Ship Freight Research Articles

ЗЕРНОВИЙ ЕКСПОРТ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

Досліджено шляхи і проблеми зернового експорту України в умовах війни. Основними шляхами відновлення експорту зерна є «смуги солідарності» Україна – ЄС і Чорноморська зернова ініціатива. Проте ці заходи лише частково вирішили проблему експорту зерна з України у 2022 – на початку 2023 р. У 2022 р. відбулося зменшення обсягів експорту українського зерна на 32,6 % порівняно з обсягами попереднього року. Повномасштабна воєнна агресія РФ проти України спричинила різке зростання світових цін на пшеницю, а започаткування «смуг солідарності» й морського зернового коридору посприяли їх суттєвому зниженню, зокрема на зерно. Проте вітчизняні виробники зерна і експортери не змогли скористатися зростанням світових цін на зерно у 2022 р. через збільшення транспортних видатків при перевезенні до портів, зростання маржі посередників з урахуванням ризиків воєнного часу, підвищення вартості фрахту суден тощо. Відповідні втрати в ціні зерна при експорті з України перекладаються по зерновому ціновому ланцюгу переважно на нижню його ланку – виробника зерна. Частка виробника (на умовах EXW) у експортній ціні пшениці 2-го класу зменшилася з 80 % на початку дії морського зернового коридору до 67 % при експорті морським зерновим коридором у лютому 2023 р. Серйозні ризики для повоєнного відновлення українського експорту зерна становлять процеси релокації торговельних потоків на традиційних ринках експорту зернових з Чорноморського регіону, пов’язані, насамперед, із заміщенням українського зерна російським. Розвитку українського зернового експорту сприяло б максимальне дистанціювання від РФ у торговельній політиці щодо експорту продукції у межах Чорноморського регіону за рахунок залучення до торговельних потоків Середземноморського регіону з використанням конвенції щодо правил походження Пан-Євро-Мед.

Assessment of the Influence of Added Resistance on Ship Pollutant Emissions and Freight Throughput Using High-Fidelity Numerical Tools

The reduction of ship pollutants is a key issue in the international agenda. Emissions estimation is usually based on standard calculations that consider the different scenarios of ships. This work presents research on the influence of added resistance on ship emissions and freight throughput. First, a methodology to assess the added resistance influence is shown. The procedure is applied to a roll on-roll off ship under two load conditions. Analyses are computed to value wind- and wave-added resistances for different seasons. An investigation on ship pollutant emissions for a whole route is performed. Moreover, the influence of added resistance on the ship freight throughput is analyzed. Finally, some relevant information is concluded. For instance, a difference of up to 53% in pollutant emission estimation is observed if added resistance is considered. Additionally, the navigation in added resistance conditions could lead to a freight loss of 18% per operational year.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Determination of Freight Rates for Container Ships in the Global Shipping Market

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze major factors affecting the freight rates of container ships. Recently, freight rates for container ships are increasing rapidly in the global shipping market. Therefore, empirical research on how various factors of supply and demand fluctuations in container transportation affect freight rates in the mid- to long-term are needed. Design/Methodology/Approach - In this study, a research model was established based on Clarkson s maritime freight rate determination model. The four variables included in the independent variables correspond to the basic factors that determine supply and demand. Demand-related variables include container traffic volume, and supply-related variables include container ship capacity and container ship dismantling. The study began with tests of the stationarity of time series data. The unit root tests showed that all concerned variables were non-stationary. Accordingly, the result of the cointegration test showed that the tested variables are not cointegrated. Findings - Empirical evidence using first difference data shows that container ship capacity and container volume did have a significant effect on the freight rate fluctuations of container ships. On the other hand, the dismantling amount of container ships showed a different direction from the expected value, and the bunker oil price did not have much influence on the freight rate change of container ships. Research Implications - The analysis results suggest that container ship capacity and container volume, which mean the demand side and supply side, have an important effect on freight rate fluctuations in the supply and demand of the container market. In other words, it was confirmed that the most important factor in determining freight rates in the container market is a variable that directly corresponds to supply and demand. These results will help predict container ship freight rates in the shipping market, and use them to help decision makers make the right decisions.

