Ship Operation Research Articles

국제 환경 변화에 따른 동아시아 해운 기업의 경영 전략 연구

This study aims to present the strategic direction of domestic shipping companies by comparing and analyzing the management strategies of representative Korean, Chinese, and Japanese East Asian shipping companies that are competitive in the frequently changing shipping industry. As a research method, literature research and case studies were conducted. The results of this study are as follows. First of all, most East Asian shipping companies were found to be adopting both a cost leadership strategy and a strategic partnership strategy, but as seen in the cases of Japanese and Chinese companies, it is also considered a strategy worth considering to solidify the position of the shipping industry by choosing a centralized strategy that provides more reliable maritime transport services to specific customers. Next, a common problem among shipping companies was found to be low punctuality. To solve this problem, introduce a logistics system that optimizes ship operation routes using big data analysis and provide customer support from ship and cargo schedule inquiries to real-time tracking. It appears that a differentiated strategy is needed to provide all transportation-related services.

Analysis on Marine Accident Statistics and Maritime Safety Supervisor System

The history of maritime safety supervisors in Korea is relatively short, but it's marked by significant changes driven by tragic maritime accidents. A Maritime Safety Supervisor (MSS) in Korea, as defined by the Maritime Safety Act, is a designated individual with the authority and responsibility to ensure the safety of ship operations. There is evidence to suggest that the introduction of Maritime Safety Supervisors in Korea has contributed to a reduction in maritime accidents. Decreased Major Accidents: Since the implementation of the MSS system in 2015, Korea has seen a significant decline in major maritime accidents, particularly involving passenger vessels. According to related statistics, the number of casualites(death-missing) involving passenger ships dropped from 10 in the five years before the MSS system to 1 in 5 years. However, it's important to note that attributing the decrease in accidents solely to the MSS system is complex. Other factors, such as improved weather forecasting technology and stricter regulations, may also play a role. Additionally, the system is still relatively young, and more data is needed to fully assess its long-term impact.

Power Increase due to Marine Biofouling: a Grey-box Model Approach

This paper proposes a grey-box modelling approach to predict marine biofouling growth and its effects on ship performance. The approach combines empirical or experimental-based white-box models with data-driven black-box models. First, a white-box model is built to predict ship resistance considering a bare hull. This prediction is based on calm water resistance, wind, waves, and temperature differences. Subsequently, marine biofouling growth is predicted using an experimental model that estimates the level of roughness on the ship hull. Finally, a deep extreme learning machine is used as a black-box model, employing a feedforward neural network technique. To test the approach, a superyacht case study was selected as a category of vessel heavily exposed to fouling. The study used a 2-year dataset obtained through a collaboration with Feadship. Results showed that the black-box approach outperforms the white-box approach in predictive capabilities. However, when the knowledge encapsulated in the white-box model is included in the grey-box approach, the model shows the highest prediction accuracy achieved by leveraging less historical data. This study demonstrates the potential of the proposed grey-box approach to accurately predict marine biofouling growth and its effects on ship performance, which can benefit ship operators and designers in improving operational efficiency and reducing maintenance costs.

Monitoring Emissions over Coastal Regions of Pakistan: Current Status and Applicable Techniques

Shipping operations have an environmental impact both in ports, as well as in the immediate vicinity of the coast. These impacts are due to the fuel burning exhaust from the ship’s main and auxiliary engines which contain gases like Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and machinery used for loading and unloading, in addition to particulate matter and dust from the handling of materials such as grain, coal and sand. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is an efficient tool being used worldwide for the monitoring of environmental problems. Response of Earth’s atmosphere or surface to electromagnetic radiation can be mapped through RS for the status of changes in the natural environment. Smart sensors developed for detection of air pollutants is an emerging technique to monitor emissions for real time monitoring and management of air pollution in distant regions. In the current study, satellite data is used to investigated concentrations of key emissions from shipping operations at ports to analyse the status of air pollutants over coastal regions of Pakistan. The pollutants investigated in this study through RS and GIS technique include CO2, SO2, NO2, CO and Particulate Matter (PM). These emission trends can be used to determine the efficacy of mitigatory measures to reduce emissions at ports and monitor the air quality of coastal areas. Furthermore, use of scientific technology and current trends in the measurement and monitoring of shipping emission have been studied for their applicability in Pakistan.

