bamboo shoot shells (BSS) as feedstocks for biorefining is a crucial scheme to advance the bioavailability of bamboo shoots. This work applied traditional dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment (DAP) to treat BSS and simultaneously prepared the solid-acid-catalyst by using BSS as carbon-based carriers. The biocatalysis of the prehydrolysate from DAP and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated BSS was subsequently performed to achieve efficient bioconversion of its carbohydrates. The results displayed that 0.1 g/L H2SO4 employed in DAP was the optimal condition for furfural conversion of BSS during biocatalysis, reaching the maximum of 41%. Meanwhile, the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of the pretreated BSS also reached the maximum of 97%. This increment of efficiency was ascribed to the enhancement of accessibility and cellulosic crystal size, and also the reduction of surface area of lignin in BSS. Ultimately, the efficient bioutilization of BSS and bioconversion of its carbohydrates were realized by DAP technology.

"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BAMBOO SHOOT SHELL FIBERS DEGUMMED BY IMPROVED SODIUM PERCARBONATE AND ALKALINE-OXYGEN METHODS"

"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BAMBOO SHOOT SHELL FIBERS DEGUMMED BY IMPROVED SODIUM PERCARBONATE AND ALKALINE-OXYGEN METHODS"

Enhancing saccharification of bamboo shoot shells by rapid one-pot pretreatment of hydrated deep eutectic solvent

In this work, a rapid one-pot hydrated deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment was proposed to facilitate the conversion of carbohydrates from lignocellulosic biomass to monosaccharides. Specifically, the pure and hydrated DES based on benzyl triethylammonium chloride (BTEAC), formic acid (FA) and water was used to pretreat bamboo shoot shells (BSS) by microwave heating. The pretreated solid residues were enzymatically saccharified to produce fermentable sugars, and the hydrolyzed carbohydrates and lignin remained in the hydrolyzate. The results showed that the yield of monosaccharides from the hydrated DES hydrolyzate (193.7–228.4 g/kg) was significantly higher than that (45.9–66.1 g/kg) of pure DES. The 30% hydrated DES pretreatment achieved the best glucose yield (89.03%) and a total monosaccharides yield of 555.4 g/kg, which corresponded to a conversion ratio of carbohydrates to monosaccharides of 87.0%. The proposed process is a robust method for the efficiently convert carbohydrates from BSS into monosaccharides.

Activated Carbon with Ultrahigh Specific Surface Derived from Bamboo Shoot Shell through K2FeO4 Oxidative Pyrolysis for Adsorption of Methylene Blue.

To effectively remove methylene blue (MB) from dye wastewater, a novel activated carbon (BAC) was manufactured through co-pyrolysis of bamboo shoot shell and K2FeO4. The activation process was optimized to a temperature of 750 °C and an activation time of 90 min based on its excellent adsorption capacity of 560.94 mg/g with a yield of 10.03%. The physicochemical and adsorption properties of BACs were investigated. The BAC had an ultrahigh specific surface area of 2327.7 cm2/g and abundant active functional groups. The adsorption mechanisms included chemisorption and physisorption. The Freundlich model could be used to describe the isothermal adsorption of MB. The kinetics confirmed that the adsorption of MB belonged to the pseudo-second-order model. Intra-particle diffusion was the main rate-limiting step. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption process was endothermic and temperature was beneficial for the improvement of adsorption property. Furthermore, the removal rate of MB was 63.5% after three cycles. The BAC will have great potential for commercial development for purifying dye wastewater.

Production of antimicrobial film-reinforced purified cellulose derived from bamboo shoot shell

In this paper aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of an antimicrobial film by incorporating purified cellulose obtained from bamboo shoot shells into a chitosan matrix. Films with varying amounts of cellulose (0%w/v, 0.2%w/v, and 0.4%w/v) were investigated. Results indicated that the chitosan film reinforced 0.4%w/v cellulose exhibited higher tensile strength (43.50 MPa) and elongation at break (39.40 %) compared to the film without cellulose (34.47 MPa, 18.27 %). Additionally, the film with 0.4%w/v cellulose showed antimicrobial activity against B. cereus (MIC 12.5 mg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 6.25 mg/mL), E. coli (MIC 6.25 mg/mL), and exhibited 68.67 % inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum. Due to its biodegradability, favorable mechanical properties, and strong antimicrobial ability, the cellulose-chitosan film presents a promising alternative to be applied in the food industry, such as in packaging of dried food or as a coating film.