A cost-benefit analysis of fuel-switching vs. use MGO: A CHINA-Europe container route case

With the increasingly strict environmental regulations, the relationship between supply and demand of ships in the post-epidemic era is tense, and ship operators are under tremendous pressure. In view of the existing strict sulfur emission reduction regulations and ship freight operating at high levels in the post-epidemic era, ship operators must choose cost-effective compliance options to create better environmental benefits. This study uses a cost-effective framework to analyze ship operations Supplier’s fuel switch and marine natural gasoline compliance options, and apply these options to specific liner routes through China’s SECA. We selected an international freight liner as the research object, and calculated the net present value of the compliance option in consideration of the fuel cost of the ship, the installation and operation and maintenance costs of the compliance option. The study mainly considered the influence of the navigation distance in the emission control area on the proportion of the total navigation distance, and also considered the fuel price difference that has a greater impact on ship operating costs. Our results show that in the post-epidemic era, in accordance with the requirements of environmental protection regulations, considering the ratio of SECA and the price difference between MGO and high-sulfur fuels, the use of fuel conversion is a necessary option. We also calculated the emissions of ships, and the results show that with the expansion of the emission control area, the use of MGO can achieve better emission reduction effects. Our results show that in the post-epidemic era, Considering the ratio of SECA and the price difference between low-sulfur and high-sulfur fuels, fuel conversion is the best option. We also calculated the emissions of ships, and the results show that with the expansion of the emission control area, the use of MGO oil can achieve better emission reduction effects.

Evaluating sustainability of the surimi supply chain in India: a life cycle assessment approach

PurposeBeing a primary product for a multitude of processed seafood, the ecological impacts of surimi have been less noted, despite its global supply dominance, especially in India. Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental sustainability of existing supply chain by comparing it with two other supply chain alternatives. The ecologically understudied and fragmented nature of the existing Indian surimi supply chain necessitates the authors to highlight the significance of supply chain localizations and the reductions obtained in ecological impacts. The current study will show the direction for developing strategy(s) to improve the environmental sustainability in Indian stance.MethodsA cradle-gate approach of LCA is adopted right from fishing to an export market. Different supply chain alternatives such as the current state and two different states with different localizations and downstream alternatives (i.e., Scenario 1 with partial localizations and Scenario 2 with complete localizations) are analyzed to study the impacts. An economic analysis of these scenarios is also carried out to check the competency of the proposed alternatives for economic sustainability.Results and discussionEleven environmental impacts considered for analysis under the existing supply chain scenario denote that the process of fishing has an average environmental impact of 74%. However, the inclusion of downstream operations such as distribution in the LCA analysis reveals a significant share of environmental impact averaging 53% from fishing and 34% from distribution for the 11 environmental indicators considered. A detailed assessment of the various alternatives considered reveals vital improvements for both Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 in human carcinogenic toxicity (8% and 16%), fossil resource scarcity (8% and 20%), and global warming potential (GWP) (6% and 16%), respectively, in comparison to the current state. A carbon footprint assessment of the complete surimi supply chain to an export market (considered in this study) via ship freight denotes reduction in footprint values from 4.67 kg CO2 equivalent/kg (existing state) to 4.43 kg CO2 equivalent/kg (Scenario 1) and 4.06 kg CO2 equivalent/kg (Scenario 2), respectively. The economic analysis reveals maximum fiscal gains of 9.83% and 13.31% in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 respectively.ConclusionResults highlight that the introduction of supply chain localizations in the Indian surimi scenario can reduce environmental impacts and improve economic savings. Among the assessed alternatives, Scenario 2 is found to be the best sustainable alternative with reduced environmental impacts and improved savings.

Analisis dan Model Standard Angkutan Laut: Studi Kasus Muatan Petikemas

The increase in container rates, which tends to be unstable, has an impact on the price of cargo per unit to increase. The uncertainty of the amount of cargo carried makes the tariffs imposed also unstable. The purpose of this research is to make a standard model of the cost of each unit and the size of the capacity of container transport services based on changes in cargo and distance of shipping routes. In addition, it analyzes the relationship between load factor and frequency on the gross income of a shipping company. The optimization method is used to get the size and cost per unit under certain conditions. The results of the analysis explain that the current tariff is not yet optimal, proven by the current cost equation y=2E+06x (-0,342) (R 2 = 0,238). Then to create a standard model of transportation, the equation for the cost line per container ship freight unit y=1E+09x (-0,759) (R 2 = 0,8634) while SPCB y=6E+07x (-0,59) (R 2 = 0,8234). This study also produces an equation model for the size of the container ship transport capacity y=3E-05x+57,662 (R 2 =0,943) while SPCB y=2E-05x+94,446 (R 2 =0,997). The conclusion is using a sensitivity analysis of the carrying capacity with the current condition of ship operation patterns for the minimum load factor for the Surabaya-Ambon route 76% and Surabaya-Serui 48%. For a 100% load factor condition, it can reduce the cost per unit for the Surabaya-Ambon route by 50% and for the Surabaya-Serui route by 63%.

PERENCANAAN MUSEUM KAPAL MOTOR DI TENGGARONG DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR TROPIS

Tenggarong City has Mahakam River that connects between West Kutai Regency to Samarinda. The river length reaches 920 kilometers. This will be planning the Motor ship Museum, at the stage of this research in the form of primary and secondary data collection methods, analysis method consists of the analysis of the needs of space, space, space relations, site, building basic coefficients and Green basic coefficients, space and musical arrangement space, mass and mass material, shape, structure, utilities. Concept of building with the emphasis of tropical architecture in the application of building lighting Museum.Total amount of space 6,341.7 m2 divided by the area of building basic coefficient 6,341.7 area of the green base coefficient 4,227.8, for analysis site on the research is reviewing such as drainage, wind direction, Sun. Utility analysis such as clean water, dirty, rainy and piping on the Museum area. Type of vessel in the show, namely, motor ship freight, mines, vehicle transportation with the concept of cluster in the form of mass arrangement on the site, the transformation of the ship resembles the Mahakam river water bus transport ship, and the history of the ship. Keywords: Museum, Motor ship, Tenggarong City

Investigation of the effect of ship size and marine transportation distance on the possible decrease of voyage efficiency

The object of this research is the voyage efficiency of ship in terms of its deviation under the influence of risk factors. Time charter equivalent is considered as an efficiency indicator. The aim of this research is to establish the effect of the main characteristics of the ship and the voyage to the possible deviation of the ship efficiency. During research the next methods are used: Regression analysis – to establish a kind of connection between the characteristics of the ship (voyage) and elements of the operating costs and income. Probability theory (characteristics and properties of the normal distribution law) – to assess possible deviations of voyage time. Functional analysis to investigate the effect of voyage and ship characteristics on possible decrease in the voyage efficiency. Principal types of dependencies of income and cost elements for ship (freight rate, fuel consumption, port charges) in voyage on cargo capacity and transportation distance. Obtained patterns allow to formulate expression of efficiency parameter deviation of the voyage ship as a function of voyage and ship characteristics. Conclusions about the effect of ship size and transportation distance on the possible deviations of voyage efficiency are made. In particular, it is found that possible reduction in the time charter equivalent with an increase in voyage duration is less significant than at shorter distances . Also, it is determined that a significant effect along with the standard deviation of voyage time has a level of freight rates – even its slight increase results in a notable difference in efficiency «losses». These results allow to estimate the possible deviations of voyage efficiency under the influence of risk factors. Value of time charter equivalent deviation can serve as an additional criterion for decision about ship charter, along with parameters of the daily incomes and time charter equivalent, being a kind of risk assessment of voyage efficiency reduction.

Qualitative analysis of the risk forming factors on pre-contract phase of ship freight

Here we discuss the problems associated with the assessment of the degree of compliance of the vessel to the technological and commercial properties of the upcoming ocean freights. The marine transport system has been considered; its key link is a vessel which interacts with the other elements of the system (the port, the cargo, the technologies of the vessel processing in ports, the marine navigation technologies, and others). The vessel is also an object of the charter contract, within which a range of the financial and economic indicators is determined (the value of the freight rate, the expenses for the port charges, fuel and lubricantion materials, the wages of the crew, the daily income for the sea passage or for the freight period etc.). One of the most important tasks of the ocean freight is the problem of formation (determination) of the freight rate. The main factors which affect its determination are the vessel speed, its carrying capacity and the propulsive output. The modern shipping tendency is characterized by the increase of the vessel speed; the higher the value of the carried cargo is, the greater the profit from the reduction of the terms of delivery will be. To solve such problems it is suggested to use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the analytic network process (ANP). They are the mathematical tool of the systematic approach to the decision problem in the multi-criteria environment under the conditions of uncertainty and risk.