Natural language processing-based approach for automatically coding ship sensor data

The digital transformation of ship systems requires the coding and management of large amounts of Input/Output (IO) data generated by various pieces of equipment during ship operation. In this study, we investigated a method that recognizes the text of the IO description of a ship to automatically code IO data. Accordingly, the characteristics of the IO descriptions were extracted using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF–IDF) and word embedding, and machine learning techniques such as K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and deep learning models such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) were used to classify them into codes. Through the application of different text preprocessing techniques based on the unique characteristics of the data, the performances of the algorithms improved; the experimental results showed an accuracy of up to 91%, with an average improvement in accuracy of 5% for each algorithm.

THE EVOLUTION OF CARGO SHIPS IN THE MALAYSIAN MARITIME INDUSTRY

The maritime industry plays an important role in facilitating international trade and economic growth, making it important for Malaysia to remain at the forefront of technological advancements in the design and operation of cargo ships. This abstract investigates the evolution of cargo ships in the context of the Malaysian maritime industry. By examining historical developments, technological innovations, and regulatory changes, this study aims to shed light on the transformative journey of cargo ships and their impact on the nation's trade and shipping sector. This study aims to analyze whether this cargo ship revolution is beneficial to the Malaysian maritime industry and to identify the impact of the evolution of large cargo ships in the Malaysian maritime industry. It explores the transition from traditional wooden ships to steel-hulled ships and the emergence of containers, which revolutionized cargo handling efficiency. The results of this study also talk about the revolution of cargo ships, namely autonomous ships, which have transformed cargo ships into sophisticated and efficient ships. Smart integration into cargo ships not only improves operational efficiency but also optimizes fuel consumption, resulting in a reduced environmental impact. In addition, it also tells the impact of the cargo revolution and cargo revolution beneficial to the existence of automatic ships. In this study, the researcher also conducted an interview session with the operation manager of Lumut Maritime Terminal (LMT), a ship captain from (MISC) company, and a Chief Engineer First Class from the Java Offshore Company. The results of the interviews will be analyzed using content analysis to identify the effects and benefits of this cargo ship revolution. Finally, this research aims to provide valuable insights to industry stakeholders, and researchers who wish to understand the dynamic evolution of cargo ships and their importance in the context of Malaysian maritime development.

Formation of optimal parameters of the cargo ship maintenance system through digital strategies

Contemporary merchant ships play a key role in the international transportation system, ensuring the transportation of large volumes of cargo around the world. This places great demands on the efficiency and reliability of shipboard equipment. Cargo ship maintenance systems play an important role in ensuring the proper functioning of ships and their safety. However, there are certain problems associated with the current state of ship maintenance systems. In particular, the issues of reliability and efficiency of maintenance are critical for optimizing costs and increasing the efficiency of maritime transport. Optimal parameters of the maintenance system can solve these problems and improve the operation of cargo ships. The purpose of the article is to consider and justify the optimal parameters of the ship maintenance system based on the application of digital strategies. The problem statement includes the need to increase the reliability of ship equipment, reduce costs and improve operational performance. An analysis of previous research and publications is used to identify potential challenges and demonstrate how the use of digital strategies can address these issues. The article includes a detailed literature review and discusses state-of-the-art methods for optimizing maintenance parameters, including stochastic aspects and reliability methods. The conclusions of the article point to the importance of reorganizing and optimizing ship maintenance systems and emphasize the role of digital strategies in achieving this goal. The study helps to solve key problems in the field of cargo ship maintenance and improve the efficiency and reliability of ship equipment. The results of the study have practical application for shipping companies and organizations operating in the field of maritime transport

Live carbon-tracking mechanism for ships, a methodology to mitigate uncertainties in the carbon intensity calculations

The current carbon intensity indicator (CII) formulation has raised some fundamental concerns among maritime experts. The annual emission rate (AER) lacks sufficient sensitivity in reflection of cargo tonnage and ship speed, and further, calculation of transport work is subject to dispute. In addition, there are concerns regarding the reliability of the annual data collection. Two proposals are presented in this study in order to address these issues: first, modification in the CII formula and a new technique to calculate the average CII, and second, a mechanism of voyage-based data collection and verification. Case studies and real noon reports were used to demonstrate the compatibility of the modified CII formulae and their ability to encourage ship operators to slow steaming. Moreover, case studies demonstrated ineffectiveness of the engine power limits (EPL), and conflicting results when energy efficiency operational indicator (EEOI) and AER were applied to the same dataset.

