Ship Owners Research Articles

The Shipper's perspective on slow steaming - Study of Six Swedish companies

Trans-ocean liner shipping companies adopt slow steaming during periods when the market is characterised by low demand, high fuel prices, low freight rates and overcapacity. The most recent instance in which this occurred was the period following the 2008/2009 global financial crises, and the speeds have not yet rebounded to the pre-crisis levels. Most of the existing research regarding slow steaming takes environmental, economic and maritime engineering perspectives, meaning that the phenomenon is studied from the viewpoint of ship owners. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of slow steaming from the shipper's perspective.

PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF WIND PROPULSION SYSTEMS USING 3D CFD AND ROUTE SIMULATION

Accurate performance prediction is necessary when designing/optimising wind propulsion systems (WPS). An independent, trustworthy prediction of the energy-saving potential is also needed to support the ship owner’s decision to invest in new technology. By using weather statistics along with a mathematical model of ship performance, route simulations can estimate the time and power required for transit of a route. Such simulations are commonly used today to optimise the design and operation of conventional ships. The introduction of WPS poses additional challenges for route simulations. WPS performance must be predicted at all points along the route, with wind of differing velocity and direction. The apparent wind will vary vertically (twist), due to the interaction between the ship velocity and the atmospheric boundary layer. Also, many proposed concepts use multiple WPS, introducing additional complexity, such as independent spin ratios/ sheeting angles. 3D CFD simulations capture the complex physics, including vortex formation and interaction effects, providing accurate performance prediction and an understanding of the flow. However, 3D CFD is costly, and it would not be possible to simulate all conditions at a reasonable cost. We present simplified approaches to modelling of WPS, using a limited number of CFD simulations, either in 2D or 3D, which are then extrapolated such that 3D effects are represented, and all conditions covered. The methodology is demonstrated on rotor sails and wing sails.

Standard operating procedure for loading/unloading operations and navigational safety of bulk carriers as per charter party requirements

According to the Review of Maritime Transport published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 2018, 53.57% of total global seaborne trade volume was transported by bulk carriers in 2017. Bulk cargo shipment is one of the major modes of transportation in the international trade. Many bulk carrier marine accidents each year are caused by inappropriate cargo loading/unloading operation procedures. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to establish a standard operating procedure for cargo handling and navigational safety management guidelines for bulk carriers. The standard operating procedure proposed in this article is developed based on loading/unloading theories, international rules and regulations, case studies, a literature review, expert opinions, and practical experience from some captains, as well as the author who has worked as a bulk carrier captain for more than 20 years. The developed standard operating procedure can be offered to bulk carrier captains, ship owners and charterers, and ship safety management companies for improving navigational safety and avoiding cargo damage.

Delayed Adjustment: Economic crisis, political change and state intervention in the Spanish shipbuilding industry, about 1975–1990

This article seeks to explain the impact of the international shipping crisis of the 1970s on the Spanish shipbuilding industry (then the third biggest in Europe after Sweden and Germany) and the responses to the crisis given by the state and by shipyards. It contributes to the literature on the decline of merchant shipbuilding in Europe since the 1970s. Based on international production statistics, annual reports of companies and business associations, policy plans and documents and specialist journals, this paper employs an agency perspective and the theoretical framework of historical institutionalism to examine the interests and actions of the main actors involved – shipyards and ship owners, labour unions, the public entrepreneurial sector (INI) and the different governments – and the outcomes of those actions on public policies and on the development of this industry.

ANALISA PENGURUSAN PROSES KLAIM ASURANSI KECELAKAAN KAPAL YANG MENABRAK BREAKWATER, STUDI KASUS BG. MARITIME LADY DI TELUK PENYU CILACAP

