Camel Research Articles

The first case of human infestation with Linguatula serrata in Kermanshah province

Linguatula serrata is a cosmopolitan organism belonging to the Phylum Pentastomida. Humans may act as an intermediate (Halzoun syndrome) or accidental definitive host of this parasite, manifesting the nasopharyngeal or visceral form. Linguatulosis occurs accidentally in human by ingestion of raw or undercooked visceral tissues of sheep, goat, camel, and other herbivores. This is the first report of Halzoun syndrome in Kermanshah province. In this case report, a 34-year-old man, from Salas-o-babajani district infested with this parasite was presented. Clinical signs and symptoms included pricking sensation in throat, coughing, sneezing and nasal discharge, which started 2-3 hours after eating undercooked goat liver. An organism in about 8 mm length was isolated from his pharyngeal discharge. The sample was examined in the pparasitology llaboratory of Kermanshah school of medicine. The results of analysis showed that this organism was the nymph of L. The serrata had a mouth surrounded by four hooks and a segmented body with small hooks. The patient was treated using oral anti histamines and gargling and nasal washing with saline solution. So, it is recommended that physicians consider L. Serrata infestation in patients with complaints such as pharyngitis accompanied by pharyngeal pain, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

Bank Performance with CAMELS Ratios towards earnings management practices In State Banks and Private Banks

This study aimed to examine the influence of CAMELS ratio toward earnings management practices in state bank limited to PT Bank Negara Indonesia(Persero ), PT Bank BTN ( Persero),PT Bank Central Asia Tbkdan PT Bank ArthaGraha. This study used secondary data of monthly financial report of the state bank published by Bank Indonesia during 2012 and 2013. The sampling technique used are purposive sampling with the sample from 18 months of bank financial statements. Earnings management are proxy by discretionary accruals that have been adapted to the characteristics of banking . Determination of the coefficient of earnings management was done by regressing total accruals which was calculated with the model Healy and Jones. Testing the influence of the earnings management and the effect of CAMELS ratio towards earnings management was done using the multiple regression. During research period show as variable and data research was normally distributed. Based on test, multicolinearity test, heterosskedasticity test and auto correlation test classic assumption deviation has no founded, this indicate that the available data has fulfill the condition to use multi linear regression model.This result of research shows to Governtment Bank,Variable NPM, positive significant influence toward earnings management. Ratio CAR and MR negative not significant influence,RORA,ROA,LDR positive not significant toward earnings management. to Private Bank,Variable ROA,NPM, positive significant influence toward earnings management. Ratio CAR and LDR negative not significant influence,RORA and MR positive not significant toward earnings management.

Detection and identification of Malassezia species in domestic animals and aquatic birds by PCR-RFLP.

The present study aimed at detection and species-level identification of the Malassezia yeasts in domestic animals and aquatic birds by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Samples were collected using tape strips and swabs from 471 animals including 97 horses, 102 cattle, 105 sheep, 20 camels, 60 dogs, 30 cats, 1 hamster, 1 squirrel, 50 aquatic birds and 5 turkeys. Tape-strip samples were examined by direct microscopy. All samples were inoculated on modified Leeming and Notman agar medium. DNA extracted from the yeast colonies was amplified by PCR using primers specific for 26S rDNA. RFLP of the PCR products was performed using Hin6I enzyme, and PCR and RFLP products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Malassezia yeasts were detected at the following frequencies: 15.46% in horses, 12.74% in cattle, 12.38% in sheep, 28.33% in dogs, 26.66% in cats and 26% in aquatic birds. Eighty colonies of 6 species were isolated: Malassezia globosa 41.25%, Malassezia furfur 22.5%, Malassezia restricta 15%, Malassezia sympodialis 15%, Malassezia pachydermatis 5% and Malassezia slooffiae 1.25%. Therefore different lipophilic Malassezia species are found in a wide diversity of animals and aquatic birds. PCR-RFLP is a suitable technique for identification of different Malassezia species.

Efficacy of doramectin against sarcoptic mange in camels.

