Ship Communication Research Articles

Reliability Assessment Method Based on Small Sample Accelerated Life Test Data

Aiming at the problems of small sample size, few test failure data and low reliability evaluation efficiency in accelerated life test of high-reliability and long-life products, an improved virtual augmentation Bootstrap-Bayes reliability evaluation method based on small sample accelerated life test data was proposed. Firstly, the test data under various stress conditions are augmented by virtual fusion. Secondly, the empirical distribution function and bootstrap sampling method are improved, and the kernel density estimation method is used to fit the density distribution of test data as prior information. Then, the parameter estimates of the test data are obtained by Gibbs sampling combined with Bayes formula. Finally, the reliability index under normal stress level is obtained by accelerating model extrapolation. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the accelerated life test data of a type of Ship communication equipment.

Identification of Shipborne VHF Radio Based on Deep Learning with Feature Extraction

In the feature identification of maritime VHF radio communication signals, shipborne VHF communication technology follows the same international technical standards formulated by IMO, uses analog communication technology and uses the same communication channel in the same area, and cannot effectively achieve signal feature identification by adding feature elements in the process of signal modulation. How to effectively identify the ship using VHF radio has always been a technical difficulty in the field of ship perception. In this paper, based on the convolutional neural network, combined with the feasibility of CAM feature extraction and BiLSTM feature extraction in non-cooperative signal recognition, a deep learning recognition model of shipborne VHF radio communication signals is established, and the deep learning approach is employed to discern the features of VHF signals, thereby accomplishing the identification and classification of transmitting VHF radio stations. Several experiments are designed according to the characteristics of ship communication scenes at sea. The experimental data show that the method proposed in this paper can provide a new feasible path for ship target perception in terms of radio signal characteristics and identification.

Evaluation of Helicopter Ship Deck Landing Control Laws in Piloted Simulations

This paper describes the implementation and the evaluation of newly designed helicopter ship deck landing control modes in a piloted simulation study. The ship deck landing modes are embedded in a model-following controller architecture. The employed control design is a complete model-following control system, which imposes the desired command model dynamics on the controlled helicopter. Different command types combined with various hold functions are implemented to make the task easier for the pilots. Three basic command modes and three advanced command modes, one without ship communication and two with ship communication, are implemented. A piloted simulation study was performed in a simulator to evaluate and compare the implemented control modes within a complete maritime scenario design. The evaluation of control modes is based on the success of helicopter ship deck landings which is assessed by a quantitative as well as a qualitative assessment. Simulation results demonstrate that the advanced command modes improved the task performance as well as reduced the pilot workload extensively in comparison to the basic command modes.

Penerapan Keamanan Siber pada Sistem Transportasi Laut

Marine transportation systems are increasingly dependent on computing and communication technologies, Information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) must work together to protect information and design security against criminal activity from cyberattacks. A system of process stages and cybersecurity assessments for ships is necessary so that the vulnerability of marine transport systems to cyberattacks can be measured accurately and effectively. Using the framework NIST, The CIA model and Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) for identification and measurement is the most important key in the cybersecurity assessment process of marine transport systems. With the scope of analysis on vessel infrastructure including network systems, computers, ship communication devices, testing, and assessment.

Multi-Modal Spatio-Temporal Knowledge Graph of Ship Management

In modern maritime activities, the quality of ship communication directly impacts the safety, efficiency, and economic viability of ship operations. Therefore, predicting and analyzing ship communication status has become a crucial task to ensure the smooth operation of ships. Currently, ship communication status analysis heavily relies on large-scale, multi-source heterogeneous data with spatio-temporal and multi-modal features, which presents challenges for ship communication quality prediction tasks. To address this issue, this paper constructs a multi-modal spatio-temporal ontology and a multi-modal spatio-temporal knowledge graph for ship communication, guided by existing ontologies and domain knowledge. This approach effectively integrates multi-modal spatio-temporal data, providing support for subsequent efficient data analysis and applications. Taking the scenario of fishing vessel communication activities as an example, the query tasks for ship communication knowledge are successfully performed using a graph database, and we combine the spatio-temporal knowledge graph with graph convolutional neural network technology to achieve real-time communication quality prediction for fishing vessels, further validating the practical value of the multi-modal spatio-temporal knowledge graph.

