Ship Compartments Research Articles

Sensitivity analysis of damage extent in naval ship compartments due to internal airborne explosions

The objective of this paper is to identify the design variables of the compartment that are most influential in determining the extent of damage due to in-compartment airborne explosions (INCEX). From a comparison of numerical simulation results using the CONventional Weapons Effects Program (CONWEP) with results from airborne blast experiments, CONWEP generated blast pressures with reasonable accuracy. From a comparison of numerical simulation results using the Horsford-Coulomb and local necking hybrid fracture model (HC-LN model) with results from indentation experiments, HC-LN model accurately predicts steel fractures. The engine compartment was selected for the damage variable sensitivity analyses in terms of the probabilities of being hit, flooded, and incapacitated. When three TNT masses, two stand-off distances, and eight engine room dimensions with six levels of each dimension were considered, more than 10 million INCEX cases were required. The Latin hypercube sampling technique was adopted to reduce the number of INCEX simulations to 5,000. The element-based and image-based methods were applied to evaluate the damage extents. The element-based method underestimated and overestimated the damage area and damage perimeter more than the image-based method, respectively. The most influential design variables on the damage extent were bulkhead thickness and curtain plate height, respectively.

Alien species established in the Bay of Biscay suggest significant contribution of both fouling and dry ship compartments

IntroductionThe majority of studies on marine biosecurity focus on aquatic species, but invaders can also use dry ship compartments for dispersal; this pathway has been less explored than fouling or ballast water. Here we analysed the maritime traffic of the international Port of Gijon (south Bay of Biscay, Spain) as a case study.MethodsMain donor countries were identified from traffic data. From the Global Invasive Species Database, we detected a similar proportion of expected global alien invasive species (AIS) from fouling and containers pathways to be actually settled in the recipient region.ResultsThe AIS diversity transported via fouling was higher than that transported by containers. No significant difference between Australia, Brazil, Canada and South Africa in the proportion of global AIS actually transferred to Bay of Biscay supports the vision of port networks as a new ecosystem with multiple demes. Different AIS catalogues in the donor regions may explain a higher proportion of terrestrial AIS introduced via containers from Brazil and South Africa and marine AIS introduced via fouling.DiscussionA more careful surveillance of biota in dry ship compartments, including it in a future revision in the International Convention for Safe Containers, is recommended to reduce the contribution of shipping to biological invasions.

Numerical Simulation of Fire Incidents in Ship Compartments

Numerical Simulation of Fire Incidents in Ship Compartments

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Fire Resistance for Bulkhead and Deck Structures of Ships and Offshore Installations

Investigating the loss of integrity (E) in cabin walls and decks, as well as the role of insulation capabilities, holds significant implications for preventing serious human, economic and environmental damage caused by the ignition of cabins in ships and ocean platforms due to fires and explosions. In this study, the fire resistance of A-60 class ship bulkheads and decks was evaluated through two groups of standard fire resistance tests. In the first test, the steel structure side of the bulkhead was exposed to the fire, while in the second test, the mineral wool and L-shaped stiffeners side of the deck was exposed to the fire. Numerical material models for steel and mineral wool were established based on standards, and the temperature distribution and structural deformation were simulated using Abaqus. The results showed a good correlation with the experimental data. The maximum and average temperature increases on the unheated surface of the bulkhead during the standard fire resistance test were 158 °C and 136 °C, respectively. The corresponding values for the deck were 176 °C and 138 °C. Upon the conclusion of the experiment, the maximum displacement deformation in the direction towards the furnace from the center of the cabin wall was 54 mm, and from the center of the deck, the maximum displacement deformation towards the furnace was 28 mm. This research can provide guidance for the design of fire-resistant ship compartment structures.