Sequential extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Dendrocalamus brandisii bamboo shoot shell

Polysaccharides including water-soluble fraction (W), 1,2-Cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA)-soluble fraction (CA), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)-soluble fraction (SC), 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH)-soluble fractions (PH1), and 4 M KOH-soluble fraction (PH4) were successively extracted from Dendrocalamus brandisii bamboo shoot shells using water, CDTA, Na2CO3, and KOH solution. The analytical methods were employed to initially identify the structural characteristics of the five polysaccharide fractions, and their antioxidant capacities in vitro were determined. According to the data, the average molecular weight of the five polysaccharide fractions was between 4 816 and 993 935 Da. In all four types (CA, SC, PH1, and PH4), xylose was the most abundant monosaccharide, especially in PH1 and PH4. Both PH1 and PH4 were found to contain 1,4-β-d-Xylp as their main chain, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Additional research into CA and SC's antioxidant potential is required since they both showed potent in vitro antioxidant activities.

Pyrolysis self-activation: An environmentally friendly method to transform biowaste into activated carbon for arsenic removal

A green method for production of activated carbon and combustible gas was introduced. Without any external reagents and gases, the H2O and CO2 produced by the pyrolysis of bamboo shoot shells were used as activators. The prepared activated carbon had good arsenic adsorption properties with the maximum adsorption capacities of 10.9 mg/g for As(III) and 16.0 mg/g for As(V). The gaseous products were mostly CO and H2, with higher heating value of 11.7 MJ/Nm3. Thermogravimetric experiments were performed in N2, H2O and CO2 atmospheres to simulate the self-activation process and investigate the self-activation mechanism. This work will help to improve the competitiveness of self-activation technology and reduce the production cost of activated carbon.

Preparation of microporous carbonaceous CO2 adsorbents by activating bamboo shoot shells with different chlorides: Experimental and theoretical calculations

In this paper, a series of microporous carbonaceous adsorbents were prepared using bamboo shoot shells as carbon precursors and four different chlorides (calcium chloride, potassium chloride, iron chloride and zinc chloride) as activators. The results show that the pore structure and specific surface area of the adsorbent jointly affect the adsorption capacity of CO2. The porous carbon prepared with calcium chloride and potassium chloride as the activator has the highest micropore content, reaching more than 93 %. The solid adsorbent BSSC-CaCl2-700 with calcium chloride as the activator exhibited the highest CO2 adsorption capacity of 70.45 cm3/g and 53.62 cm3/g at 273 K and 298 K under 1 bar, respectively. It is a promising adsorbent for CO2 capture from flue gas. Based on the experimental study, a model of porous carbon prepared by different activators was developed. Combined with the mechanism of CO2 adsorption in porous materials, the binding adsorption energy and self-diffusion coefficient of porous carbon prepared by the different chlorides as activators were calculated by DFT method. The results show that the adsorption energy of porous carbon with calcium chloride as an activator is − 8.1 KJ/mol, and the self-diffusion coefficients are 8 × 10−7 and 1.3 × 10−7 at 273 K and 298 K, respectively. The fitted R2 was both greater than 0.95. Therefore, the selected model can better illustrate that chloride has a stronger effect on the preparation of microporous biomass carbon, which provides an idea for subsequent experiments and theoretical research.

Chemoenzymatic catalytic synthesis of furfurylamine from hemicellulose in biomasses

Recently, efficient synthesis of furan-based chemicals from biomacromolecule via chemoenzymatic approaches have been widely recognized. In this work, an efficient conversion of biomacromolecule (e.g., xylan in biomass) to furfurylamine (FLA) was developed in a tandem reaction by bridging with chemocatalysis and biocatalysis. Various biomasses (e.g., corncob, bagasse, bamboo shoot shell, corn stalk, rice straw stalk, reed, water bamboo and sunflower stalk) could produce different titer of furfural due to the diverse xylan content in biomass. After being catalyzed by shrimp shell-supported solid acid catalyst (Sn-DAT-SS) in deep eutectic solvent choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG) − water (10:90, v/v) at 170 °C after 30 min, corncob gave the highest furfural yield of 52.4 %. The potential catalytic mechanism for Sn-DAT-SS-catalyzing the conversion of biomass into furfural in ChCl:EG − water was proposed. It was found that by-products (formic acid, levulinic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and soluble sugars (glucose, xylose, arabinose, cellobiose) produced during the conversion of biomass to furfural had certain inhibition effects on the biotransamination of furfural to FLA. Biomass-derived furfural (36.7–92.3 mM) could be fully aminated to FLA by E. coli CCZU-XLS160 cells harboring ω-transaminase after 24–72 h. The established chemoenzymatic strategy for converting biomacromolecules into valuable furan-based products was successfully developed in an eco-friendly system.

Valorization of bamboo shoot shell waste for the coproduction of fermentable sugars and xylooligosaccharides.

In this work, hydrothermal pretreatment (autohydrolysis) was coupled with endo-xylanase enzymatic hydrolysis for bamboo shoot shell (BSS) to produce glucose and valuable xylooligosaccharides (XOS) rich in xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3). Results showed that the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of pretreated BSS residue reached 88.4% with addition of PEG during the hydrolysis process. To enrich the portions of X2–X3 in XOS, endo-xylanase was used to hydrolyze the XOS in the prehydrolysate, which was obtained at the optimum condition (170°C, 50 min). After enzymatic hydrolysis, the yield of XOS reached 25.6%, which contained 76.7% of X2–X3. Moreover, the prehydrolysate contained a low concentration of fermentation inhibitors (formic acid 0.7 g/L, acetic acid 2.6 g/L, furfural 0.7 g/L). Based on mass balance, 32.1 g of glucose and 6.6 g of XOS (containing 5.1 g of X2-X3) could be produced from 100.0 g of BSS by the coupled technology. These results indicate that BSS could be an economical feedstock for the production of glucose and XOS.

The structural characteristic of bamboo shoot shell polysaccharides extracted using ultrasound‐assisted phosphotungstic acid hydrolysis and its protection against cell oxidative injury

SummaryIn this study, crude polysaccharide (BSSP) was extracted from bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoot shell using the ultrasonic‐assisted phosphotungstic acid hydrolysis method. Then, BSSP was further fractionated by DEAE Sepharose fast flow column and serial NaCl solution elutions to obtain two fractions, BSSP‐A and BSSP‐B. The results showed that the maximum yield of BSSP was 195.2 mg g−1 (19.52%) under optimised conditions. Structural analysis indicated that both BSSP‐A and BSSP‐B were heteropolysaccharides with α‐pyranoside bond structure and mainly consisted of xylose by scanning electronic microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermal characterisation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. BSSP‐B showed a better protective effect than BSSP‐A against H2O2‐induced oxidative injury in WRL‐68 cells by protecting the cell membrane structure, maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing intracellular antioxidant enzymes activities. Immunoblotting indicated that polysaccharides might up‐regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes through the Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway and thus alleviate H2O2‐induced cell injury. The findings of this study suggested that polysaccharides from bamboo shoot shell may act as potent antioxidants in functional food industries.

Co-embedded N-doped hierarchical porous biocarbons: Facile synthesis and used as highly efficient catalysts for levulinic acid hydrogenation

The production of highly active noble metal-free catalysts was still quite challenging for levulinic acid (LA) hydrogenation to γ-valerolactone (GVL). Here, N-doped hierarchical carbons embedded Co-particles were obtained by carbonization using urea, bamboo shoot shells, and Co(NO3)2 as the raw materials, where the as-made Co@NC samples exhibited abundant active N-species with dispersed Co particles, acting as efficient catalysts for LA hydrogenation. The composition and coordination of Co@NC catalysts were modulated by simply changing carbonization temperature, where Co@NC-700 carbonized at 700 °C had superior catalytic performance with a 100% LA conversion and GVL yield under the conditions of 190 °C and 1.9 MPa H2 for 2 h. The reusability of Co@NC-700 up to five times recycling had little loss in selectivity with conversion still up to 80%, resulting from synergistic effects of metallic Co, Co-Ox and Co-Nx active sites. This work offered a facile method to develop highly efficient Co-N co-doped biocarbons for LA hydrogenation, and the present catalysts can be easily removed from reaction medium and can be reused for several times without significant loss in reaction efficiency.