A total of four camels aged between seven to eight years were presented to the College Clinics with a history of inappetance and intense itching around neck, inguinal and perineal regions. Based on skin scrapping examination and clinical signs, mange infestation of Sarcoptes scabei was confirmed. Successful therapeutic management was done with the use of doramectin @ 0.2 mg/kg b.wt. s/c along with supportive therapy. Complete recovery and disappearance of mites from skin scrapping was noticed for all four camels after four weeks.

STUDIES ON FAT AND SNF CONTENT OF CAMEL MILK AND ITS COMPARISON WITH COW MILK AND BUFFALO MILK

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi is in process of review and development of the standards on milk especially milk fat and SNF of camel, cow and buffalo milk. Therefore, the study was conducted to collect camel milk available nearby Anand & Kheda district and Kutch district and analyze for fat and solid-not-fat (SNF) content and simultaneously comparison were also made with cow milk and buffalo milk. The average fat content in camel (Anand & Kheda district), camel (Kutch district), cow and buffalo milk was 4.35±0.11%, 2.92±0.16%, 4.65±0.08% and 6.57±0.20%. The average solid not fat (SNF) content in camel (Anand & Kheda), camel (Kutch), cow and buffalo milk was 7.53±0.09%, 7.03±0.14%, 8.39±0.06% and 8.97±0.08% respectively. The fat and SNF content of camel milk were statistically significant than that of cow and buffalo milk. Among camel milk, milk collected from Anand & Kheda district have high fat and SNF content than that of Kutch district.

Identification, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence factors of Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from Camels in Canary Islands, Spain.

This study investigated the presence of Enterococcus spp. strains in camel faeces, their virulence factors, and resistance to the antibiotics commonly used as therapy of enterococcal infections. One hundred and seventy three Enterococcus strains were isolated and identified to species level using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials was determined by disk diffusion method. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, gentamicin, and streptomycin were all determined. Genes encoding resistance to vancomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin as well as genes encoding some virulence factors were identified by PCR. Enterococcus hirae (54.3%) and Enterococcus faecium (25.4%) were the species most frequently isolated. None of the strains were resistant to vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin or showed high level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR). Strains resistant to rifampicin (42.42%) were those most commonly found followed those resistant to trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole (33.33%). The genes tetM, tetL, vanC1, and vanC2-C3 were detected in some strains. Virulence genes were not detected. Monitoring the presence of resistant strains of faecal enterococci in animal used with recreational purposes is important to prevent transmission of those strains to humans and to detect resistance or virulence genes that could be transferred to other clinically important bacteria.

The dromedary camel; a review on the aspects of history, physical description, adaptations, behavior/lifecycle, diet, reproduction, uses, genetics and diseases

Some aspects of the life of the dromedary camel were examined based on available literature. The camel was said to be domesticated in the present day Oman about 4000 yrs ago. Two dominant species where named, the Camelus dromedary and Camelus bacterainus . Its name the “ship of the desert” was said to be given because of its usefulness to the desert nomads to whom the camel serves as beast of burden, draft animal and also a source of milk, meat, hides, hair and wool. Their ability to stay for long periods without water is one of the characteristics that make the camel of great importance due to the emergence of environmental challenges such as desert encroachment and global warming. The fast developing sport of camel racing has the potential of becoming an industry that will further enrich the economy and promote tourism in some Arab countries. The camel is also known to be susceptible to diseases like antrax, surra, helminthosis, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, pasturellosis, paratuberculosis, black quarter, pneumonia, and tetanus. Keywords: Camel, dromedary, origin, genus, uses, products

Metabolic profile of pregnant, non-pregnant and male twohumped camels (Camelus bactrianus) of Iran

