Ship Crew Research Articles

A lean approach to comparing the mooring systems of Suezmax tankers

AbstractMooring Suezmax tankers is a process requiring skilled ship crews and terminal workers to accomplish the time-consuming, hazardous task of securing the ship to a jetty to load or discharge oil cargoes. The advent of new equipment technologies has enabled industry professionals to view the mooring process from a new perspective. A lean approach is applied to analysing alternative mooring processes of Suezmax tankers. A reduction in mooring time of about 30 min is noted when replacing steel wire with high modulus synthetic fibre (HMSF) ropes. Further, a potential time saving of 57 min is noted if automated mooring is used instead of steel wire, and 27 min compared with HMSF. The automated mooring concept reduces the manpower required to perform the mooring process, both on board and ashore. If HMSF lines replace steel wires, a significant reduction is noted in ship and crew time costs incurred with mooring maintenance onboard during sailing. A single case study addresses the two research questions: (1) What is the mooring process of Suezmax tankers? (2) How can the mooring process of Suezmax tankers be enhanced?

Departure Delay of a Semi Container Passenger Ship: A Case Study in KM Nggapulu

Departure schedule is an important thing to be considered by the companies and ship crews providing passenger ship. KM Nggapulu experienced a delay in departure at Fak-Fak Port on January 26, 2023. This raised complaints from passengers due to their inconvenience. This study aims to analyze the problem of departure delay of KM Nggapulu by identifying the factors and impacts of the delays, as well as actions to prevent delays in passenger ship. Qualitative method using fishbone analysis was applied in this research. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation studies, and literature studies. To test the validity of the data, researchers used triangulation. The research found that the delay in departure of KM Nggapulu is due to the late loading of containers. This occurred due to the negligence of the container loading and unloading party and the lack of coordination between PT SBN, the owner of the goods (shipper), and the ship’s crew. The delay of containers loading resulted in the ship's delayed departure for 5 (five) hours and caused complaints from passengers. Optimizing coordination between related parties, increasing manpower, and optimizing loading and unloading facilities at the port were the actions taken to prevent the delay.

Assessing the Quality of Ship Crew Members in Sewage Pollution Prevention Practices on Marine Environmental Protection: A Case of Dar Es Salaam – Zanzibar Ropax Vessels

The maritime industry is crucial for global trade, but it also significantly impacts the marine environment, particularly through sewage pollution. This study assesses the quality of ship crew members in sewage pollution prevention practices on marine environmental protection, focusing on ROPAX vessels operating between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. The stud aims to assess the quality of ship’s crew members in training and education, experience and the number of crew in sewage pollution prevention practices. The study collected data from 80 respondents, whereby both questionnaires were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by using T-test, Chi-square test, Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study finding revealed that significant deficiencies in awareness and training among crew members regarding MARPOL Annex IV regulations, with many respondents rating their understanding as very low or low. This lack of knowledge, compounded by insufficient formal training programs, hampers the effective implementation of pollution prevention measures. The study recommends a multifaceted approach, including enhanced training, financial support for compliance, and stronger regulatory oversight to improve environmental protection practices. These findings provide crucial insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to reduce the environmental impact of the Tanzanian maritime industry and protect marine ecosystem.

Ship visual trajectory exploitation via an ensemble instance segmentation framework

Maritime traffic safety is of utmost importance in the shipping industry. It is common to avoid potential traffic accident via the support of varied kinematic maritime data (e.g., ship position, ship speed). The study aims to fulfill maritime traffic safety enhancement by extracting multiple ship trajectories from maritime video data. The proposed framework is implemented with three steps. Firstly, the framework obtains initial ship imaging positions by proposing an ensemble YOLOX (You Only Look Once X) with CenterNet model. Secondly, ship contours from each maritime frame are explored with the deep snake module. Thirdly, consecutive ship imaging trajectory is identified with an enhanced Bytetrack multi-ship target tracking algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that our model outperforms other ship trajectory extraction-like models considering that the identification F-Score (IDF1), IDP (identification Precision), IDR (identification recall), and MOTA (multi-object tracking accuracy) for our proposed framework were 0.965, 0.995, 0.933, and 0.925, respectively. The research findings can help ship crew better aware on-site traffic situations, and thus make optimal ship maneuvering operations for the purpose of enhancing maritime traffic system safety and sustainability.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Maritime Cyber Security Incidents: Trends, Impacts, and Countermeasures

The maritime industry is currently experiencing a process of digital transformation, which involves a significant level of automation and enhanced communication with external networks. As a result, various facilities in the maritime sector such as commercial and navy vessels, shipping companies, ports, and shipbuilders, are becoming more susceptible to cyber threats. In addition to the potential economic and reputational harm to shipping companies, a cyber-attack on maritime systems could result in significant incidents such as the release of hazardous substances, collisions, grounding, and fires. This poses significant risks to both ship crew, ship, cargo, and environment. This study examines cyber security events in the maritime sector. The main objective is to cultivate a thorough comprehension of cyber-attacks that specifically target systems in maritime facilities, by analyzing insights derived from incidents in the Maritime Cyber-Attack Database. The work involves the construction and examination of a number of cyber security incidents. An inquiry is carried out to determine the time patterns, geographical spread, sector-specific consequences, and attributes of these cyber-attacks, including the identity of the perpetrator, intention (whether deliberate or unintentional), and the affected systems inside the maritime domain. The paper examines particular instances to identify the main stages of a cyber-attack on maritime facilities' systems, the fundamental strategies employed by attackers, and proposes standard cyber security solutions to reduce these risks. The study's contribution entails the methodical delineation of the cyber security terrain that is unique to the maritime industry.

Prediction of human error probability in helicopter to ship transfer operation under an evidential reasoning extended CREAM approach.

Although the helicopter to ship transfer operation is rarely applied in ports around the world, some of the hub ports have encouraged it. The operational process poses challenges to safety due to the nature of the work to be completed by the ship crew. This article performs a systematic human error prediction to ensure safe helicopter to ship transfer operations under different circumstances since the human factor is becoming a significant contributor to maritime accidents. To accomplish this, the article addresses a cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) under the evidential reasoning (ER) approach. In the proposed approach, the CREAM provides a comprehensive human error prediction tool and ER is capable of supporting experts' judgment in decision-making. The findings of the research show that 'Secure the loose objects within or adjacent to the operating area' poses a high human error probability (4.50E-02) during helicopter to ship transfer operations.

The innovative vector of technology–based development of shipping companies is autonomous navigation

The article is devoted to the current state of water transport, problems and prospects of its development. Special attention is paid to the innovative vector of development of shipping companies on the basis of technologies - autonomous navigation. The development of the shipping industry on the basis of autonomous navigation opens significant opportunities in the sphere of safety improvement, increase of profit by reducing the costs of maintenance of ship crews. Examples of implementation and use of remote control of a vessel using autonomous navigation means along a socially and economically significant route are given. The article studies the legal acts that came into force in 2024, fixing the legal basis for the creation of autonomous navigation, which gives the opportunity to actively develop this promising direction. It will allow water transport to be competitive, and thus one of the key sectors of the Russian economy to become a pillar for achieving its growth. Based on the study of the materials of the Russian Federation SP in the field of inland water transport development, the factors that will contribute to the efficiency of the implementation of the initiatives of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation until 2030 are proposed.

PROTOTYPE PARKING SENSOR ON A SHIP AT THE DOCK USING SENSOR BASED ON ARDUINO UNO R3

The main issue that needs to be addressed in this research is to enhance the safety and efficiency of the vessel berthing process by reducing the risk of collisions with the dock. With the advancement of technology in the maritime industry, there is still a reliance on various parties such as tugboats, ship crew, and dock authorities to ensure safe vessel berthing. Therefore, it is necessary to design a modern technology-based parking sensor system to provide assistance in the vessel berthing process. By using a parking sensor system based on the Arduino Uno R3 and ultrasonic sensors JSN-SR04T and AJ-SR04M, this research aims to address the risk of collisions with the dock, which can result in serious damage to the vessel, dock, and the surrounding environment. This parking sensor system is designed to reduce this risk by providing early warnings to the users. Furthermore, the research aims to reduce dependence on human factors and minimize human errors. Lastly, the research also aims to improve the efficiency of the vessel berthing process. By designing and implementing this prototype, the research aims to provide a technological solution to address the above-mentioned issues, enhance safety, and optimize the vessel berthing process around Motor Vessel BIN NO.2 EKS. SANYO MARU NO.8.

Implementation of Indonesian Flag for Electricity Standards on Non-Conventional Vessel at Palipi Harbor

This research aims to analyze the current level of application of electricity standards on Indonesian-flagged non-convention ships by Gross Tonnage (GT 7-35), identify the obstacles faced in implementing electricity standards on Indonesian-flag non-convention ships by Gross Tonnage (GT 7-35) and how to make efforts in increasing the application of electrical standards on Indonesian-flagged non-convention ships by Gross Tonnage (GT 7-35). The research method used is a qualitative method with data collection techniques involving observation, documentation, and interviews with related parties. The data analysis technique used is qualitative descriptive analysis. The results show that the electrical condition of non-convention ships varies greatly depending on factors such as ship type, ship size, and the level of maintenance performed. The constraints faced in the implementation of electrical standards on Indonesian-flagged non-convention ships by Gross Tonnage (GT 7-35) are limited resources, understanding and awareness, changes in technology and regulations, and lack of routine maintenance and inspections; and collaboration between authorities, ship owners, and ship crews has not been maximized in the implementation of electrical standards, as well as the absence of training programs or resources offered by related parties to improve understanding and skills related to ship electricity.

Implementation of ISPS Code Security Level 2 at the Time the Ship Entered the Pontianak Navy Line to Prevent Security Threats Load at KM. Meratus Benoa

This research aims to implement ISPS Code Security Level 2 when the ship enters the Pontianak shipping channel to prevent cargo security threats on KM. Meratus Benoa. The time used by researchers to conduct research for 11 months and 13 days, starting from March 11, 2023-24 February 2024. KM. Meratus Benoa is one type of container deck ship managed by PT Meratus Line. This research method uses qualitative methods using Phenomenological research strategies. This data source collection technique is obtained from direct observation, interviews with ship crews and several journals related to this research. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of ISPS Code Security Level 2 when the ship enters the Pontianak shipping channel to prevent cargo security threats on KM.Meratus Benoa, namely by, a) Involving various efforts and activities such as patrols, security drills and additional supervision. Crew awareness and external support are also factors that influence the effectiveness of ISPS Code Security Level 2 implementation. b) There are coordination and training efforts carried out by ship officers to improve crew preparedness in dealing with security threats. As for the efforts made to prevent cargo security threats on KM Meratus Benoa by a) Restricting access to the ship and inside the ship to prevent unauthorized access, adding bulkheads to the pilot ladder door to increase security, adding guard officers and optimal division of guard duties when the ship enters a high-risk port area. b) conducting annual security exercise trials on a regular basis.

Port State Control Inspections During the COVID Pandemic – Case Study: Republic of Croatia

The paper analyzes the Port State Control system established to ensure that ships meet international safety standards, are safe for the environment and provide adequate living and working conditions for the ship's crew. The results of the research on Port State Control inspections of foreign state-owned ships in the waters of the Republic of Croatia are presented, with an emphasis on deficiencies in the safety of navigation. The research was conducted over the three-year period of the COVID pandemic, i.e. from 2019 to 2021. The Thetis and Paris Mou inspection databases were used for analysis. The aim of the analysis was to determine the number of inspections in the ports of the Republic of Croatia, the causes of ship detention and the most common deficiencies in the domain of safety of navigation identified by inspections during the COVID pandemic. Given that safety of navigation is one of the components of the safety system at sea, emphasis was placed on the identification of deficiencies in the area of safety of navigation.

Problems of social protection of seafarers on ships under a foreign flag when leaving them Without the help of the shipowner

The article analyzes the evolution of conventional norms dedicated to the fight against shipowners (ship operators) who abandon ship crews without assistance in ports of foreign states. The article examines the norms of International Law, which are an integral part of the Russian legal system, related to the problem of financial support for crew members who were abandoned by the shipowner. The shortcomings of the existing legal methods and methods of influencing foreign employers (shipowners) violating the rights of seafarers, which have a negative impact on the effectiveness of the implementation of the real provision of their labor rights, are revealed. It is predicted that the problem of social vulnerability of seafarers engaged in labor activities on ships of foreign shipowners or on ships of Russian shipowners who have been transferred to a foreign “convenient” flag will worsen, due to the fact that the protection of labor rights has a pronounced international emphasis, and difficulties in solving such issues in the mode of traditional diplomacy are possible. The article explores the search for ways and mechanisms aimed at protecting seafarers from the actions of unscrupulous shipowners, as well as preventive steps to minimize the cases of abandonment of seafarers without means of livelihood in a foreign port, taking into account the trends of the latest legislation and the needs of emerging practice.

Studi Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) Pada Kapal Patroli (KAL-28) Katamaran

Motion sickness or seasickness is a condition caused by the movement of a ship that results in dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. The Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) Study on the Patrol Catamaran (KAL-28) aims to evaluate the comfort level of passengers and the safety of the ship's crew during operations, following the ISO 2631/1997 standards. The evaluation is conducted on the vertical acceleration response of the ship under various wave conditions, speeds, and wave directions. Mapping is performed in various areas of the ship, including the deck, navigation room, and engine room, considering wave heights of 0.875 meters and 2 meters at speeds of 15 knots, 22.5 knots, and 30 knots. The research results indicate that at a speed of 15 knots, the deck area, navigation room, and engine room meet the criteria from comfortable to somewhat uncomfortable. However, at speeds of 22.5 knots and 30 knots, these areas are rated as somewhat uncomfortable to very uncomfortable. This study emphasizes the need for ship design that considers both passenger comfort and safety, especially for patrol catamarans

Employee Green Behavior In Shipping Industry: A Scale Development Study

Objective: The purpose of this study is to develop a scale of employee green behavior measurement tools by testing five behavioral taxonomy in forming a green behavior ship crew. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the rapid development of marine logistics contains consequences for maritime environmental problems. Air and water pollution that occurs in the sea, around 70-80% is claimed to occur because human behavior does not pay attention to environmental maintenance in carrying out their work activities. Employee behavior in maintaining a sustainable work environment is known as Employee Green Behavior. Method: This study is a quantitative research with a survey method. The overall structure and measurement of the scale are confirmed by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Analysis using SEM AMOS 24 software. Results and Discussion: The results show that the EGB instrument used has met the criteria for the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument. The results of the study also explain that the factors that shape Employee Green Behavior in ship crews in the shipping industry, consist of conserving, working sustainability, avoiding harm, influencing others, and taking initiative. Research Implications: This Employee Green Behavior Scale can be used to understand how behavior (act and do) ship crew in maintaining environmental sustainability while working in accordance with their job duties on the ship, so that an Employee Green Behavior behavior model can be developed to support the environmental performance of shipping companies. Originality/Value: This research contributes to formulating the EGB measurement tool scale in the shipping industry.

The Impact of Vessel/Ship Noise on the Productivity and Well-being of Maritime Crew: A Holistic Examination

This comprehensive survey examines the impact of vessel/ship noise on the productivity and well-being of 500 maritime crew members. The study explores the multifaceted repercussions of regular exposure to ship-related noise on both the operational efficiency and overall health of seafarers. Through an extensive examination of existing literature and first-hand assessments, the research delves into the physiological and psychological effects of vessel noise on crew members. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and descriptive geometry were utilized to analyse the field response data. Additionally, it evaluates the potential implications for maritime safety and productivity. Investigated noise levels range from 60 to 110 dB, observed productivity ranges from 40 to 90%, and well-being ranges from 60 to 95%. The findings from this survey offer valuable insights to the maritime industry, illuminating the complex relationship between ship noise, crew well-being, and operational performance. Keywords: Maritime Noise Impact, Crew Well-being, Holistic Examination, Productivity Challenges and Vessel Sound Effects.