Hydrodynamic Interactions between Ships in a Fleet

There has always been a concern about the hydrodynamic interaction between ships in a flow field. In this study, the RANS method is utilized, and the hydrodynamic interference between two KRISO Container Ships (KCS) operating in still water with identical parameters and sailing at the same speed is investigated. Overlapping grids are used to simulate ship motion, and the VOF method is used to simulate the free surface. A KCS ship model of 1:1 size without propeller is used in the study. In order to study the change principle of the Kelvin flow field created by a single ship, the resistance coefficient and the flow field surrounding the ship are first calculated for the monohull case. Then the influence of interference between two ships is examined at various speeds and intervals and compared with the monohull case. It is discovered that the resistance coefficient of the following ship is reduced in a certain speed interval under the influence of the leading ship, where the maximum reduction can be up to 24.3%. The reason for this phenomenon may be that the wave around the following ship is superimposed on the transverse wave behind the leading ship. When the height of the wave is suppressed, the following ship’s resistance is reduced.

A deep learning method for the prediction of ship fuel consumption in real operational conditions

In recent years, the European Commission and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented various operational measures and policies to reduce ship fuel consumption and related emissions. The effectiveness of these measures relies upon developing accurate predictive models encompassing the influence of real operational conditions. This paper presents a deep learning method for the prediction of ship fuel consumption. The method utilizes big data analytics from sensors, voyage reporting and hydrometeorological data, comprising of 266 variables made available following sea trials of a Kamsarmax bulk carrier of Laskaridis Shipping Co. Ltd. A variable importance estimation model using a Decision Tree (DT) is used to understand the underlying relationships in the available dataset. Consequently, a deep learning model is developed to understand the influence of sailing speed, heading, displacement/draft, trim, weather, sea conditions, etc. on ship fuel consumption (SFC). This is achieved by incorporating attention mechanism into Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network. The potential of the new method is demonstrated by training data streams corresponding to real ship fuel consumption rates as well as internal and external operational conditions. A comprehensive comparison with existing methods indicates that the Bi-LSTM with attention mechanism presents the best fit when using high frequency data. It is concluded that subject to further testing and validation the method could be used for the development of decision support systems for monitoring environmentally sustainable ship operations.

An overview of seafarers’ engagement and training on energy efficient operation of ships

As the shipping industry contributes significantly to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, it is imperative to take urgent steps to reduce its impact on the environment. This study delves into the pivotal role of seafarers in achieving energy-efficient ship operations, which is crucial for mitigating climate change. In the study, 58 articles spanning a decade are analyzed, and key influencers are identified, including knowledge, awareness, education, rewards, social factors, technology, and barriers to participation. As digital tools are integrated into seafarers' roles in ship operations, comprehensive training initiatives will be necessary. The study underscores the urgent need for tailored seafarers' training programs, integrating interactive tools, and addressing gaps in knowledge and motivation. Moreover, it highlights the transformative impact of digital tools, necessitating the reevaluation of energy-efficient ship practices. Collaborative efforts between stakeholders, especially ship owners, ship managers, and crewmembers, must emphasize financial incentives and regulatory frameworks. Future research should evaluate diverse training methods and seafarers' perspectives, bridging knowledge gaps in energy-efficient ship operations after a decade of IMO regulations. This study equips policymakers, training institutions, and industry stakeholders with insights to enhance seafarers' engagement, thereby fostering energy efficiency and environmentally conscious maritime practices. These efforts are instrumental in promoting energy-efficient ship operations and addressing environmental challenges within the shipping industry.

Comprehensive Assessment of Hull Geometry Influence of a Modernized Ship on Maneuvering Performance and Propulsion System Parameters

The necessity to preserve economic efficiency of cruise ships operation stipulates fleet modernization in order to avoid expenses on ordering and construction of new ships. In this paper an approach based on hull length increase in the process of ship modernization is discussed. The method of evaluation of changes in maneuvering characteristics of ship after modernization is developed taking into account the operational parameters of propulsive electric power plants. The calculations are based on the analysis of transient modes of propulsive power plants operation during the corresponding maneuvers. The parameters influencing the characteristics of ship motion during turning circle are revealed; their significance is estimated, comparative analysis of the effect of ship hull length on maneuvering parameters before and after modernization is carried out. It was shown that in some cases the characteristics of the ship’s controllability and operating parameters of the ship power plant after modernization remain within the permissible limits. The comparative results show that the increase in hull length leads to insignificant deterioration of the main maneuverability characteristics while the electric power plant indicators practically do not deteriorate, which confirms the expediency of such modernization.