Extraction and Characterization of Bamboo Shoot Shell Fibers by Sodium Percarbonate Assisted Degumming

ABSTRACT The bamboo shoot shell fibers were extracted by using environmental protection oxidant sodium percarbonate combined with alkali oxygen bath method. To explore the influence of various factors on its degumming, the efficiency of degumming through single-factor and orthogonal experiments was assessed. The results showed that the used method had a good effect on the degumming of bamboo shoot shell fiber, and most of the non-cellulose components such as hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin had been removed. After the treatment, the cellulose content and crystallinity were 73.19% and 61.40%, respectively. Taking the degumming rate as the index, the factors such as dosage of sodium percarbonate and hydrogen peroxide, soaking temperature, and time in alkali boiling treatment were optimized. The results showed that the degumming rate was 69.17% when the scouring temperature was 90°C, the alkali boiling time was 120 min, the dosage of sodium percarbonate was 24 g/L, and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide was 40 mL/L. The structure and properties of bamboo shoot shell fiber were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The prepared bamboo shoot shell fibers would be considered as a promising and sustainable raw material for the textile industry and other prospects in the future.

Isolation and characterization of cellulosic fibers from bamboo shoot shell

Isolation and characterization of cellulosic fibers from bamboo shoot shell

Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on deashing and pyrolysis characteristics of bamboo shoot shells

Bamboo shoot shells (BSS) were treated at hydrothermal temperatures of 160 °C, 180 °C, and 200 °C with residence times of 6 h, 8 h, and 10 h. The variation of ash-forming elements and the influence of deashing behavior on fuel and pyrolysis characteristics of BSS hydrochars were originally investigated during hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) process. The results showed that HTP decreased 53.82–64.00% of BSS ash because 95.2–96.5% of K, 61.3–82.1% of Mg, 22.0–39.2% of Al, 23.7–51.8% of Fe, and 28.8–43.6% of Ca were removed. This improved fusion characteristics of BSS ash and reduced the risk of deposition, slagging and scaling. With increase in hydrothermal temperatures and residence times, the contents of fixed carbon, C, and high heating value of BSS hydrochars increased, while the contents of volatiles and O decreased. HTP shifted pyrolysis process of BSS to high temperature zone, and increased their activation energy and the amount of all gaseous products, including CO groups, C–O–C groups, alkyls, H2O, and CO. In conclusion, HTP is helpful for BSS to be used as feedstocks of bioenergy and biomaterials due to decrease of ash contents and improvement of thermal stability.

Adsorption of toxic metal ion in agricultural wastewater by torrefaction biochar from bamboo shoot shell

The purpose of this study is to design the oxygen-rich biochar through torrefaction for the detoxification of toxic metals in agricultural wastewater. The optimum operation parameters, kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic study are investigated. The influence of torrefaction biochar on toxic metal adsorption is analyzed by using site energy distribution theory. The adsorption mechanism is analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two-dimensional FTIR analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are further used to inquire the prior interactional sequence between surface functional groups and poisonous metals. The results indicate that the sorption mechanism of Cr(VI) is ascribed to the adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism that some redox-active components provide electrons for Cr(VI) reduction. Surface complexation is mainly the Cu(II) sorption mechanism with a small content of Cu(II) reduction to Cu(I). The catechol hydroxyl group is the main form of phenol-OH on the TBC surface.

Production of Cellulose From Bamboo Shoot Shell Using Hydrothermal Technique

The preparation and characterization of purified cellulose from bamboo shoot shell were studied using fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preparation of cellulose fiber included extraction of cellulose from bamboo shoot shell by treatment with 5 % NaOH and 4 % H2O2, and purification of cellulose fiber using hydrothermal technique. The result showed that cellulose has been successfully extracted at a 32.56% yield by the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment, and the purified cellulose was produced using autoclaving at the temperature of 120 °C and pressure at 0.1 MPa for 2 h 5 min, with the % recovery of purified cellulose around 94.08. Bamboo shoot shell and cellulose sample were further characterized using FTIR technique. It was found that the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment eliminated lignin and hemicellulose from bamboo shoot shell but did not affect cellulose. The hydrothermal technique did not affect the destruction of the cellulose structure as well. Comparison of the SEM image showed that cellulose was separated into individual microfibers after the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment while the SEM image of purified cellulose was the small thread-like fibers with smoother surface. Therefore, hydrothermal treatment can be performed for purification of cellulose.