Sprouting Research Articles

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Radish exhibits significant variation in color, particularly in sprouts, leaves, petals, fleshy roots, and other tissues, displaying a range of hues such as green, white, red, purple, and black. Although extensive research has been conducted on the color variation of radish, the underlying mechanism behind the variation in radish flower color remains unclear. To date, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating the variation mechanism of radish sprouts, leaves, fleshy roots, and flower organs. This study aims to address this gap by utilizing transcriptome sequencing to acquire transcriptome data for white and purple radish flowers. Additionally, the published transcriptome data of sprouts, leaves, and fleshy roots were incorporated to conduct a systematic analysis of the regulatory mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in these four radish tissues. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes DFR, UGT78D2, TT12 and CPC in the four radish tissues. Additionally, the WGCNA results identified RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c as hub genes responsible for regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. By integrating the findings from the comparative transcriptome analysis, WGCNA, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related gene expression patterns, it is hypothesized that genes RsDFR.9c and RsUGT78D2.2c may serve as pivotal regulators of anthocyanins in the four radish tissues. Furthermore, the tissue-specific expression of the four copies of RsPAP1 is deemed crucial in governing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in different tissues of radish.

STUDI PENDAHULUAN REKAYASA REMATURASI IKAN NILA (Oreohcromis niloticus) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN TELUR BEBEK (Anas domesticus) DAN TAUGE (Flammulina velutipes) DALAM PAKAN KOMERSIL

Spawning is a stage carried out to support the availability of tilapia seeds. After being spawned, the broodstock requires a process of maturation of the gonads again (rematuration). The rematuration stage is very important to pay attention to because it greatly influences the success of spawning as well as the quantity and quality of the larvae produced. This preliminary study aims to find out and examine the use of duck eggs (Anas domesticus) and bean sprouts (Flammulina velutipes) in feed to improve the quality of rematuration in tilapia. The method used in this preliminary study is an exploratory descriptive method. The test fish used were female tilapia fish that were 11 months old, started to be spawned on June 5 2023 and were recorded as having been spawned 7 times with an average weight of 200 grams. Broodstock selection will be carried out after spawning is complete. This selection aims to ensure that the fish are in healthy condition and ready for rematuration. The feed used was floating feed manufactured by CPP with 29% protein. Apart from using manufactured feed in this research, duck eggs were also added at 12% and bean sprouts at 25% of the feed weight per day. Feeding is done twice a day, namely morning and evening with a FR of 5% of biomass. The research results showed that the HSI value of tilapia showed development during the rematuration period, getting an HSI value of 2.53% and a GSI value of 3.15%

Surface engineering of the lightweight aggregates derived from the dredged harbor sediment for green fertilizer utilization

Pursuing the circular economy driving scientists to explore additional environmental friendly application of lightweight aggregates (LWAs) derived from the dredged harbor sediment. We herein demonstrated the surface engineering of LWAs for the green fertilizer application by hydrothermally depositing iron species (Fe@LWAs) to increase the chemical reactivity. The obtained Fe@LWAs were first applied to adsorb nutrients (NH4+ and PO43−). Desorption of the adsorbed nutrients was then utilized as the replacement of commercial chemical fertilizer to cultivate mung bean sprouts to further biofix environmental CO2. Experimental results showed that the deposited iron species was the dominant component regulating the chemical behaviors of Fe@LWAs and adsorbed PO43− played an important role for Fe@LWAs to adsorb NH4+. With the coexistence of NH4+ and PO43−, the adsorption capacities of Fe@LWAs were 0.220 mg-NH4+/g and 0.486 mg-PO43−/g. The growth rate of mung bean sprouts using nutrient loaded Fe@LWAs was similar to those cultivated using commercial chemical fertilizer. Despite the nutrient recovery and mung bean cultivation decreasing the carbon footprint of the Fe@LWAs, the preparation of LWAs by high temperature sintering and the following hydrothermal surface modification consumed intensive energy. Consequently, the green fertilizer application of Fe@LWAs requires at least 594 cycles of nutrient recovery and mung bean cultivation to reach negative carbon emissions. Importantly, the cultivated mung bean sprouts could return to the soil to effectively secure the biofixed CO2, which could contribute additional environmental implications by increasing the organic content in the soil at the same time.