Analysis of Vsat Gyro performance based on the power level of the antenna receiver on the Pelni ship

The satellite communication system that is used for ship communication in Indonesian waters is expected to transmit real time data at any time under any conditions. However, currently, the Vsat Gyrsoscope antenna that is installed on the Pelni ship still uses the Ku band frequency. This frequency band is very susceptible to rain attenuation. Vsat Gyro will automatically search for satellites that cover it. Only when it is raining and the ship is moving towards the port, is there a decrease in the receiving power level. SNR and power and C/N will drop. Therefore, it is necessary to do an analysis to overcome this problem so that it is not disconnected during the transmission. This study conducted an analytical study to validate the analytical predictions of phasing the vsat power signal level on the pelni ship to maintain communication during sea operations, which are included in TKT 3 (three). The tools used in the measurement are vsat modem, PRTG application, laptop, RJ 45 cable, and Spectrum Analyzer. By optimizing the calculation of the margin link budget, the calculation of Qos and the parameters vsat Eb/No, C/N and SNR when adjusted to the operating conditions of the ship with high rain intensity so that communication can continue to run even when the worst conditions can be maintained properly.Â

소프트웨어 정의 라디오를 활용한 초소형위성용 선박정보수집장치의 수신시험

Automatic Identification System used in ship communication is required for marine control way, including monitoring of vessel operation in coastal and exchanging of information for safety navigation between them. But, it uses a very high frequency band of approximately 160 MHz, and at the same time, due to the curvature of Earth, there is a limit to the communication distance. Several demonstrations were made successfully over satellite, but not much work has been done yet through cube-satellite which has low-orbit at 500 km altitude. Here, we demonstrate a reception test of AIS (automatic identification system) receiver for a cube-satellites using software-defined radio (SDR). We collected AIS data from ship at port of Busan, Korea, using R8202T2 SDR and established to transmit them using Adam-Pluto and Matlab Simulink. The process of weakening the signal strength to a satellite was constructed using attenuator. Through above process, we demonstrated whether AIS data was successfully received from the AIS payload.

Methods and Proposals for Solutions in the Applicability of a Software-Defined Radio in Maritime Communication

Ship communication systems are defined in one part as GMDSS, while the other part consists of systems with secondary importance in safety communications. Each of these devices and systems makes an independent or separate system that works in a specific frequency range and is, at some level, connected to other communication systems. A step forward regarding frequency range and level of networking can be achieved with the application of a software-defined radio. This paper examines a variety of GMDSS communication equipment in terms of technical discrepancy and frequency range. Furthermore, the software-defined radio and SDR configuration development are described according to their theoretical feasibility in the maritime domain. The paper proposes the concept of SDR-based communication systems quite different from conventional maritime communication systems. This approach, conducted in phases, would in turn ease the upgrading, enable flexibility and inter-operation, prolong system life cycle and integrate different maritime communication systems and devices. The proposed concept aims to develop a centralized communication system to incorporate the ship’s communication devices into one common ship communication system.

Ship Communication System Planning Analysis Using Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) With KU-Band Frequency

For commercial frequency telecommunication purposes commonly used are C, Ku, Ka-band. C-band is the most popular frequency used in Indonesia, its low frequency is relatively more resistant to rain interference. However, the use of C-band frequency is no longer sufficient for future communication needs. Alternative solution with higher frequency usage than C-band, Ku-band. The advantage of Ku-Band frequency is that with smaller antennas can produce large bandwidth (broadband), the use of Ku-band frequency also avoids interference because it is relatively not used in terrestrial systems. Determination of satellite, concerning the type of satellite, coverage area (footprint), and availability of satellite links (C-Band or Ku-Band). In this thesis the satellites used in data analysis are SES-9 satellites, satellites that are on a 108 ° East orbit with the availability of Ku-Band 81 links. (C / N) Total_inroute and (C / N) Total_outroute for the analyzed links is 11.49 dB and 12.44 dB. This value is greater than the value (C / N) req of 10.22 dB (C / N)> (C / N) req. Ship communication system using VSAT SCPC with Ku-Band frequency can be applied

Long short-term memory network-based user behavior analysis in virtual reality training system—a case study of the ship communication and navigation equipment training