ABSTRAK
 Bisnis perkapalan merasakan pentingnya risiko tanggung jawab keuangan yang timbul
 dari pengoperasian kapal, kewajiban pemilik / operator kapal harus bertanggung jawab atas
 keselamatan penumpang dan muatan yang mereka bawa jika terjadi kecelakaan yang menyebabkan cedera
 atau menyebabkan kerugian bagi penumpang, serta kehilangan / kerusakan pada barang yang diangkut dan kerugian
 pihak ketiga, yaitu dengan mentransfer risiko kepada pihak lain di mana pihak lain sebagai pihak
 penerima risiko dan mampu mengelola risiko adalah perusahaan asuransi. Pada kasus ini
 pemilik dan operator kapal dapat menjamin risiko tanggung jawab yang muncul dengan P&I
 Asuransi klub. Dalam hal ini peneliti menggunakan metode penulisan deskriptif kualitatif untuk
 menggambarkan dan menggambarkan objek yang diteliti. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menggunakan
 observasi, wawancara dan literatur.
 Dari analisis masalah ia menambahkan kelompok peneliti dari datang ke
 kesimpulan bahwa proses dan penyelesaian klaim asuransi telah selesai dan
 Padahal sudah ada kendala yang dihadapi. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam proses dan
 penyelesaian klaim adalah dokumen klaim yang lengkap, pemilihan perusahaan kontraktor, dan
 kondisi dan cuaca sosial-ekonomi. Upaya yang dilakukan dalam mengurangi, penelitian adalah
 kontraktor dokumen kepemilikan sesuai klasifikasi PT. Pertamina juga
 sebagai pendekatan persuasif itu bekerja sama dengan kasus BMKG dan pengawasan dari PT. Pertamina
 divisi kelautan dalam proses perbaikan

The implication of the stochastic gross-profit-per-day objective on the cargo ship profitability, capacity, and speed

Purpose This paper aims to study the implication of the stochastic gross-profit-per-day objective on the ship profitability and the ship capacity and speed. Design/methodology/approach The paper has used the mathematical model and the solution methodology given by El Noshokaty, 2013, 2014, 2017a, 2017b, and SOS, 2019. Findings The paper finds that if the ship owner follows the rate concept and the cargo demand forecast, he can improve the profitability of his company and be able to select the proper capacities and speeds for the ships used. Research limitations/implications The findings are not only useful for the shipping or other cargo transport companies but also for businesses like gas reservoir development, car assembly lines in the industry, cooperative farming and crop harvesting in agriculture, port cargo handling in trade and road paving in construction. Originality/value The contribution of this paper lies in notifying the ship owners of the possible profitability improvement and the consequences of building ships of larger capacities and slower speeds.

Investigation of an alleged PLC hacking on sea vessels

This paper presents a case of alleged PLC (Programmable Logic controller) hacking aboard a commercial ship, and the forensic investigation of PLC components. It presents the lessons drawn from this case and the particular difficulty of investigating PLC and SCADA systems onboard. Whereas hacking is often seen as taking control of a ship, or part of a ship, it is also related to the alteration of the sensors, the PLCs, the data logger or the SCADA systems. This alteration can be done from a hacking group but in the investigated case, it is more likely an action triggered either by the ship owner, or the ship manufacturer himself. This paper also advocates for an addition of a section concerning cybersecurity in the SOLAS - Safety Of Life At Sea - convention or one of other IMO (International Maritime Organization) conventions.

Overview and Comparison of the IMO and the US Maritime Administration Ballast Water Management Regulations

Along with the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United States Maritime Administration has developed its own ballast water management legislation under the dual authority of the US Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency. The IMO and US ballast water management regulations are globally recognized as the most significant and influential regimes. Complexity and certain regulatory differences pose considerable concern amongst all stakeholders in the shipping industry, predominantly ship owners and ship operators. This paper presents a conceptual study which overviews, emphasises, and compares key provisions of these two sets of regulations by targeting and unveiling significant points from their perspective since they represent the largest group of stakeholders. Therefore, the paper aims to support shipowners and operators in better understanding the Ballast Water Management regulations and their differences. In addition, the study may benefit in choosing an adequate ballast water treatment system to be installed onboard ships, considering the sea areas where ships intend to operate. Finally, the paper can also help policy makers understand those differences that could present a major barrier in the efficient and smooth ballast water management implementation.

Does Marketing System Influence on Consumer Satisfaction?: Study of Marine Fish Marketing System at Fish Auction “PPN Muara Angke”, North Jakarta

Market performance in the form of marketing efficiency is the result of a good marketing system which then affects consumer satisfaction. This research was conducted to analyze: 1) satisfaction of marine fish consumers at fish auction PPN Muara Angke, 2) influence of market performance on consumer satisfaction, 3) differences in marketing efficiency between fishermen and traders, 4) differences in satisfaction of fishermen and merchant’s consumers. The research method used is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive research type. The population in this study are ship owners or fishermen, auction participants which include wholesalers, wholesalers, processors, and retail traders. Sample determination technique using purposive sampling and snowball sampling with a sample of 42 people. The analysis technique used is descriptive, simple linear regression, and one-way ANOVA real difference test. Based on the results of the study that marine fish consumer satisfaction in Muara Angke it can be said to be satisfied and market performance affects consumer satisfaction. The marketing efficiency of fishermen and traders is equally efficient but more efficient marketing of fishermen and the satisfaction of fishermen and traders are equally satisfying but more satisfied by fishermen consumers.

Research on Influence of Trim on a Container Ship’s Resistance performance

Faced with the double pressure of rising oil price and limitation of greenhouse gas emissions, many ship owners began to seek measures to minimize ship’s resistance under specific conditions. Trim optimization has gained more and more attention in recent years for its flexibility and effectiveness in energy saving and emission reduction. The purpose of this paper is to perform trim optimization on a container ship. First, commercial CFD code of the ANSYS FLUENT was applied to calculate the target ship’s total resistance. Then, in order to validate the effectiveness of CFD method, experimental result of ship model test was referred and it indicated that the numerical method was a reliable tool in prediction of the container ship’s hydrodynamic performance. Finally, resistance corresponding to various trim conditions and speeds of three typical drafts were investigated, and it showed that trim did have impact on resistance. Based on the attained result, optimum trim value for actual navigation was suggested.

A review of the use of LNG versus HFO in maritime industry

Maritime transport is responsible for about 2.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions representing around 1000 million tons of CO $$_2$$ annually. The situation of shipping emissions that strongly depends on future economic grows is aggravated by the fact that global green house gas (GHG) emissions are predicted to increase between 50 and 250% by 2050. This is not compatible with the internationally agreed goal of keeping global temperature increase below to $$2\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$ compared to pre-industrial levels, which requires worldwide emissions to be at least halved from 1990 levels by 2050. Furthermore, ship owners are facing barriers implementing energy efficiency technologies to reduce CO $$_2$$ mainly due to reliability, and financial and economic constraints as well as due to the complexity of change. Energy consumption and CO $$_2$$ emissions of ships could be reduced by applying operational measures and implementing existing technologies. Further reductions could be achieved by implementing new innovative technologies. The aim of this study is to compare and review low carbon and advanced technologies that may help to reach international GHG reduction goals. A comparison table describing the different technologies, the estimated capital cost, technology readiness as well as the potential GHG reduction is drawn. The table also indicates if the technology suits better to new projects or to retrofitting. The comparison may help the key players to select the most convenient technology for their new projects. It will also be helpful for conversion of existing vessels.

Danish Modernist Architecture and Furniture Design in Passenger Ship Interiors 1935–1965

Since the 1960s Denmark has become internationally renowned for its architecture and design output. The work of Danish modernist architects and designers working on terra firma is very well known, but very little has been written about their influence on the design of merchant ships. This article examines the manifestation of Danish architectural modernism in the interior design of Danish and other Scandinavian-owned passenger ships built between the mid-1930s and the mid-1960s. It explains how the Danish Modern Movement in architecture and design had distinct characteristics from other avant-gardes in visual culture of the early-to-mid twentieth century and argues that its respect for tradition was advantageous when engaging with ship owners, naval architects and shipbuilders. It focuses in particular on ship interiors designed by the architects Kay Fisker, Palle Suenson and Kay Kørbing and shows how their designs became ‘floating ambassadors’ for Danish and Scandinavian modernism more generally.

Thermal efficiency investigations on the self-ignition test engine fed with marine low sulfur diesel fuels

Within the article an issues of implementing the new kinds of marine diesel fuels into ships’ operation was described taking into ac-count restrictions on the permissible sulphur content introduced by the International Maritime Organization. This is a new situation for ship owners and fuel producers, which forces the necessity to carry out laboratory research tests on especially adapted engine stands. How to elaborate the method enabling quality assessment of the self-ignition engine performance, considered in three categories: ener-gy, emission and reliability, represents the key issue of the organization of such research. In the field of energy research, it is necessary to know the thermal efficiency of the engine as the basic comparative parameter applied in diagnostic analyzes and syntheses of sequen-tially tested marine diesel fuels. This type of scientific research has been worked out for two years in the Department of Marine and Land Power Plants of the Gdańsk University of Technology, as a part of the statutory activities conducted in cooperation with the Regional Fund for Environmental Protection in Gdansk and the LOTOS Group oil company. This article presents the algorithm and results of thermal efficiency calculations of the Farymann Diesel D10 test engine in the con-ditions of feeding with various low-sulfur marine diesel fuels: distillation and residual fuels. This parameters stands for one of ten diag-nostic measures of the ranking of energy and emission quality of newly manufactured marine diesel fuels being built at the Department.

The Multi-Role Support Ship for Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Operations

The paper examines the contemporary multi-role platform as an increasingly sought-after national capability and discusses how this ship-type, if designed and outfitted appropriately, can provide a range of capabilities to address the constantly evolving nature of naval doctrine and maritime operations. The motivations that drive acquisition decision makers to consider this type of capability are examined, namely: operational flexibility, doctrinal relevance and affordability. An examination of the pitfalls of acquiring a multi-role platform is also presented and discussed. An overview of how modern design techniques can be applied to ensure the ship owner is provided a range of options that are easily tailored to their unique combination of requirements follows. The paper concludes by presenting a typical modern multi-role vessel within the context of a humanitarian assistance and disaster relief scenario to illustrate the utility of these vessels as an effective response capability in a non-combatant role.

Aspects of Juridical Liability in the Maritime Arrangement

The evolution of navigation has led to the establishment of international maritime laws through conventions concluded between states and their ratification at national level by the signatory states. The aspects of this research relate to the maritime approach, starting from the historical perspective, its definition in the legal doctrine, the application of the legislation in case of collision or approaching ships. Establishing the causes of the approach, which party is at fault or at non-compliance with the navigation rules, leads to the commission of criminal, contravention or administrative deeds. Competence in research into the occurrence of maritime approach events belongs to the authorities. These are specified in national legislation and international provisions with the task of ascertaining the facts, gathering evidence, taking the necessary measures. The solutions given by the courts are enforced on ships, goods, and crew and ship owners. We have identified the need for legal and normative regulations by unifying maritime rules into a Romanian Maritime Code.

РЕТРОСПЕКТИВНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ МОРСКИХ ПОРТОВ РОССИИ (КОНЕЦ XIX - НАЧАЛО XX ВЕКА)

The article dwells upon the slow development of the Russian seaports and low rates of the cargo turnover compared to the growth of industrial and agricultural production. The low purchasing power of the population, high competition of the Russian export commodities in the world markets held back the increase in imports and exports. The railway network that had government preferences competed with seaports and hindered from growing coastal shipping. The Russian ports lagged behind the largest ports in Western Europe in terms of cargo turnover and technical equipment. In the Russian ports cargo operations took a lot of time due to the lack of berthing places, equipment and warehouses in the port area. The high expenditures of ship and cargo owners in seaports caused increased the freight cost and price for goods for the end consumers, which in general negatively influenced the development of the Russian economy. The small (relative to investment needs) amounts of private and equity capital, as well as high inflation, did not allow financing the construction and modernization of ports at the expense of private investors. Attracting the private capital was hindered by the high centralization of the seaport management system. The historically built ownership system in the Russian ports has identified almost the only source of financing - the state budget burdened with huge debts, whose priorities did not include the development of seaports. Their financing was hundreds of times less than the amount of financing ports in Western Europe and the USA. There has been analyzed the volume and dynamics of the turnover in the Russian seaports in comparison with the similar indicators of the Western European ports and ports of the United States, property relations in the seaports have been studied, and the levels of technological development have been presented. The seaports management system in Russia has been analyzed. The level of development of seaports was compared with the level of industrial and agricultural development.