Ethnobiological study of Tumpeng, traditional food in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Septhia ND, Izdihar NS, Destiani NFL, Rindiani N, Izdihar RS, Setyawan AD. 2024. Ethnobiological study of tumpeng, traditional food in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 7: 61-67. The Javanese ethnic group, which is the largest ethnic population in Indonesia, shows its cultural richness through a variety of traditional foods, one of which is tumpeng. This research aims to find out information about each ingredient in tumpeng, the meaning of tumpeng in various Javanese traditions or ceremonies, and the knowledge of the people in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia regarding this tradition through ethnobotanical studies. The research method used was observation and interviews with the people of Surakarta City regarding the Tumpengan tradition. Of the 60 respondents from Baluwarti, Kauman, and Mojosongo Villages in Surakarta City, the majority, especially 42 people, showed a "somewhat understand" level of understanding of tumpeng. The locals mention at least 19 plants and 3 animals often used as ingredients in tumpeng, such as coconut, water spinach, spinach, yarlong beans, mung bean sprouts, carrots, cucumber, cabbage, as well as chicken meats and eggs, milkfish, and anchovies. Tumpeng and each food element on it has a deep symbolic meaning for the community which is related to the relationship between humans and God, humans and nature, and humans and humans. For example, side dish such as chicken symbolizes gratitude and peace given by God, and cone-shaped rice shows the hope that there must always be progress and improvement in every life.

A novel fluorescent probe based on naphthimide for detecting Zn2+ and its application in plant imaging and cell imaging

The fluorescent probe NXZ was synthesized by introducing –OH at position 1, 8-naphthalimide 4-position and benzimidazole unit at 3-position. The Stokes shift (λem − λex) of NXZ can up to 148 nm, when Zn2+ was added to the probe solution, NXZ can quickly form the complex NXZ-Zn2+ with Zn2+ in a ratio of 1: 1 within 55 s, and then quench the fluorescence intensity by 4.4 times. The complexation constant of NXZ and Zn2+ was 1.2 × 104 M−1, and the detection limit for Zn2+ was 40.3 nM, which is much lower than the maximum Zn2+ content (76 µM) stipulated in the World Health Organization (WHO). Exploring the practical application of the probe NXZ found that NXZ can be used for the quantitative detection of Zn2+ in actual water samples and qualitatively detect Zn2+ in bean sprouts samples and Hela cells. In addition, NXZ can also be made into Zn2+ test paper.

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TANAM DAN KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK TAUGE TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AWAL STEK BIBIT VANILI (Vanila planifolia Andrews)

Vanilla is one of the export commodities with a relatively high economic value. One of the problems with vanilla cultivation is the health of vanilla seedlings. This study aimed to determine the best concentration of growth regulators from bean sprout extract to vanilla seed cuttings with some variations of plant media. This research was conducted by observing changes in shoot length, root length, number of leaves, and root volume in plant samples due to providing various types of planting media treatments and PGR fertilization. This study was designed using the Completely Randomized Design method with two factors. The treatment composition of growing media with bean sprout extract concentration showed a significant effect on the growth parameters, which affected the observation parameters, including the number of leaves, shoot length, root length, and root volume. The best bean sprout extract concentration was 10%, and the best-growing media composition was soil and manure.