BACKGROUND: The knowledge in blood constituents isimportant for assessing the physiological status and the health ofanimals. Only a limited number of two-humped camels (Camelusbactrianus) were reared in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran.OBJECTIVES:The present study was carried out to find out whetherthe sex and pregnancy affect thyroid hormones, lipid andlipoprotein profile, and selected biochemical factors in healthyIranian Bactrian camels. METHODS:The evaluated herd containedtwenty clinical healthy Bactrian camels, aged between four andthirteen years. Six of them were non-pregnant, five in the late periodof pregnancy, and nine were male camels. Blood samples (10 mL)were collected from the jugular vein of camels in spring 2013 duringtwo consecutive days. All samples were centrifuged at 3000× rpmfor 15 min and sera were refrigerated at -21°C until analysis.Thyroid function tests were carried out by measuring serum levelsof thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxin(fT4), (T4), and free and total triiodothyronine (fT3), (T3) bycommercially available radio immunoassay kits. The biochemicalparameters were measured using a standard autoanalyser(Hitachi717, Boehringer. Mannheim, Germany). RESULTS: Thelevels of fT4, HDL-Cholesterol, ALP, and glucose in the sera ofpregnant camels were significantly lower than the male and nonpregnantcamels. The serum levels of other parameters were notsignificantly different among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Thepresent study revealed that heavy pregnancy has a profound effecton certain serum biochemical parameters in Bactrian camels.

Bioaccumulation and decontamination mechanisms of persistent organic pollutants (PCB, DDT) in bodies of Bactrian camels

The present study aimed to determine the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and decontamination of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the body of two-humped camels Camelus bactrianus. The experiment has been carried out in Suzak region of South Kazakhstan. Four lactating two humped camels received 0.8 mg of indicator PCBs (1.3 μg/kg body weight) and DDT 0.12 (DDT 0.2 μg/Kg body weight) mg per camel/day during two months and followed by a 4-month decontamination period. Milk and hump fat of experimental camels have been sampled. Milk samples were analyzed using a liquid-liquid and hump fat using solid extraction by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry method. Concentrations of PCBs and DDT in milk and hump reached a plateau at the end of the 2 months exposure period. Transfer rates into milk ranged between 2% for PCB 101 and 71 % for PCB 180 of the daily dose, which was generally lower than rates observed in ruminants. In the same time, the most important part of the contaminants has been stored in the humps. At the end of experimentation, the total quantity of PCBs excreted in milk was estimated to 28.6 μg and the total quantity accumulated during the contamination period in humps was 5530 μg. Despite a huge variability between the different congeners of iPCBs, the intermediate storage of lipophilic compounds in the humps reduced the concentrations excreted in milk but on the other hand would extent the duration of the decontamination period in comparison with ruminants.

Study on molecular characterization of rabies virus N gene segment from different animal species in the Sultanate of Oman

The present study was conducted to determine the molecular characterization of nucleoprotein (N) gene segment of the rabies virus (RV) in Sultanate of Oman. A portion of nucleotide sequence of N gene was amplified from the brains of 4 rabid animals (two goats, one sheep, and one camel) collected during 2011 to 2012, through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The nucleotide sequences of the gene were subjected to molecular and phylogenic analysis. The phylogenic analysis was performed in relation to Omani isolates and other sequences from the neighboring countries available in the GenBank. Results indicated that one genetic group of virus appeared to be circulating in the Sultanate of Oman with 99% of homology. The study also indicated that the Omani rabies virus is closely related (> 97% homology) to viruses isolated from Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel. It is clear from the results that since its first diagnosis in 1990 the rabies virus has not gone through significant variations from the one isolated from first outbreaks. Since, there is no evidence of any other rabies virus variant in Oman, it seem that rabies is maintained endemically in Oman through wild foxes. Key words: Rabies, Oman, molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, Oman.