The actual issues of detection of risk factors and prevention of myocardium infarction in sailors

In Russia, increases morbidity of myocardial infarction. The statistics of recent years demonstrate failure in meeting target indicators of national programs on reducing number of deaths from this disease. At that, able-bodied population is in high risk zone and their professional activity is under influence of large combination of risk factors of myocardial infarction. This risk area covers profession of seafarer that is characterized by irregular work schedule, high levels of stress and mental tension, low physical activity or, contrariwise, increased working loads, unbalanced diet, isotherm stress and interaction with harmful substances. Besides that, situation is aggravated by limited set of first medical aid measures at exacerbation of disease in view of remoteness from hospitalization centers. Thus, considering high mortality rate from myocardial infarction, it is extremely important for ship crews to have full and timely information about diagnostic, symptomatic and prevention of this disease. The article examines statistics data of morbidity and mortality of myocardial infarction in population of the Russian Federation on the basis of Rosstat data and target indicators of the National project "Health Care". The risk factors of myocardial infarction established by INTERHEART studies are analyzed. The specifics of work conditions of crew members of marine vessels are established. The collection of professional modifying risk factors was selected. The recommendations for their correction were developed to enhance efficiency of primary preventive measures and to decrease morbidity and mortality among seafarers.

System for Management of Sign on Ship Crew Sealing Books at the Batam KSOP Office at PT. Putra Anambas Shipping Batam

System for Management of Sign on Ship Crew Sealing Books at the Batam KSOP Office at PT. Putra Anambas Shipping Batam

Measures to preserve the mental health of sailors when working on autonomous surface vessels

Currently, all sectors of the national economy are subject to rapid processes of digital transformation, which requires the restructuring of both production processes and the improvement of the personnel selection system. The field of maritime transport is no exception, which has recently been focused on the active development of autonomous maritime shipping. The introduction of autonomous ships into operation radically changes the working conditions of ship crew members, including due to a significant reduction in their number. As a result, in the near future, seafarers will be forced not only to work in difficult conditions caused by maritime specifics, but also to experience the additional impact of a limited ship crew. The lack of necessary skills and training among current ship crew members to work in the new realities, as well as the high risk of impairment of their mental health, shows the objective need to find new approaches to the training and selection of seafarers. In order to develop recommendations for improving the rules for training, recruiting and selecting seafarers to work in conditions of a limited ship crew, the article studied regulations and levels of autonomy of sea surface vessels. A survey was conducted among active sailors, which made it possible to identify key problems on the stated issues, and also studied the types of temperament, personality and accentuation.

Analisis proses penggantian bendera kapal asing menjadi kapal bendera indonesia di Subdirektorat Pengukuran Pendaftaran dan Kebangsaan Kapal

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendalami proses pendaftaran kapal, yang penting untuk keselamatan dan keamanan transportasi laut serta pelestarian lingkungan laut. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara. Data yang diperoleh dijelaskan dalam paragraf yang mencakup pentingnya tanda kebangsaan kapal dan proses penggantian kapal berbendera asing menjadi berbendera Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses penggantian bendera kapal melibatkan tahapan administrasi di luar negeri, pengajuan bukti kepada pejabat RI, dan pendaftaran di Indonesia setelah kapal dicoret dari daftar kapal negara asal. Jika ditemukan pelanggaran prosedur penggunaan awak kapal, perusahaan pelayaran harus ditindak tegas.

Optimization And Implementation of Waste Management Planning on Indonesian Flag Non-Convention Ships Sailing in Indonesian Waters

Abstract Waste is one of the objects of concern on ships, especially in terms of its storage and disposal, where more attention must be given to all ships with a gross tonnage of one hundred or more. Every ship certified to carry fifteen people or more, and every fixed or floating platform must have a waste management planning on ship, which includes written procedures for minimizing, collecting, storing, processing and disposing of waste including the use of equipment on the ship. In discussing this material, the researchers analyze the procedures and handling of waste disposal on Indonesian-flagged non-conventional ships. The method used in this research was the case research method. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews and library research methods. The research results show that on Indonesian-flagged non-conventional ships entering the Port of Makassar, there was still waste thrown into the sea, especially by crew members who did not comply with the waste management procedures regulated in The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships Annex V. Ships - Non-conventional ships had not handled waste in accordance with The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 73/78 regulations due to various factors, one of which is that there is no equipment for handling waste in the ship and the lack of understanding of ship crew members in protecting the maritime environment. It is recommended that the company supervise the handling of waste in the ship and on the other hand, the port management must prepare waste storage facilities.