Container Ship Investment Based on Real Option

This study investigates liner companies' timing of investment and sealing up container ships based on real option theory. The Dixit model is adopted to find out a pair of trigger prices for entry and exit with the assumption freight rate obey Geometric Brownian Motion. More new ship-building orders and entrants lead to lower future freight rate in the oligopoly liner shipping market. This model is tested empirically basic on the data of a 9000 TEU container ship on Far East-Europe route and the result is positive comparing to the number of ship orders. Liner companies' should make decision base on the freight of the ship in operation. Therefore, ship investment should be made at the new ship order trough and freight trough.

Historiographical Problems and Possibilities in Book History and National Histories of the Book

Historiographical Problems and Possibilities in Book History and National Histories of the Book Michael F. Suarez, S.J. * Book history is still a relatively new form of interdisciplinary inquiry that has yet to develop historiographical understandings adequate to the complexities of the questions it typically seeks to answer. 1 The truth of this troubling and troublesome assessment is especially evident, I believe, in the highly ambitious national histories of the book currently in progress. As a co-editor, with Michael Turner, of The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, Volume 5, 1695-1830 (hereafter, CHBB5), I have been considering for several years now the theoretical and practical implications of current book-historical knowledge about the hand-press period in Britain. I have also been thinking about how the collective understandings of our intellectual enterprise as book historians—that is, the historiographies of book history— affect the ways in which scholars proceed in their investigations. Drawing on the experience of editing CHBB5 (and, to a lesser degree, of working as co-general editor, with Henry Woudhuysen, on The Oxford Companion to the Book, now in progress), I offer some observations on ten salient and various book-historical topics. Although some of the examples come from a particular book-history project, I attempt to raise more general concerns of wider applicability in the hope that presenting this salmagundi of problems and possibilities will stimulate further reflection and discussion among—and indeed between—bibliographers and book historians. The Interdisciplinary Nature of Book History Writing in 1977, the distinguished Blake scholar Morris Eaves sought to combat the "parochialism" that characterized the study of publishing history [End Page 141] by promoting a "comprehensive view that can see a fact in its context, even when that context violates the boundaries of specialized areas of knowledge." 2 The difficulties attendant upon such interdisciplinarity notwithstanding, Eaves advocated a Janus-like program of research, affirming "that historians of publishing have a right and a duty to set their sights very high, working in decades to come towards a comprehensive history that looks both inwards and outwards." We must direct our scholarly attentions "inwards towards a more precise account of the everyday facts of buyers, sellers, and products" so that our knowledge of book history is adequately grounded in close investigation of the historical record. Yet, we also bear a concomitant obligation to marshal our intellectual energies "outwards towards a more comprehensive account of publishing in its evolution as part of a large history that includes all the aspects of culture that affect and are affected by publishing" (77). Though highly ambitious, this second aspect of Eaves' twin remit is by no means eccentric, and has long been considered a basic tenet of book-historical inquiry. When some of the most consequential scholars pursuing such studies gathered in June 1980 to produce a "Statement on the History of the Book," their manifesto acknowledged the difficulty and the centrality of addressing the impact that books have made on society—and the influence that society has had on the making of books. "The history of the book is fundamental to the historical study of society," they declare, "but we are far from understanding the factors that have shaped the writing and the dissemination of books." Emphasizing the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between the book and culture, they insist "These factors have changed over time and have varied from one cultural area to another; hence the impact of the book has also been ever-varied and changing." 3 The exigencies of book-historical research accordingly appear to require a range of specialized knowledge that is genuinely intimidating. "Consider the demands on the book historian today," Robert Darnton invites us. First, he or she must command a variety of expertise about the businesses of the book trade: "know[ing] how to make paper, cast type, impose formes, operate presses, correct copy, keep accounts, ship freight, place advertisements, collect bills, satisfy readers and pacify authors." And...

Traansportation and ship freight rates from Mitsukaido to Edo as seen in documents of the Gokita family

Traansportation and ship freight rates from Mitsukaido to Edo as seen in documents of the Gokita family