PERBANDINGAN INDIKATOR KEUANGAN ANTARA BANK UMUM MILIK NEGARA DENGAN BANK UMUM SWASTA NASIONAL DI INDONESIA

Banks are crucial institutions for economy. Healthy banks can stabilize the economy. Bank Indonesia sets standars for a healthy bank: Capital, Assets Quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, and Sensitivity to Risk (CAMELS). This research is an attempt to identifity the healthiness status and different influence of variables such as CAR, NPL,ROA,ROE BOPO, and LDR on stste-owned and private banks in the period of 2003 to 2012 using CAMELS. The sample consists of four state-owned banks, that is, BNI, BRI, Bank Mandiri and BTN and four private banks, that is, BCA, Bank CIMB Niaga, Bank Danamon, and Bank Internasional Indonesia. The secondary data of these banks cover the period of 2003-2012. To analyze these data and prove the hypothesis of this research, Mann-Whitney, and Kolmogorov-Semirnov teste are used by the help of SPSS. The research results show that there exist different financial indicators used the two different groups of the banks as shown by NPL. The two test result in Asymp Sig < 0.05 meaning that NPL distinguishes the two groups. Other variables such as NPL, ROA, ROE, BOPO, and LDR do not indicate significant difference. Keywords: Financial Indicators, Public Banks, State-owned Comercial Banks, National Private Commercial Banks

MERS-CoV Replicates in the Upper Respiratory Tracts of Camels

Camels have been implicated as one source of human infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; NEJM JW Infect Dis Apr 25

Camels from Roman imperial sites in Serbia

ABSTRACT This paper presents camel remains identified in Roman sites in Serbia. The remains originate from Viminacium, the capital of Roman province Moesia, and from the 3rd–4th century villa rustica in the locality of Vranj, in the province of Pannonia. In Viminacium, they were found in a 4th century dump, near the Eastern necropolis of the city, and in the 4th century layers in the area of the amphitheatre. In order to conclude whether these bones belonged to Camelus dromedarius or Camelus bactrianus, measurements and morphology of our specimens were compared with camel bones found at other Roman sites, and with modern specimens. We have identified two-humped camels and also hybrid individuals. The role of the camels is also discussed here: whether they were used in public games (ludi), for military purposes, or as transportation animals. As a conclusion, we acknowledge that camels were not rare animals in Roman provinces as it was considered before.

Mastitis in camels (Camelus dromedarius): Past and recent research in pastoral production system of both East Africa and Middle East

Udder infection was considered as one of the main constraints for camel rearing. During the last decades the disease has been reported from a number of camels-rearing countries in Africa and Asia such as Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Iraq and United Arab Emirate. An attempt was made in this paper in order to review the status of camel mastitis (Camelus dromedarius) research in pastoral production system of both East Africa and Middle East. This paper reviews the forms of mastitis in camel which can be a clinical mastitis (including, acute and chronic mastitis) or sub-clinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis is characterized by hardening and swelling of the udder, pain on palpation and visible alteration of the colour and consistency of milk. Thus, clinical mastitis can be detected by examination of the udder and/or of the milk. While the term sub-clinical mastitis refers to the existence of inflammation in the absence of gross signs and can be detected by indirect tests such as california mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) as well as microbiological examinations. Furthermore, the major pathogens of camel mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, Actinomyces pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp., and Corynebacterium bovis. Regarding the risk factors of camel mastitis, the paper reviews the most important risk factors such as the heavy tick infestation, use of anti-suckling devices, the lesions on udder or teat, and the treatment of infected quarters by cauterization. Moreover, the use of CMT, SCC and bacteriological examinations as diagnostic tools and their values for detection of camel mastitis are also reviewed. Based on the aforementioned, more epidemiological studies on camel mastitis are required in order to have a strong scientific data on the transmission of the disease, characterization of the pathogens causing the disease, other possible risk factors or diagnostic procedures, and the impact of the disease on the public health. Thus, the control strategies can be applied. Key words: Camel mastitis, pathogens, forms, risk factors, diagnosis.