Challenges and possibilities for environmentally sound recycling of ships and composite boats in European union

In this paper are presented challenges that countries of European Union face when recycling ships and composite boats. European ship owners control over 40 % of the world’s merchant ship fleet, with Greece as the top ship-owning country globally. Nowadays, ship recycling is being regulated and positive progression was made towards it since steel industry belongs in world’s top five and stable market and makes recycling of scrap metals from ships attractive. On the other hand, yachts, sailing boats and small boats are mainly made from composite materials because of their favourable properties, making them great investment, but end-of-life management is more complicated and not quite regulated by the law yet. Unlike commercially oriented ships, which are constantly in move and disposed when the maintenance costs of the vessel start to exceed possible revenue, old boats for recreational and tourism-oriented purposes most rarely move. Hundreds of thousands lie in marinas and are abandoned due to the maintenance costs thus discouraging the owners from keeping it. Hence, a growing number of marinas worldwide will have the problem of boat disposal in a sustainable way in the future. In this paper is given short summary on waste ships and boats management issues. The emphasis is on waste management of small composite boats

Design and Analysis of New Harbour Grid Models to Facilitate Multiple Scenarios of Battery Charging and Onshore Supply for Modern Vessels

The main objective of this study is to develop and analyse different harbour grid configurations that can facilitate the charging of batteries for modern vessels and supply onshore power. The use of battery energy storage systems in modern hybrid or entirely electric vessels is rapidly increasing globally in order to reduce emissions, save fuel and increase energy efficiency of ships. To fully utilise their benefits, certain technical issues need to be addressed. One of the most important aspects is to explore alternative ways of charging batteries with high power capacities for modern vessels. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of battery-charging configurations and discusses the technical challenges of each design from the perspective of their practical implementation, both onshore and onboard a vessel. It is found that the proposed models are suitable for vessels operating either entirely on battery storage or having it integrated into the onboard power system. Moreover, the proposed charging models in a harbour area can solve the problem of charging batteries for future hybrid and electric vessels and can open new business opportunities for ship owners and port administrators. The performance of the proposed models is validated by simulating two case studies in PSCAD: slow charging (based onshore) and fast charging (based onboard).

Methanol and Ethanol as Alternative Fuels for Shipping

Over the past decade regulatory emission control has been adopted and even stricter emission reductions are being considered. In order to comply with the present and future regulations the ship owners and engine manufacturers are facing a difficult task. The shipping industry is presently offering multiple choices such as scrubbers and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), dual fuel engines, Liquefied Natural Gas / Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LNG/LPG) powered engines, and lately the introduction of methanol and ethanol as alternative fuels. This work presents a short overview of the possible use of methanol and ethanol as lternative fuels in shipping. The first part of this work deals with physical properties of methanol and ethanol, production and availability, as well as advantages and disadvantages in comparison with other fuels. In the second part the cost perspective is presented together with the cost-benefit analysis, which is the most important aspect in the ship owner’s decision whether to invest into the new alternative. Methanol and ethanol are not magical solutions, but rather another alternative which, from the cost perspective, offers a potential under certain circumstances. These circumstances are competitive prices in comparison to Marine Gas Oil (MGO) and time spent in Emission Control Area (ECA) which should be a large portion of the total sailing time. In this paper the scientific methodology was followed by using the method of compilation, the descriptive and the comparative methods.

Pelatihan Maintenance Korosi Pada Baling Baling Kapal Klotok Balikpapan-Penajam Pasir Utara (PPU)

Community service is one of the tri dharma of higher education which is the duty of lectures college students, therefore in this servicewe rised the issue of how to maintain corrosion on klotok ship propellers for the Balikpapan-PPU routeand how to conduct optimal training activities so that theactors, owners and operators are orderly and take good care. The method of implementation is the form of training for 2 days and mentoring for 3 consecutive months. This training activity involved 2 lectures and 3 college students. This ship propeller maintenance training was attendedby 30 people consisting of 10 ship owners and 20 klotok ship operators. Implementation of on august 31st � September 1st 2018 with the hope that the owners and operators of the klotok ships can understand the importance of their klotok care so thath people who use sea transportation, especially the people of Balikpapan and Penajam Pasir Utara feel safe and confortable while in the klotok ship. This training makes it easier for ship owners to monitor operators directly and carryng our their klotok and operators also do not arbitrarily runklotok without maintenance.
 Keywords: klotok ships, maintenance, ship propellers, ship operators, training.