Construction of an ultrasensitive hypochlorite fluorescent probe based on a novel chromophore fragmentation strategy

The excess intake of hypochlorite (ClO−) in the human body and excessive emission in wastewater can pose serious health risks and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is vital to develop an efficient method for detecting ClO− in foodstuff and water. In this work, we reported a lactam-fused aza-BODIPY (LAB1) for ultrasensitive ClO− detection based on novel chromophore fragmentation strategy for the first time. It exhibited distinct advantages of good selectivity, high sensitivity, fast response (60 s) and low detection limit of 9.65 nM. The sensing mechanism revealed LAB1 core was fragmented by ClO−, leading to significantly colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence changes. As a result, 320 nm blue-shift in absorption maximum (from green to colorless) and 340 nm blue-shift in emission maximum (from dark to bright blue) allowed for visual detection by the naked eyes. The potential applicability of LAB1 for ClO− detection with satisfactory recovery in the real samples (tap water and lake water) and vegetables (spinach, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, bean sprouts), and fluorescence “turn on” imaging in mung bean sprout were demonstrated. In addition, LAB1-loaded test paper was suitable for semi-quantitative scanning ClO− analysis by using color recognition APP in a smartphone. Therefore, this work highlights a promising approach based on novel sensing mechanism for monitoring ClO− in food samples.

Pertumbuhan Eksplan Pisang Cavendish Tahap Subkultur dengan Penambahan Bahan Organik pada Media Murashige and Skoog

The productivity of cavendish bananas needs to be increased to meet the large export demand. Tissue culture techniques can produce large quantities of good-quality seedlings. This technique can use organic materials such as coconut water and bean sprout extract, which are easy to obtain at a relatively low price. This study aims to determine the effect of using coconut water and bean sprout extract on the growth of cavendish banana explants in vitro. This experiment was prepared using a completely random design (CRD) consisting of 12 treatments, namely coconut water and bean sprout extract, with concentrations of 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, and 20%, respectively. The results showed that the use of coconut water was better than bean sprout extract. Treatment with coconut water at a concentration of 7.5% had the highest average value on the parameters of plantlet length. At a concentration of 12.5%, it had the highest average value on the plantlet length parameter. Meanwhile, in the concentration of coconut water, coconut water has the best concentration of 20% in the number of roots.

Resources and potential for utilization of low-exergy heat from mung bean sprouts cultivation – case study

Poland is a significant producer of vegetable sprouts, which, due to the high content of nutrients, are produced for food purposes. The cultivation cycle of these plants, especially the mung beans (Vigna radiata), is associated with significant exploitation of natural resources (as much as 275 dm3 of water per 1 kg of dry seeds) and requires appropriate temperature conditions. However, since producing of vegetable sprouts is an exothermic process, there are reasons to organize the growth conditions of these plants in a quasi-autonomous manner. Estimated preliminary studies show that during the entire period of sprout growth, as much as 2.86 MJ of heat from 1 kg of dry seeds can be used, which, taking into account the scale of production of these plants, places them among the significant sources of low-temperature waste heat. The paper presents the results of temperature measurements carried out in a growth chamber used for the industrial production of the mung bean vegetable sprouts. Based on the prepared energy balance, the total amount of heat generated (4.9 GJ) and recovered (3.3 GJ) in the seed germination process was determined. The amount of energy lost in the process of imbibition and the amount of heat needed to ensure optimal plant growth conditions were determined. The study shows that the use of low-temperature heat generated by plants allows for a significant reduction in the energy consumption of the production process.

Discrimination of untreated and sodium sulphite treated bean sprouts by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Sprouts of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), soybeans (Glycine max L.) and mung beans (Vigna radiata L.) are widely consumed foods containing abundant nutrients with biological activities. They are commonly treated with sulphites for the preservation and extension of shelf-life. However, our previous investigation found that immersing the bean sprouts in sulphite might convert the active components into sulphur-containing derivatives, which can affect both the quality and safety of the sprouts. This study explores the use of FTIR in conjunction with chemometric techniques to differentiate between non-immersed (NI) and sodium sulphite immersed (SI) black bean, soybean and mung bean sprouts. A total of 168 batches of raw spectra were obtained from NI and SI-bean sprouts using FTIR spectroscopy. Four pre-processing techniques, three modelling assessment techniques and four model evaluation indices were examined for differences in performance. The results show that the multiplicative scatter correction is the most effective pre-processing method. Among the models, the accuracy rate of the three models was as follows: radial basis function neural network (95%) > convolutional neural network (91%) > random forest (82%). The overall findings indicate that FTIR spectroscopy, in conjunction with appropriate chemometric approaches, has a high potential for rapidly determining the difference between NI and SI-bean sprouts.

An unusual highly sensitive dual-channel bis(salamo)-like chemical probe for recognizing B4O72−, sensing mechanism, theoretical calculations and practical applications

A bis(salamo)-like chemical sensor H3L ((1E,3E)-2-hydroxy-5-methylisophthalaldehyde O,O -di(3-((((E)-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)amino)oxy)propyl) dioxime) was constructed. H3L is capable of recognizing B4O72- in H2O/DMF (1:9, v/v) solution by both fluorescent and colorimetric channels, bright green fluorescence was turned on when B4O72- was added to H3L and changed from colorless to yellow in natural light. The detection limit was 3.21 × 10−8 M. The identification has good anti-interfering ability, quickly responsive time (5 S) and broad pH detecting range (pH = 5–12). The mechanism of action was determined by 1H NMR titration, infrared spectrometry, HRMS spectra and further elucidated by theory calculations. The fluorescence imaging of bean sprouts and spiked recovery assays of actual water samples demonstrated the practical use of sensor H3L for the detection of B4O72−, which is expected to have applications for the detection of B4O72− in plants and the environment.

Solusi Recycle Sampah Organik dan Anorganik bagi Keluarga di Perumahan Taman Dramaga Permai 2 Bogor

Households are one of the contributors to organic and inorganic waste. Generally, the family needs to manage waste independently. The concept of waste recycling can be applied at the household level. The aim of waste management in the Dosen Mengabdi Reguler 2022 was to provide alternative solutions for processing organic and inorganic waste in the household based on the recycling concept. The activities were carried out from July‒November 2022 in one of the villages around the IPB campus locations, namely the Taman Darmaga Permai 2, Cihideung Ilir, Ciampea, Bogor. The core activities consist of discussions and demonstrations about compost, coenzymes, re-growing vegetable plants, and the culture of mung bean sprouts from Vima 1 and Vimil 1 varieties. About 42.9% of the 14 participants sorted household waste, and 28.6% managed waste. Compost from organic waste was harvested within one month after the process, while coenzymes were harvested after three months. Ecoenzymes were attractive to all participants as a solution for processing waste. About 50% of participants favor growing vegetables and 21.4% re-grow vegetable waste. Katuk and Welsh onion plants have 100% growth and 90% survival rates. All participants had never sprouted mung bean seeds. The sprouts can be harvested 1 to 3 days after sowing as needed. The Vima 1 mung bean variety has a sweet sprout taste and produces 657.9 g of sprouts from 100 g of seeds, while the Vimil 1 taste is slightly astringent with a lower sprout production of 543.8 g.

Bean Sprouts, Lettuce, and Milk as Water Sources in Tenebrio molitor Larval Growth.

The Tenebrio molitor larva (yellow mealworm) holds great potential as a sustainable ingredient in food and feed. Optimizing its growth under mass farming requires careful water management. However, the availability and cost of fresh fruit and vegetables, which are the most widely used sources of water, can vary geographically, which calls for the search for relatively affordable, effective, and readily available alternatives. We evaluated the effect of three water sources (bean sprouts, lettuce leaves, and milk) as well as their quantity on weights and nutrient profiles of reared T. molitor larvae. Newly hatched mealworm larvae were maintained in controlled conditions of 25 °C and 60% relative humidity under a 12-h light-dark cycle for 15 weeks. When provided as sole-supplements, bean sprouts induced the highest larval weight gains compared to fresh lettuce leaves, which in turn performed better than milk and water. However, the addition of milk to the vegetable supplements enhanced growth. Furthermore, doubling the level of water supply resulted in 70% higher larval weights by week 14 post hatching. Moreover, water sources did not change the nutrient content of the harvested larvae. These findings suggest that mealworm productivity can be enhanced by increasing water feed levels and that bean sprouts may be a superior alternative to lettuce.

Soil Toxicity Around the Textile Industry in Bantul using Spinach Seeds (Amaranthus gangeticus) and Bean Sprouts (Phaseolus aureus)

The toxicity test of zinc metal in soil samples around the textile industry in Bantul on the growth of spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus) and bean sprouts (Phaseolus aureus) has been investigated in relation with the environmental assesment for the impact of industrial activities. This research was conducted to study physicochemical properties, adsorption-desorption, and zinc metal toxicity in the soil around the textile industry on the growth of spinach and bean sprouts. The study of physicochemical properties were water content, pH, electrical conductivity, ash content, total organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, metal content, and characterization using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrophotometry. Various zinc concentrations were studied for the adsorption capacity, whereas citric acid concentrations were used for the desorption. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was applied to measure metal concentrations for all samples. A toxicity tests were conducted on the growth of spinach and bean sprouts. The maximum zinc concentration was measured in point I, at 532.03 mg kg-1. Adsorption of zinc followed the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and desorption process occurred at optimum concentration 0.7 mol L-1 citric acid and a pH of 3. In the zinc metal toxicity test, large concentration of zinc metal revealed inhibition effect on spinach and bean sprouts growth.
 
 Keywords: Adsorption, desorption, toxicity test, zinc.

Pyridine appended pyrimidine bis hydrazone: Zn2+/ATP detection, bioimaging and functional properties of its dinuclear Zn(II) complex

A pyridine functionalized pyrimidine-based system, H2P was successfully synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for its remarkable selective characteristics towards Zn2+ and ATP ions. The chemical sensing capabilities of H2P were demonstrated through absorption, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The probe exhibited outstanding sensitivity when interacting with the ions, demonstrating relatively strong association constants and impressively low detection limits. The comprehensive binding mechanism of H2P with respect to Zn2+ and ATP ions was investigated using a combination of analytical methods, including Job's plot, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and density functional theory (DFT) experiments. The interesting sensing ability of H2P for Zn2+/ATP ions was harnessed for live cell bioimaging and other diverse on-site detection purposes, including paper strips, cotton swabs, and applications involving mung bean sprouts. Further, the fluorescent probe demonstrated its effectiveness in detecting Zn2+ and ATP within live cells, indicating its significant potential in the realm of biological imaging applications. Moreover, the molecular configuration of the zinc complex (H2P–Zn2Cl4), derived from H2P, was elucidated using X-ray crystallography. This complex exhibited intriguing multifunctional attributes, encompassing its capability for detecting picric acid and for reversible acid/base sensing responses. The enhanced conducting behavior of the complex as well as its resistance properties were investigated by performing I–V characteristics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) experiments respectively.

Antioxidant Responses and Phytochemical Accumulation in Raphanus Species Sprouts through Elicitors and Predictive Models under High Temperature Stress.

Crop production is being impacted by higher temperatures, which can decrease food yield and pose a threat to human nutrition. In the current study, edible and wild radish sprouts were exposed to elevated growth temperatures along with the exogenous application of various elicitors to activate defense mechanisms. Developmental traits, oxidative damage, glucosinolate and anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated alongside the development of a predictive model. A combination of four elicitors (citric acid, methyl jasmonate-MeJa, chitosan, and K2SO4) and high temperatures were applied. The accumulation of bioactives was significantly enhanced through the application of two elicitors, K2SO4 and methyl jasmonate (MeJa). The combination of high temperature with MeJa prominently activated oxidative mechanisms. Consequently, an artificial neural network was developed to predict the behavior of MeJa and temperature, providing a valuable projection of plant growth responses. This study demonstrates that the use of elicitors and predictive analytics serves as an effective tool to investigate responses and enhance the nutritional value of Raphanus species sprouts under future conditions of increased temperature.

Review on Pretreatment Techniques of Grass Pea Seeds for Reduction of Antinutritional Factors and β-Diaminopropionic (β-ODAP) Contents from Seeds

Grass peas are one of the most nutritious foods and are widely harvested and consumed in many developing countries. They are an inexpensive source of protein and contain large amounts of essential amino acids. The potential of grass peas to improve food security, nutrition and household income generation remains largely untapped. However, the naturally occurring amino acid β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP) leads to limited neurotoxic activity. Lathyrus sativus β-ODAP exists in two isomers (α and β isomers) in nature. The α isomer accounts for approximately 5% of the total ODAP content and is less toxic, but the β isomer is also more toxic. Decreased β-ODAP levels through food processing such as overnight soaking, cooking bean sprouts, fermentation, and roasting. Most food pretreatment processing methods can effectively improve the nutritional quality of grass bean grains and reduce anti-nutritional factors. Grass peas, a variety of traditionally treated seeds, serve as a staple food for poor farmers in countries such as Ethiopia and are primarily consumed during times of drought and famine. Grass pea seeds are valued as a nutritious staple food and feed plant mainly due to their high protein content.

Shotgun proteomics and in silico analysis of potential allergens in mature seeds and sprouts of purple winged bean

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.) is a tropical legume crop found in Southeast Asian countries including Thailand. The mature seeds have high protein content and have been targeted as a protein source, and germination has been used to increase the value of nutrition. We used nanoLC/timsTOF Pro 2 combined with PEAKS® studio Xpro software to explore the proteomes of mature seeds and sprouts of purple winged bean. This study is the first report on the allergenic proteins in mature seeds and sprouts of purple winged bean. In silico analysis using Allergen Nomenclature search and the Allermatchtm program, 37 allergens were found. Conglutin beta 5 and late embryogenesis abundant protein (3 and D-29) were identified only in mature seeds, while 4 types of major pollen allergen Bet V, profilin and isoflavone reductase, were identified only in sprouts. Examples of allergens in both samples include basic 7S globulin, beta-conglycinin alpha/beta subunit (1,2), convicilin, defensin-like protein, 7 types of non-specific lipid-transfer protein, P24 oleosin isoform B. Since food allergy and airway allergy are found in sprouts, we used shotgun proteomics and in silico analysis for detecting the profiles of allergens. With regards to food safety, purple winged beans may also induce cross-reactivity in patients who are allergic to peanuts or other legumes. Therefore, identifying the proteomes and potential allergens in mature seeds and sprouts of purple winged beans could assist researchers in studying plant-based food safety.

Nutritional, phenol content and antioxidant activity of edible sprouts of commonly occurring plants

Nutritional, phenol content and antioxidant activity of edible sprouts of commonly occurring plants

Upcycling of waste poly(lactic acid) into crumped carbon nanosheet towards high-performance interfacial solar-driven evaporation

The controllable carbonization of waste plastics into functional carbon nanomaterials towards environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage has received widespread attention. However, there are few studies on the carbonization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) into porous carbon. Herein, the controlled carbonization of PLA into crumped carbon nanosheet (CCN) is reported. Firstly, recycled PLA bags are converted into magnesium-based metal-organic framework (Mg-MOF) through the combined strategy of mechanochemical milling and solution mixing, and then Mg-MOF is transformed into CCN through the metal-organic framework (MOF)-assisted carbonization strategy. CCN exhibits merits of abundant nanopores and oxygen-containing groups. As a result, the CCN-derived evaporator holds good light absorptivity, low evaporation enthalpy, and good light-to-thermal conversion ability. Furthermore, the CCN-derived solar evaporator achieves a high evaporation rate (2.70 kg m−2 h−1) at 1 kW m−2 irradiation, along with good long-term stability, which surpasses many recent advanced solar evaporators. Noteworthy, when wastewater, lake water, seawater, tetracycline solution, and dye-polluted water are used, the CCN-based evaporator remains high performance in freshwater production. Importantly, an outdoor CCN-based device is constructed, which realizes the freshwater production of 6.3 kg m−2. The collected freshwater can cultivate well mung bean sprouts under natural condition. This work not only provides a new "turning-waste-into-treasure" method for the recycling of waste PLA, but also offers a novel strategy for the preparation of low-cost, functional carbon materials for diverse applications.