A Unified Internal Flow Model with Fluid Momentum for General Application in Shipflooding and Beyond

This paper deals with the development and validation of a unified internal flow model (UIF) for the prediction of fluid behaviour in a network of 3D floodable cells such as an internal ship compartment subdivisions. The UIF model is incorporated in a generic time-domain ship-motion simulation environment. The flow model uses cell-averaged fluid momentum to account for dynamic (inertia) effects in compartments. A compartment is typically given the size of a ship compartment on board. The fluid solver can keep track of the air pressure in and air flow through compartments under isothermal assumption. Simulation results are compared against experimental data from four different configurations: a single tank draining experiment, a two compartment down-flooding experiment, an oscillating water column experiment under pressure, and a transient flooding experiment with a cruise ship in calm water. The general validity of the UIF model is demonstrated through these four examples. The newly developed UIF model overcomes the shortcomings seen in the steady Bernoulli-based simulations. Its application leads to a more accurate prediction of the floodwater progression in the ship, and it captures the fluid dynamics seen in the oscillating water column device very well, which is not possible using the steady Bernoulli approach. The general applicability of the UIF solver for internal fluid response in maritime application is thereby demonstrated. The effect of the internal compartmentalisation of a cruise ship and the effect of viscous roll damping on the transient roll response is discussed.

FOREWORD FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Welcome to the first issue for the year 2023, a significant milestone for us as we celebrate the centennial of the Republic of Türkiye, the quarter-millennial anniversary of the Turkish Naval Academy (TNA), and the vicennial celebration of the Journal of Naval Sciences and Engineering (JNSE). These historical connections symbolize the remarkable progress achieved by our country, academy, and journal.
 
 In this issue, we are delighted to present five research papers that contribute to the advancement of naval sciences and engineering. These papers cover a wide range of topics, including the production of translucent alumina ceramics by tape casting, spectroscopic investigation of argon glow discharge in a plasma medium, thermal analysis of XLPE insulated submarine cables for different loading conditions, scale effects on the linear hydrodynamic coefficients of DARPA SUBOFF, and numerical investigation of HVAC systems in a naval ship compartment.
 
 We would also like to remind you that starting from September 1, 2022, we have been providing Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for accepted papers, ensuring their persistent identification. Additionally, we have implemented a new publishing process where papers are made available online before the printed hardcopy format, allowing for broader accessibility and faster dissemination of research findings.
 
 Our November 2023 issue is dedicated to highlighting cutting-edge advancements and research in naval technology and engineering. We have published a call for papers online, encouraging submissions on various topics, including 3D modeling, digital twin technology, IoT applications, 3D printing, virtual and augmented reality, high-performance computing, automation with robots, drones, and autonomous vehicles, shipyard construction and maintenance cost analysis, lean production methodologies, corrosion protection, wearable technologies for personnel monitoring, and big data analytics in preventive maintenance. We eagerly invite researchers and scholars to submit their work, contributing to this issue. The submitted papers in these areas will be given special attention alongside the journal's regular coverage, offering a comprehensive exploration of the latest advancements in naval sciences and engineering.
 
 We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the authors for their valuable contributions to this issue, as well as our dedicated editorial and advisory board members for their expertise and guidance. We are also immensely grateful to the diligent reviewers who have generously contributed their time and expertise to ensure the quality and rigor of the papers published in this issue. Your insightful feedback and constructive criticism have played a vital role in shaping the content of this journal. 
 
 Additionally, we would like to express our appreciation to our readers for their continued support and trust in JNSE. Thank you all for your invaluable contributions.
 
 Fatih ERDEN, Ph.D.
 Editor-in-Chief

An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method for fluid–structure interactions due to underwater explosions

Purpose This study aims to evaluate blast loads on and the response of submerged structures. Design/methodology/approach An arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method is developed to model fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems of close-in underwater explosions (UNDEX). The “fluid” part provides the loads for the structure considers air, water and high explosive materials. The spatial discretization for the fluid domain is performed with a second-order vertex-based finite volume scheme with a tangent of hyperbola interface capturing technique. The temporal discretization is based on explicit Runge–Kutta methods. The structure is described by a large-deformation Lagrangian formulation and discretized via finite elements. First, one-dimensional test cases are given to show that the numerical method is free of mesh movement effects. Thereafter, three-dimensional FSI problems of close-in UNDEX are studied. Finally, the computation of UNDEX near a ship compartment is performed. Findings The difference in the flow mechanisms between rigid targets and deforming targets is quantified and evaluated. Research limitations/implications Cavitation is modeled only approximately and may require further refinement/modeling. Practical implications The results demonstrate that the proposed numerical method is accurate, robust and versatile for practical use. Social implications Better design of naval infrastructure [such as bridges, ports, etc.]. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study has been conducted for the first time.

Explosion Characteristics of Hydrogen Gas in Varying Ship Ventilation Tunnel Geometries: An Experimental Study

Hydrogen is widely regarded as a key element of prospective energy solutions for alleviating environmental emission problems. However, hydrogen is classified as a high-risk gas because of its wide explosive range, high overpressure, low ignition energy, and fast flame propagation speed compared with those of hydrocarbon-based gases. In addition, deflagration can develop into detonation in ventilation or explosion guide tunnels if explosion overpressure occurs, leading to the explosion of all combustible gases. However, quantitative evidence of an increase in the explosion overpressure of ventilation tunnels is unavailable because the explosive characteristics of hydrogen gas are insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study investigated an explosion chamber with the shape of a ventilation pipe in a ship compartment. The effect of tunnel length on explosion overpressure was examined experimentally. For quantitative verification, the size of the hydrogen gas explosion overpressure was analyzed and compared with experimental values of hydrocarbon-based combustible gases (butane and LPG (propane 98%)). The experimental database can be used for explosion risk analyses of ships when designing ventilation holes and piping systems and developing new safety guidelines for hydrogen carriers and hydrogen-fueled ships.

Weapon compartment layout design method for improving the survivability of a naval ship by considering susceptibility distribution based on radar cross section analysis

Abstract The survivability of a naval ship refers to its ability to withstand the damage caused by enemy attacks and to maintain their missions and functions. During naval warfare, if the armed space of a naval ship is exposed to the enemy, even a single shot can damage the combat system. Therefore, it is important to minimize damage to the armed space of naval ships and improve survivability. In this study, a system was implemented to automate the ship compartment layout design process considering survivability and to derive the optimal compartment layout. The survivability of a compartment can be calculated using the susceptibility distribution obtained using the axis-aligned bounding box (AABB) model and damage ellipsoid volume. To derive the survivability suitable for each naval ship, the susceptibility distribution of the naval ship was derived by radar cross section analysis. In addition, the line distribution space division method was developed to extract the AABB model from the analysis model. A genetic algorithm was used to derive an optimal compartment layout considering survivability. To compare the differences in survivability according to the compartment layout, optimal and worst compartment layout analysis was performed.

Literature Review: Faktor Sanitasi Kapal dengan Keberadaan Vektor di Kapal

Background:
 Ship are related to public health because they allow the spread of disease due to public health risk factors, one of which is the presence of vectors that can trigger disease exchange in human. The existence of vectors on board is caused by poor sanitation such as bad hygiene, inadequate lighting and ventilation, bad food storage, and scattered garbage that is not properly disposed of.
 Objectives:
 This literature review aims to determine the relationship between ship sanitation factors and the presence of vectors on ship
 Research Metodes: 
 This study use the literature review method by searching for journals on the google scholar database and one search (2010-2020). The keyword used are "ship sanitation with vector presence", "ship sanitation and presence of vectors" and "ship and vector sanitation".
 Results: 
 The result obtained on google scholar 150 articles and one search 16 articles where only 11 articles match this study. The result of this study, unqualified ship compartments namely kitchen and warehouse, due to ineligible hygiene, do not have adequate trash cans, and are free of insects and rat. The presence of cockroach vectors tends to be found on passenger ships and the presence of mosquito and mouse vectors tends to be found on cargo ship.
 Conclusion: 
 The conclusion in this study is that ship sanitation factors are related to the existence of vectors. The advice given is to increase routine ship sanitation checks by the Port Health Office officers.

Model and algorithms for a decision support system on the application of rescue intends in case of a beyond design-basis rapid accident of a river passenger vessel

The problem of determination of threshold values of changes in stability characteristics of a river displacement ship is studied. A model and a data preparation scheme are being developed for the algorithmic implementation of the construction of curves of threshold values of lateral stability characteristics until the moment corresponding to the command given by the ship’s captain to bring life-saving appliances to a state of readiness or to use them. For the case of flooding of two adjacent hull compartments of a three-deck river passenger motor ship under the action of an external static inclining moment, illustrating data of calculations of hydrostatic characteristics and ship trim are presented, and an ensemble of diagrams of its static stability with threshold values is built. The results of the studies performed are intended for the software and hardware implementation of a digital system for active monitoring of the ship’s hull condition, predicting the development of a dangerous situation, supporting decision-making by the captain of a river vessel on the use of standard rescue equipment in the event of the threat of the ship being flooded and overturned.

OPTIMISATION OF NAVAL SHIP COMPARTMENT LAYOUT DESIGN USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

AbstractAn efficient general arrangement is a cornerstone of a good ship design. A big part of the whole general arrangement process is finding an optimized compartment layout. This task is especially tricky since the multiple needs are often conflicting, and it becomes a serious challenge for the ship designers. To aid the ship designers, improved and reliable statistical and computation methods have come to the fore. Genetic algorithms are one of the most widely used methods. Islier's algorithm for the multi-facility layout problem and an improved genetic algorithm for the ship layout design problem are discussed. A new, hybrid genetic algorithm incorporating local search technique to further the improved genetic algorithm's practicality is proposed. Further comparisons are drawn between these algorithms based on a test case layout. Finally, the developed hybrid algorithm is implemented on a section of an actual ship, and the findings are presented.

Human Sensing in Reverberant Environments: RF-Based Occupancy and Fall Detection in Ships

In this paper, we explore the possibility of estimating the number of people inside a below-deck ship compartment using the theory of room electromagnetics. Most RF-based occupancy detection solutions focus on residential environments. Confined metallic spaces such in industrial environments are more hostile and exhibit features of a reverberant cavity. The theory of room electromagnetics provides a simple characterization of microwave propagation in such environments. By considering the indoor environment as a lossy cavity, the exponential decay rate of the power-delay profile (PDP), also known as reverberation time (RT), is related to the total absorption inside the room. First, we verify the reverberating nature of the room by measuring the RT at different locations inside the room. The PDPs are calculated from the channel impulse response (CIR) measured using the MIMOSA radio channel sounder. Then, the relation between RT and the number of people inside the room is investigated. We show that it is possible to estimate the number of stationary people with a good accuracy, depending on the number of antennas used. With a success rate of 88%, the estimation error is only one person when 16 spatially averaged PDPs are used. Higher success rates are achievable with more spatial averaging. Moreover, off-the-shelf (OTS) ultra wide band (UWB) devices are used to estimate the number of people inside the same room. Results show that temporal averaging of PDPs can further improve the success rate to 95% when people inside the room are moving. In addition, the detection of a lone person falling to the ground is investigated based on the Doppler analysis of the measured CIRs. It is shown that the Doppler spread in case of a fall has higher peak values compared to normal activities, such as walking and sitting. With the use of a simple Bayes classifier, a fall is detected with 98% accuracy and 100% sensitivity.

Maritime inventory routing problem with undedicated compartments: A case study from the cement industry

The cost of sea transportation in the cement industry located in an archipelago country has a large contribution of the overall cost because cement is a heavy product but the price is cheap and must be distributed to packing plants that are spread across several islands. The high level of competition among cement companies makes the issue of cost efficiency and inventory availability a major concern for companies. This paper proposed a solution to maritime inventory routing problems (MIRP) to minimize the cost of sea transportation faced by a cement company in the Indonesian archipelago in meeting the needs at the consumption port. Unlike other multi-product handling such as oil and other chemicals that require the use of special compartments on ships, undedicated ship compartments are generally used on multi-product cement carriers. To solve this problem, we developed a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to minimize transportation costs with an inventory level that remains unfulfilled during the planning horizon period. The results of this optimization provide a global optimum with the total cost of transportation about IDR 3.69 billion for the second week period in October 2019 and maintained the availability of cement during this period.

Analysis of the Effect of Sloshing on Damage Stability after the Addition of LNG Tanks

The Damage Stability, better known as leaky ship stability, is a condition where the vessel has a leak in the ship's compartment so that the stability condition of the ship is disrupted. This study is a study of the effects caused by sloshing on the stability of the ship. The method used to calculate damage stability is the lost buoyancy method. This method assumes a condition where when the vessel has a leak, the vessel buoyancy will decrease. This happens because the empty space in the vessel will be filled with water, so it is no longer the part that contributes to the buoyancy so that the ship will increase and can result in sinkage. According to the calculation of SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) Consolidated Edition 2014 Chapter II-1 Part B-1. There are two indexes compared, namely index Required index R = 0.77172, which depends on the length of the lining and Attained subdivision index A = 0.83736. The pi factor shows a maximum of 5 leak zones that can be overcome by the ship to remain stable. By comparing the index value of A> R, it can be seen that this ship has fulfilled the SOLAS requirements .