Numerical and experimental study of stern flaps impact on resistance and propulsion of high–speed displacement ships

This study investigates hydrodynamic interactions between a high-speed displacement ship and various stern flap configurations. It combines towing tank model tests and advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to explore hydrodynamics and energy-saving potential. Sixteen flap combinations were tested across Froude numbers (Fn) from 0.198 to 0.452 to understand post-installation hydrodynamics and energy-saving potential. The alignment between model tests and CFD simulations reinforces the potential of stern flaps to enhance efficiency and environmental friendliness in high-speed displacement vessels with transom sterns. CFD enhanced visualisation of flow, pressure, and other hydrodynamic parameters. The study reveals that the stern flaps reduce resistance and effective power, saving energy across all the combinations. However, the effectiveness of the flaps is limited at lower speeds (Fn < 0.198), where increasing flap angles incur higher resistance penalties. The greatest decrease in resistance is noted when the Froude number (Fn) is at 0.367, with a subsequent reduction after that. Stern flaps influence trim, sinkage, and hydrodynamic length, reducing wave-making resistance without increasing friction. Increased wake fraction and reduced thrust deduction enhance propulsion efficiency, while stern flaps suppress waves, lowering overall resistance. A reduction of effective power by 6% was observed in the present study. This research provides valuable insights into stern flap hydrodynamics and energy-saving potential, guiding ship design and operation.

Передумови розвитку судноплавства України

The article provides coverage of possible approaches to the formation of economically attractive conditions for the operation of ships after the victory, which today is the main goal of the economic science of the maritime industry. In this regard, the main task of the publication is the implementation of strategic goals in shipping, the need to ensure the competitive advantages of Ukraine's foreign trade and the efficiency of work on the global freight market. In addition to the size of the total deadweight, the article provides approaches to establishing an economically feasible number of fleet units that will meet the conditions for achieving the lowest risk of the probability of loss-free operation of each shipping company. This is due to the fact that there is an optimal number of ships in which the losses incurred by one ship are compensated by the profit received by another fleet. The conclusions provide recommendations for the development of shipping in Ukraine.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY-ORIENTED SHIP OPERATIONS DURING CARGO TRANSPORTATION

Abstract. The article examines topical issues of maritime transportation safety in the context of modern transport production processes. A comprehensive analysis of the key factors affecting the safety of navigation is carried out, and a structured system for classifying these factors is developed. The main categories of safety, including technical, navigational, technological and environmental safety, are considered, and the role of the human factor in ensuring the safety of navigation is determined. Comprehensive research methods were applied, including the analysis of literature sources, statistical data, case studies and expert opinions. The result of the work is a developed system of concepts for ensuring safety in maritime transport, which can contribute to improving safety and reliability in this area. Objective. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of shipping safety issues in the context of modern transport production processes. The paper aims to thoroughly consider the key factors affecting the safety of maritime transportation and to provide a structured system for classifying these factors. Additionally, the article identifies the main safety categories and considers the role of the human factor in ensuring all aspects of shipping safety. As a result, a general approach to shipping safety is formulated, which takes into account all the necessary aspects and methods of ensuring safety in the process of maritime transportation. Research methods. This article uses a comprehensive research method, including the analysis of literary sources and scientific publications, the analysis of statistical data on incidents in maritime shipping, and also uses case studies and expert assessments. Additionally, the method of modeling situations that could potentially affect shipping safety was used. All these methods were used for a comprehensive review and classification of factors affecting safety and the development of a system of concepts for ensuring safety in maritime transportation. Results. As a result of the study, a comprehensive system of concepts for ensuring safety in maritime transportation was developed. It includes four main types of safety: technical, navigational, technological and environmental. Each of these aspects of safety has been analyzed in detail and classified depending on the stages of the shipping production process. Scientific novelty. The novelty of this article lies in the development of an approach to comprehensive analysis and security in maritime transportation, which can contribute to improving safety and reliability in this industry. Practical significance. The developed comprehensive system of concepts for ensuring safety during maritime transportation provides specific recommendations and methods for ensuring safety at various stages of ship operation, including cargo transportation and other ship operations.

PTSD Among Refugee Rescue Workers: Effects of Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue on Burnout

Exposure to traumatic life events can affect workers’ prevalence to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 126 volunteers and 33 professional rescue workers in the Open Arms rescue ship operating in the Aegean Sea to analyze the effects of stress exposure on the professional quality of life. Volunteers presented more compassion satisfaction and less burnout than professionals. In terms of gender, women showed more secondary traumatic stress and intrusion than men. Finally, burnout can be explained by age, compassion satisfaction, and secondary traumatic-stress. These results show the necessity of tailored interventions for the people who work in trauma contexts.

CFD Analysis of the Influence of Marine Fouling on the Performance of High-Speed Planning Craft

Marine fouling, such as heavy slime, is the result of algae and other invertebrates settling and growing on the surfaces of planning hulls that are immersed in water. This may result in a range of serious and costly economic problems. The amount of resistance that planning hulls encounter when operating in maritime settings is an important aspect that considerably impacts the performance, energy efficiency, and operational expenses associated with these hulls. Because of this, the focus of this investigation will be on high-speed planning craft ships. In recent years, there has been a rise in the number of instances in which this sort of ship has been used for military, commercial, and recreational purposes. With the use of CFD analysis, the purpose of this study is to conduct an exhaustive investigation into the effect that the surface roughness of heavy slime has on the resistance of planing hulls. The results will be compared to a reference scenario, including a hydrodynamically smooth hull, to determine how much heavy slime affects resistance. According to the findings of this research project, the presence of heavy slime on the surface of a high-speed planing ship had a significant impact on the performance of the ship, particularly on the friction resistance, which saw an increase of up to 65% as a consequence of the presence of the slime. The results of this study will have substantial repercussions for ship designers, naval architects, and operators. The findings will provide them with useful information that will allow them to improve hull designs and devise effective tactics for fouling management.

A coordinated generation and voyage planning optimization scheme for all-electric ships under emission policy

The International Maritime Organization has introduced the concept of Emission Control Area to reduce sulfur emissions from coastal areas. The expensive low-sulfur fuels are required to be used in Emission Control Area, leading to increased sulfide emissions due to bypassing by ship operators. It creates new challenges for navigation and power generation scheduling of all-electric ships. This article presents a new bi-objective joint optimization scheme for ship sailing routes and energy management. It considers emission control strategies to balance the total cost of operation and sulfur dioxide emissions throughout the ship’s voyage. Unlike previous optimization problems with fixed routes and sailing time, the influence of emission policies on the operator’s navigation decisions is considered. The route options and sailing time are treated as variables embedded in the model. In addition, the optimization accuracy is improved by integrating the model into mixed integer linear programming through a modified piecewise linearization model. The results show that the total operating cost for the same route is reduced by 6.05%, and the SO2 emission is 8.36% after integrating the emission policy influencing factor in the model. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated, and the model’s necessity for optimizing ship power generation and voyage within Emission Control Area is also illustrated.

A novel deterministic search-based algorithm for multi-ship collaborative collision avoidance decision-making

Ship collision avoidance is critical to maritime safety, but maritime traffic patterns are becoming increasingly complex as the number of vessels of all types increases. Therefore, how to improve the collision avoidance effectiveness and efficiency of two ships and multiple ships is crucial. This study proposes a comprehensive collaborative collision avoidance framework that takes into account both safety and economic factors. By analyzing ship navigation characteristics, we formulate a new collision avoidance cost function that covers navigation safety and economic benefits. Furthermore, in accordance with the COLREGS guidelines, this paper adopts a deterministic search algorithm to calculate collision avoidance trajectories involving two or more vessels, and uses a proportional integral differential (PID) algorithm to adjust ship maneuvering based on the derived collision avoidance decisions. In parallel, we conducted extensive simulation studies to evaluate encounter scenarios involving two and multiple vessels. Results show that the proposed collaborative collision avoidance framework ensures regulatory compliance and also improves navigation safety and economic efficiency. This algorithm has important reference value for ship operators to formulate and implement effective collision avoidance strategies.

A Critical Review of On-Line Oil Wear Debris Particle Detection Sensors

In the field of marine engineering, the friction and wear experienced by rotating mechanisms are recognized as significant contributors to the failure of marine machinery. In order to enhance the safety and dependability of marine ship operations, the implementation of on-line oil wear debris particle detection sensors enables the on-line monitoring of oil and facilitates the rapid identification of abnormal wear locations. This paper provides a critical review of the recent research progress and development trends in the field of sensors for on-line detection of oil wear debris particles. According to the method of sensor detection, wear debris particle detection sensors can be classified into two distinct categories: electrical and non-electrical sensors. Electrical sensors encompass a range of types, including inductive, capacitive, and resistive sensors. Non-electrical sensors encompass a range of technologies, such as image processing sensors, optical sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. Finally, this review addresses the future research directions for wear debris particle detection sensors in light of the challenging problems currently faced by these sensors.