Preparation and Characterization of Polyclonal Antibody Against CD133 Derived from Camel

Preparation and Characterization of Polyclonal Antibody Against CD133 Derived from Camel

Effect of canola oil on blood lipid in ostriches (Struthio camelus)

In order to study the lipid profile of ostriches in relation to diet, 6 blue-neck male ostriches (Struthio camelus) were used and fed with 3% canola oil supplement on diets adlibitum consisting. In the morning, after about 12 h of fasting, blood was collected from the wing vein on days 0 and 60. Blood samples were collected from ostriches to measure levels of the following lipid parameters include high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglyceride, total cholesterol were determined. Results showed that from days 0 to 60, LDL and total cholesterol levels increased significantly, whereas HDL, VLDL and triglyceride didn't change.

اثر درجه چرخ کردن بر ویژگی های رنگی گوشت گاو، شتر و شترمرغ

هدف از انجام این تحقیق بررسی pH، فاکتورهای رنگی، ظرفیت حفظ آب، میوگلوبین، مت میوگلوبین، داکسی میوگلوبین و اکسی میوگلوبین گوشت چرخ شده بود. در این پژوهش از3 نوع گوشت (گاو، شتر و شترمرغ) و 4 اندازه خرد کردن (اندازه روزنه های 5/7، 4 و 3 میلی متر و نیز کاتر) استفاده شد. pH، ظرفیت حفظ آب، میوگلوبین، مت میوگلوبین، داکسی میوگلوبین، درجه اشباعیت، فام، نسبت (a* )/(b*) ، درجات روشنی، قرمزی و زردی نمونه های گوشتی مختلف دارای اختلاف آماری معنی دار (05/0>p) بودند اما درجات مختلف خرد کردن تنها بر ظرفیت حفظ آب گوشت و درجه اشباعیت آن اثر آماری معنی داری (05/0>p) داشت. اکسی میوگلوبین و ΔE در هیچ یک از موارد بررسی شده (نوع گوشت و اندازه روزنه چرخ گوشت) دارای اختلاف معنی داری نبود. همچنین ضرایب همبستگی بالای pH با درجه روشنی (999/0=R2) و ظرفیت حفظ آب (997/0=R2) کاهش درجه روشنی و افزایش ظرفیت حفظ آب را همگام با افزایش pH در گوشت ها توجیه نمود. در این بررسی گوشت شتر مرغ بالاترین pH، ظرفیت حفظ آب و پایین ترین درجه روشنی را داشت و عکس این نتایج در مورد گوشت گاو صادق بود

Histological Appearance of Echinococcus Granulosus in the Camel Species in Algeria

The work is realized on five livers and lungs, the organs are taken from 07 camels of female gender, they are over 7 years old, 6 of them suffers from hydatidosis. The method is based on the classical techniques, that is histology, fixation, realization of inclusion, sections, blades confection, deparaffination, rehydration, staining, dehydration, editing, and reading of the blades. Knowing that the average diameter of the hydatid cyst varies between 0.5 and 1.3 Cm and the pulmonary cysts varies between 1.5 and 2.2 cm, the results shows that the hydatid cyst wall is composed of the proligerous membrane, the laminated membrane and the perikyste. The connection between the parasite and the intermediate host tissue caused local inflammation of a granulomatous type, a fact described even in other ruminants, cysts are observed in the early stage of degeneration and necrosis, with a large number of eosinophils observed outside lymphocytes. Finally histological hydatid cyst in the camel species allows us to identify the various constituent layers of the major parasite (Endokyste, Ectokyste and Perikyste) and know the local reaction between host and parasite, with appreciation fertility cyst to the naked eye on lung and liver, and to distinguish the difference between the other species on cyst size and thickness of the layers.

Serologic Evidence of MERS-CoV Infection in Dromedaries in Africa

Recent studies provide virologic and serologic evidence that the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been circulating among dromedary camels (NEJM JW Infect Dis Apr 25 2014). Many camels in the Arabian Peninsula come from Africa. In two recent studies, researchers assessed whether the animals might be infected before reaching the Middle East. Corman and colleagues tested samples collected between 1992 and 2013 from dromedaries in three regions in Kenya. Among 774 serum …

Camels and MERS-CoV: New Results, Little Clarity

Several recent studies provide details that, taken together, yield a fuller picture of the ecology of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus