Ship Engine Research Articles

Priority Assessment of Key Factors of IMO-MSC/Circular.834 for Ship Engine Room Safety and Efficiency Based on Human Aspects

International Maritime Organization (IMO) has published technical circular (MSC/Circular. 834) including nonmandatory guidelines with five main criteria about engine room layout, design, and arrangement. The purpose of this study is to present the most important priority criteria of seafarers about engine room design according to the criteria from IMO MSC/Circular.834 guidelines. Since there are no obligations, the priority and importance of these criteria are not clearly emphasized. Therefore, the determination of seafarers’ priorities for arrangement in terms of safety and efficiency become important to make decision. For this, fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, which is one of the most used fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)methods is employed. Introduction Maritime transportation, known for oldest and widespread transportation around the world, with 11 billion tons weight and 80% rate of world trade volume (UNCTAD 2019). Maritime transportation has many components and one of the most important and effective parts of these components are ships and seafarers. Because of the difficulty of ship conditions, ships should be present optimum working conditions for seafarers in order to achieve effective and safe operations on board. At the present time, there are previous studies about the difficulty of working studies on board. It is a scientific and cultural fact that seafarers are under higher risk of working conditions comparing to other jobs (Bloor et al. 2000; Havold 2005; Hetherington et al. 2006; Mallam et al. 2015). Due to this reason, International Maritime Organization (IMO) has made various regulations for years in order to improve seafarers’ safety and efficiency on board. One of the goals of these regulations is to design optimum working conditions on board for seafarers. Based on complex structure and having various danger conditions, engine room design is considerable to ensure safety and efficiency for engine room department seafarers.

Monitoring pollution from ship power plants with laser technologies

When fuel burns in a ship engine, soot particles are formed that absorb flue gas toxic components. This absorption takes place on the surface of a particle. By solving an inverse problem involving light attenuation and diffraction on particles it is possible to obtain information on concentration and particle size distribution functions through space. An analysis has been complete on possibility of simultaneous assessment of concentration and particle size with a laser differential attenuation method. A four-wavelength laser system has been developed that allows measuring laser radiation attenuation signals using a differential extinction at three wavelengths and Mie scattering signal on aerosol particles at the fourth wavelength. From measured attenuated signals, an average volumetric-surface diameter of the aerosol particles was calculated. It has been shown that wavelengths of laser probing shall be selected depending on a soot particle size range. Application of the differential laser attenuation method to soot particles in ship power plant exhausts at several wavelengths allows simultaneously assess their concentration and size distribution. At that, laser wavelengths shall be selected depending on an expected range of variation of the Sauter mean diameter of the particles.

Design of Three-Dimensional Layout of Ship Engine Room Equipment Based on Knowledge Based Engineering

Design of Three-Dimensional Layout of Ship Engine Room Equipment Based on Knowledge Based Engineering

An Extended Event Tree Risk Analysis Under Fuzzy Logic Environment: The Case of Fire in Ship Engine Room

An Extended Event Tree Risk Analysis Under Fuzzy Logic Environment: The Case of Fire in Ship Engine Room

STUDY OF THE SUITABILITY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CASTING MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF A SHIP ENGINE

The objective of this work was to study the suitability of three types of cast iron for the manufacture of a ship engine: EN-GJS-500-7U for the manufacture of the engine block, EN-GJS-400-15U for the cylinder head and EN-GJL-200 for the liner. Tensile tests were carried out to obtain the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of each material. The results for the UTS were: 460 MPa for EN-GJS-500-7U, 390 MPa for EN-GJS-400-15U and 170 MPa for EN-GJL-200. Likewise, Brinell-hardness measurements were carried out and the elements present in the materials were determined with spectrometry. Finally, the size of graphite particles in each sample was determined.

Study of the flame flow and combustion characteristics of pool fires around a bluff body in the ship engine room

In the development of a fire, all kinds of equipment in ship cabins cause flames to flow around them, which greatly affects the combustion characteristics of the flames. Experimental studies were conducted on a pool of 80 cm × 6 cm × 5 cm containing a bluff body with a diameter of 2 cm and a height of 15 cm. Using diesel fuel as an ignition source, the flame flow around the bluff body propagating as a crosswind at speeds of 0.8–2.4 m/s was studied. The results showed that the fluctuation of the mass loss in a rising period decreased. A new flame spreading phenomenon of “continuous-flow around-broken-retract” appeared. The average spreading rate affected by the bluff body had a quadratic nonlinear relationship with the intensity of airflow. A prediction model of the flame drag length for the rectangular pool containing a bluff body was established. In addition, there were two vortices near a bluff body that were symmetrical and flowed in opposite directions. The temperature at the standing vortices reached a maximum of approximately 260 °C. At the same time, the vortices presented the characteristics of periodic formation and shedding with an interval of approximately 3.6 s.

RESEARCH ON SHIP ENGINE ROOM MONITORING AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM BASED ON LABVIEW

The structure of marine engine room system is complex, with many fault sources and abundant symptom parameters. There is no simple correspondence between faults and symptoms, but they are interrelated and intricate. The existing fault diagnosis of ship engine room is mostly based on expert system, but the bottleneck of knowledge acquisition, lack of learning ability and the complexity and efficiency of the expert system are restricting its further development. In order to overcome the above shortcomings of expert system, the support vector machine (SVM) is introduced into the expert system, and the support vector machine (SVM) is used to solve the problem of small sample self-learning ability and high-dimensional space self-adaptation ability. The expert system is used to achieve the automatic knowledge acquisition and rapid logical reasoning. Knowledge base management and maintenance, symbolic reasoning and related explanations, and give full play to the advantages of both SVM and expert system. Finally, the fault diagnosis of marine diesel engine booster system is introduced as an example. The MATLAB Script is used to call the MATLAB SVM analysis toolkit, and the combination of SVM and expert system is used to diagnose the fault.

Analysis of mechanical energy losses in marine diesels

The object of research is marine diesel engine oils, which provide lubrication, cooling and separation of friction surfaces. The subject of the research is the process of ensuring minimum mechanical losses in marine diesel engines. A problematic point in ensuring the lubrication of the cylinder-piston group and motion bearings is the lack of analytical and experimental studies that establish the relationship between the structural characteristics of engine oils and mechanical losses arising in marine internal combustion engines. The degree of orientational ordering of molecules and the thickness of the boundary lubricating layer are considered as the structural characteristics of engine oils. The determination of these values was carried out using the optical method based on the anisotropy of the light absorption coefficient by the boundary lubricant layer and the isotropic volume of the liquid (engine oil). The assessment of the level of mechanical losses arising in marine diesel engines was carried out according to an indirect indicator – the overshoot of the rotational speed and the time to reach the steady state of operation in the event of a change in load. It has been experimentally established that for engine oils used in marine internal combustion engines, the thickness of the boundary layer can be 15–17.5 µm. Motor oils, which are characterized by a higher ordering of molecules and a thickness of the boundary lubricant layer, ensure the flow of transient dynamic processes with less overshoot and a shorter transient time. This ensures the level of minimal mechanical losses occurring in marine diesel engines. The technology for determining the structural characteristics of engine oils can be used for any type and grade of oil (mineral or synthetic; high or low viscosity; used in both circulating and cylinder lubrication systems). The method of indirect assessment of mechanical losses of marine diesel engines can be used for any types of internal combustion engines of ships of sea and river transport (low-, medium- and high-speed; as well as performing the functions of both main and auxiliary engines).

ENSURING EFFICIENCY AND ENVIRONMENTAL OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINES WHICH USING EXHAUST GAS BYPASS SYSTEM

The mechanism of formation toxic components in exhaust gases during oxidation and combustion of fuel in marine internal combustion engines is considered. The system of ship engine by-pass exhaust gases 6L20 Wartsila has been observed. Upon experimental results it has been stated that the by-pass exhaust gases usage favor the ecological parameters of ships engine operation modes – by this at the range of exploitation load 0.55 … 0.85 % from nominal power the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gases is decreased on 1.32 ... 12.97 %, but the specific effective fuel oil consumption is increasing to 4.13 %.

Numerical investigation of interaction between propulsion system behaviour and manoeuvrability of a large containership

In actual operation process of a ship, the engine-propeller-hull is an integrated system with internal coupling effects, and thus there is a close interaction between the diesel engine propulsion system operation conditions and the ship manoeuvring motions. The propulsion system can experience large power fluctuation during manoeuvring, with considerable torque increase with regard to the stabilized value in straight course. However, the diesel engine propulsion system behaviour and ship manoeuvrability are usually studied separately as they are considered to belong to different disciplines. Thus, it is difficult to reflect the actual operating characteristics of the propulsion system and ship manoeuvring motion under coupled conditions in actual operation. To investigate the interaction between the propulsion system behaviour and the manoeuvrability of a large containership, this paper proposed a multi-disciplinary ship mobility model capable of coupling the marine diesel engine model and the ship manoeuvring model. In the engine model, the mean value modelling approach was adopted to simulate the two-stroke marine diesel engine considering the fact that it can capture the performance of the engine sub-systems including scavenging receiver, exhaust gas receiver, turbocharger, etc. In the manoeuvring model, the MMG-based method was used to simulate the ship manoeuvring motion with three degrees-of-freedom. The engine model and manoeuvring model were coupled through the propeller model that transferring propeller speed and torque between the two models. The coupled model was validated against the engine shop test data and the sea trial results. By applying this coupled model, a series of simulations of turning circle manoeuvres under various scenarios were performed. The simulation results presented the dynamic response of engine internal sub-systems during turning circle manoeuvring, explained the effect of the torque limiter on engine performance and ship manoeuvring motion, and analyse the influence of different propulsion system control strategies on the ship turning circle manoeuvrability. Although the presented case study has been validated on a specific ship, most of the discussed models have a general application.

Research on the Troubleshooting of “Yanmar 6EY26L” Diesel Generator

The Flying Accident of marine generator is not common. If the flying accident happens in the power grid, it will easily cause the whole ship power loss and engine damage, which will have a great influence on the safe navigation of ships. this paper analyzes and probes into the causes of the flying car accident occurred in 2019 in a round of “Yanmar 6EY26L” type diesel generator, and expounds the correct treatment measures for the flying car according to the treatment methods of the ships, finally, the daily management method of ship diesel generator, the precautions and preventive measures during diesel generator start-up are put forward in order to avoid similar accidents.

Prediction of Main Engine Speed and Fuel Consumption of Inland Ships Based on Deep Learning

The accurate fuel consumption forecasting system is for shipping companies to carry out fuel management more effectively in order to improve economic benefits. This article aims to use deep learning algorithms to improve the accuracy of ship engine speed and fuel consumption prediction. First, the main factors affecting the engine speed and fuel consumption of inland watercrafts are analyzed, and the input parameters of the neural network model are determined. Secondly, based on the dynamic time series characteristics of inland water vessels, the LSTM (Long short-term memory) algorithm with “time parameters” was selected to establish a neural network prediction model. Finally, the difference between the LSTM deep neural network model and the traditional machine learning model is compared, and the obtained prediction data is compared with the actual data. The experimental results show the superiority of deep learning in the prediction of main engine speed and fuel consumption of inland watercraft.

Impact Of Engine Room Simulator As A Tool For Training And Assessing Bsmare Students’ Performance In Engine Watchkeeping

Ship engine room simulator is a tool used by maritime academies that offer the Marine Engineering Program. According to the Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), to provide physical realism in training and assessment, simulators are employed. Assessment programs have the intent of providing results that educators will utilize to improve their teaching strategies and improve learner performance (Klinger et al. 2008). This study aimed to (1) Determine the level of competencies of the Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering cadets in Engine Watchkeeping with Resource Management before and after their exposure to the training on the use of the simulator as a tool for learning, and (2) To find out if there is a significant difference in the level of competencies of the cadets in Engine Watchkeeping before and after the training on the use of the simulator as a tool for learning. Mean and Wilcoxon tests were utilized to analyze the data. It was found that a significant difference in the level of competencies of the cadets in Engine Watchkeeping before and after the training, which implies that the Engine Room Simulator is a tool for learning and assessing the competencies of students in Engine Watchkeeping is effective. The study recommends that instructors should maximize the use of the available simulators in teaching the course. Students shall have a hands-on experience as supplementary to the theories that they learn.

An energy efficiency practice for coastal bulk carrier: Speed decision and benefit analysis

This study puts forward an optimal speed decision-making method for a coastal bulk carrier as an important energy efficiency practice. Firstly, the ship resistance model is established considering the impact of multiple environmental factors, such as wind, waves and shallow water; on this basis, according to ship–engine–propeller interaction mechanism, the ship energy consumption model is established. Then, the ship speed optimisation model is established and the multi-objective genetic algorithm is applied to obtain the most fuel-efficient speed set. Finally, a coastal bulk carrier is selected for a case study to implement the proposed method, and the fuel saving as well as the economic and environmental benefits are analysed. The results indicate that the proposed speed optimisation method can calculate the optimal speed for each leg of shipping line and that the total fuel consumption of the target ship can be reduced by 8.47% through increasing the sailing time and expanding the low-load operational range of the main engine. This study can help the crew members to improve the energy efficiency management of ships.

Investigating behavior of VLCC ship’s diesel engine on handling stormy waters

The behavior of ship engine encountering stormy waters with different sea wavelengths has been investigated. In this study, a mathematical model is developed using governing equations for various parts of the ship, that is the hull, engine, power transmission shafts from the engine to the propeller also the propeller of the ship itself were implemented in MATLAB/ Simulink software environment. The model consists of the torsional vibrations of the transmission shafts; this enables a more accurate analysis of the engine behavior which is the source of power generation in the ship's propulsion system. The simulation results showed that the wavelength of sea waves has a significant effect on the dynamic performance of the engine. In this research, the effect of different ratios of wavelength to ship length (λ/LPp ) including 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 in violent stormy sea conditions with a wave height of 11.5 m and wind speed of 28.5 m/s has been investigated. The results showed that with the exception of λ/LPp of 1.5, at another ratios of λ/LPp , changes in engine performance parameters such as torque, fuel and air consumption, CO2 emission and power are decreasing with increasing wavelength. Most variations in engine speed are related to λ/LPp of 2. The results showed that by reducing the wavelength, the period of oscillations is reduced. As the ratio of wavelength to ship length increases, the number of oscillating points in the engine behavior increases and the lowest number of oscillating points can be seen at λ/LPp of 1.5. This study highlights the importance of effects of sea wavelengths as one of the most important physical parameters of the sea which should not be ignored in the design phase of the ship propulsion system and engine selection.

IDENTIFIKASI CACAT LASAN FCAW PADA FONDASI MESIN KAPAL MENGGUNAKAN METODE ULTRASONIC TESTING

Ultrasonic testing is one of the non-destructive inspection methods for welding results. The ultrasonic testing method has several advantages, namely it can be used to analyze the position of the defect in the object, both the depth of the defect and the dimensions of the defect, and it is an environmentally friendly method. Physical defects that are in solid objects of course cannot be known from direct vision so it is necessary to carry out an inspection of an object to see whether or not there are defects that occur in solid objects. Ultrasonic testing of the results of FCAW welding on the foundation of the ship's engine. FCAW welding is applied to the foundation with two types of welding positions, namely the overhead position coded P1 and the horizontal position coded P2. The test was carried out using a wave frequency of 4 MHz and using a 0° probe for analysis of defects in the area around the weld metal and a 70° probe for analysis of the weld metal. The tests were carried out using the ASME section V and ASTM E164 standards as the standard for determining defects. The test results at the P1 welding position found two types of defects, namely incomplete fusion defects with five welding points with the longest defect length of 40mm and porosity defects with two points with the longest defect length of 30mm. While the results of ultrasonic testing at the P2 welding position found two types of defects, namely slag inclusion defects with a defect length of 35mm and incomplete penetration defects with a defect length of 20 mm. The conclusion of ultrasonic testing is that the difference in welding positions is that the welding position greatly affects the quality of the welding results. The defects resulting from the welding position also vary.

Post-combustion carbon capture for tank to propeller via process modeling and simulation

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has issued a long-term sustainable strategy to gradually phase out the major ship-related sources of greenhouse gas emissions. While the post-combustion carbon capture has been well investigated for onshore plants, the maritime carbon capture system is still in an early stage due to its unique characteristics and design limitations. Aiming at providing a holistic way to find the most efficient and sustainable PCC solution for an LNG tanker, this work proposed a system of the tank to propeller post-combustion carbon capture which integrates ship engine process modeling with chemical absorption/desorption process modeling techniques. A rate-based aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) process model was developed and validated, then scaled up and modified to capture CO2 from the flue gas. To increase the carbon capture efficiency and decrease the energy penalty, this work provided detailed steps for process model development covering innovative absorber/stripper design under variation of solvents, packed type, and liquid to gas ratio. This work also included a thorough sustainability evaluation based on emission reduction efficiency, energy penalty, and carbon cyclic capacity among two single aqueous amines, MEA and diisopropanolamine (DIPA), and one blended amine with a promoter, methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) with piperazine (PZ). Although DIPA presented a better performance on energy requirement for solvent regeneration, the blended amine was the optimal solvent to meet the requirement of the IMO carbon abatement strategy. Compared to the seven molality MEA, the MDEA-PZ option could capture more than 57 % CO2 while around 25 % specific reboiler duty can be saved.

Comparison of fire extinguishing performance of four halon substitutes and Halon 1301

The Halon 1301 fixed gas fire extinguishing system used in ship engine rooms has been banned from production all over the world, because halon destroys the ozone layer. Therefore, it is necessary to find an environmentally friendly, compatible and efficient alternative firefighting system. In this study, we performed fire extinguishing tests in an ISO9705 standard room for four alternative fire extinguishing agents, as well as Halon 1301. The fire extinguishing efficiency of each agent was determined based on its cooling effect, dilution effect of oxygen concentration, the extinguishing time of the oil pool fire and the re-ignition probability of the wood stack. The test results provide data support for the selection of alternatives of Halon 1301 from the aspect of fire extinguishing efficiency. Among these results, Novec 1230 had the best ability to put out the oil pool fire, and HFC-227ea suppressed the wood stack fire the best. The difference between the cooling ability of each fire extinguishing agent was small, and the inert gas (IG-541) displayed the best ability to dilute oxygen. Hot aerosol required the longest time to extinguish fire. Consequently, under the existing design standards, HFC-227ea had the better firefighting efficiency, more suitable to replace Halon 1301.

ANALISIS FAKTOR PRODUKSI NELAYAN ALAT TANGKAP PAYANG DI KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

It is hoped that the use of payang fishing gear can help increase the catch of fishermen who will help improve the welfare of the fishing community. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors of production of payang fishing gear fishermen in Sungai Limau District, Padang Pariaman Regency. The research was conducted in Padang Pariaman District, namely in Sungai Limau District, the respondents in this study were full fishermen who had payang fishing gear as many as 21 fishermen and ABK sampling of 2 people each. When the study was conducted for 2 (two) months early November to the end of December 2019. This type of research used in this research is quantitative descriptive method research. The results of the analysis show that overall the factors of production, namely the trip trip factor, the amount of fuel, the number of crew members, the length of the wings, the size of the ship's engine, the setting and the institutional and policy influence on production with an F count of 28,352 2.83 on the successful production of payang fishermen's catches. In Sungai Limau District, Padang Pariaman Regency. 90.5% of payang fishermen's catch production can be explained by these factors, while 9.5% is influenced by other tractors not included in the analysis. The factor of the amount of fuel with a t count of 4.523 1.761 and the number of ABK with a t count of 3.246 1.76131 are two main factors that have a significant positive effect on the production of Payang fishermen's catches in Sungai Limau District, Padang Pariaman Regency.

Intelligent Energy Management System for an all-electric ship based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

The International Marine Organization (IMO) regulations forcing shipbuilders to use electric ships to reducing pollution emitted from ship engines. Renewable energy resources are the perfect solution to solve this issue. The ship’s hybrid energy power system consists of several non-homogeneous energy resources diesel generator, renewable energy source or more, energy-storing system, and may hydrogen source as fuel cells. The EMS manages and controls the balance between the different types of sources and loads demand to ensure system stability and dependability. In this paper, energy management strategy (EMS) for fuel cell and battery hybrid systems is an essential property of controlling power flow between sources. A crucial ingredient of an intelligent control strategy is to manage the flow of a hybrid system corresponding to the changing of the load demand and battery state of charge (SoC) using the ANFIS/Simulink toolbox implements a case study architecture. This paper proposes a hybrid energy source for use in a naval ship’s silent mode of operation while looking for submarines with a low acoustic signature based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy procedures. The main objective of this analysis is to investigate the efficiency of the proposed system preserving compared with practical results obtained from previous work. These studies provide valuable understandings into hybrid power systems’ flow of EMS on the marine field.