Mechanical Properties of Welded Joints of 1.3964 Steel for Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) Purposes

Abstract The article presents the study of mechanical properties of welded steel from which the hull of a modern mine destroyer was made. Keeping the tightness of ship compartments during operation depends on the strength of these joints. The results of testing the mechanical properties of 1.3964 steel and its welded joints subjected to a static tensile test were presented, and a Johnson – Cook material model was proposed. The material model can be used in CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) simulations related to hull strength analysis.

Application of reinforcement learning to fire suppression system of an autonomous ship in irregular waves

In fire suppression, continuous delivery of water or foam to the fire source is essential. The present study concerns fire suppression in a ship under sea condition, by introducing reinforcement learning technique to aiming of fire extinguishing nozzle, which works in a ship compartment with six degrees of freedom movement by irregular waves. The physical modeling of the water jet and compartment motion was provided using Unity 3D engine. In the reinforcement learning, the change of the nozzle angle during the scenario was set as the action, while the reward is proportional to the ratio of the water particle delivered to the fire source area. The optimal control of nozzle aiming for continuous delivery of water jet could be derived. Various algorithms of reinforcement learning were tested to select the optimal one, the proximal policy optimization.

Optimization of unmanned ship's parametric subdivision based on improved multi-objective PSO

The optimization of ship's subdivision arrangement is an important part of ship general layout design. However, optimization to an unmanned ship's subdivision considering the complex multi-objective is less studied. In this paper, the multi-objective optimization of a V-type non-ballasted water unmanned ship compartment division is investigated based on parametric model. The principal rules of cabin division for unmanned ship are determined first. The shape and composition of the longitudinal inner shell layout and transverse inner shell structure are studied by three-dimensional parametric representation method. The cabin capacity, bending moment and water immersion factor are used as the objective functions to establish the mathematical model. The improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are used to optimize the unmanned ship's subdivision arrangement in which the generated front-end solutions are normalized and sorted by the distance from the origin to solved the multiple objectives. The grey relational degree calculation method is applied to verify the method. Finally, different subdivision scheme based on different objective is given. The findings provide useful guidelines for the design optimization of non-ballast water unmanned ships.

Numerical Vibro-Acoustic Analysis of a Ship Compartment Structure

This paper investigates the vibro-acoustic problems of an elastic compartment structure (wheel house) belonging to a ship, coupled to the enclosed air. The excitations from the structural walls of the room by the sound source cause vibrations throughout the system and noise within the acoustic domain. Due to the coupling between the structural vibrations and acoustic pressure field, these systems are typically referred to as vibro-acoustic systems. The acoustic excitations and vibrations on the structural walls of a ship structure, however, are significantly larger and have a much more significant effect to the structural integrity of the ship. In order to determine whether coupled responses are needed, three frequency analyses have been performed: calculus of the first 5 natural frequencies of the fluid separately, the structure separately, and the fluid-structure coupled system. The wall thickness of the room walls is of 5 mm and made of layered composite. The stress analysis of the model at a highly participating structural mode is performed.

Damage stability analysis in particular flooding situations of a multipurpose cargo ship

Flooding of ship compartments is a very common event resulted from ships involvement in marine accidents, such us collision, grounding or structural breakdown. Once ship compartments are flooded to an extended level, the transverse stability starts to be affected and if the situation become dangerous, it can become critical or failing beyond the lower threshold values. In this damaged situation, a proper and accurate calculation and assessment of stability is very important. Calculation of damage stability for flooding situations is a very important subject for those who work in design and operation of ships. However, the subject was treated extensively in respect of tanker ships and less in respect of multipurpose cargo ships. The aim of work presented in this paper is to highlight some particular situations of flooding of compartments on board a multipurpose cargo ship when the stability parameters are decreasing enough so that fails to comply with recommended criteria. The particularity of the study for this type of ships came from the fact that are fitted with large box type cargo holds which in case of flooding are generating large free surface effects with a high negative impact on ship’s stability. Thus, four situations of flooding are presented and the analysis of stability parameters are illustrated in line with the actual regulations, in respect of damage stability, established by international conventions. Based on the results of calculations, the study gives recommendations regarding the actions to be taken in order to limit the dangerous consequences of such situations. The results of the particular flooding situations presented can be used to continue the improvement of design and operation for this type of ships.