Virtual reality is playing an essential role in the training system. In this paper, we propose a method to analyze the behaviors of users in the VR training system to evaluate their knowledge about the contents and the performance to finish the trained task. First, the user status in the VR environment such as position, orientation, viewpoint, inputs, and timestamp is recorded. Then, we convert these user status data into spatial-temporal semantic trajectories by projecting the viewpoints into the semantic 3D object in the VR system. To speed up the projection and reduce the noises, the 3D targets are semantically generalized. Finally, an LSTM (long short-term memory)-based algorithm is created to classify the spatial-temporal semantic trajectories of user behaviors. The classification can be used to examine if the user is familiar with the training content. According to our experimental results, the proposed method based on the semantic projection can achieve 85% classification accuracy while the direct LSTM-based classification only has 64%.

The Future of Shipping: Presence of Cyber Attacks in Maritime Industries

During the pandemic, many activities are starting to take place online. Consumers are now forced to interact with their gadget. In order to increase efficiency, many logistic-related industries started to implement an online communication, payment and tracking system. Indonesia is currently the largest archipelagic state in the world. With around 77% of total area consists of water, the flow of economics in each region depends on the existence of sufficient fleet of marine transportation. Indonesian President Joko Widodo has implemented the ‘Tol Laut’ program in 2015 in order to reduce price disparity in Indonesia. Tol Laut has proven itself by reducing up to 20% of cost in Eastern Indonesia. Online database system might reduce cost and bringing the industries into a more intimate relation with their customers. On the other hand, it could increase the risk of cyberattack. AP Moller-Maersk has experienced this kind of threat when their IT systems are completely shut down in 2017. This paper will evaluate factors affecting the number of cyber attacks in maritime industries based on survey and interviews with the stakeholders and analyze key steps in mitigating and restoring IT systems. Common mistakes made by industries that could increase the risk of being attacked are as follows: human error, misconfigured firewall, error in protocol manipulation, and error in programs. There are recommendation to mitigate cyberthreat from re-occuring in the future: software and antivirus upgrade, use of privileged administrator, remote access permission, data disposal and onshore support. Taking effective response is also compulsory to decide which IT/OT system must be kept running or shut down, whether certain ship communication that links with shore should be shut down, appropriate use of any advanced tools provided in pre- installed security software, and understanding whether the incident has compromised the IT/OT system beyond capabilities of recovery.

Применение коммутаторов оптических сигналов в судовых системах передачи информации

The article is devoted to the usage of optical switches in ship's automated systems to increase the noise immunity of transmitted information. Ship’s sizes enlargement leads to the lengthening of communication lines. This causes the increasement of noises and electromagnetic interference to the signals in cable lines. Traditional methods of interference protection are becoming ineffective. Therefore, fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) are used onboard the ships, where information is distributed in the form of modulated light pulses. Theoretically it makes possible to eliminate the interference at all. Also it increases the noise immunity of transmitted information in the main communication lines of ship’s systems. However, other sections of ship communications remain wired and are still subjected to interference. The usage of FOCL in all sections of ship communication lines is still impossible due to the high cost of optoelectronic switching equipment, where the principle of double conversion is used.

Research on Identification of Illegal Intrusion in Ship Communication Network Based on Depth Learning Algorithm

Xue, D., 2020. Research on identification of illegal intrusion in ship communication network based on depth learning algorithm. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 127-129. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The intrusion characteristic of ship communication network has wide band and strict stability, which makes it vulnerable to small disturbance in intrusion detection and has poor detection performance. In order to ensure the security of communication, the security mechanism in the network system should be able to scan the system for vulnerabilities, at the same time, it should also be able to monitor, attack and counter-attack the network security in real time, thus intrusion detection system came into being. It is one of the main ways to protect the ship information security to classify the illegal intrusion nodes in the ship communication network. However, with the increase of the number of intrusion nodes, the classification error of the communication network intrusion nodes based on the deep learning algorithm is relatively large, so it is unable to realize the accurate identification and classification of the intrusion nodes. The successful implementation of the method based on deep learning algorithm and cloud computing can effectively improve the accuracy of location judgment of intrusion data and greatly shorten the time required for data feature extraction.

Shipping Safety in the Arctic

Ensuring the safety of shipping in the Arctic and along the Northern Sea Route has some specifics associated with adverse climatic conditions. The presence of ice makes navigation difficult, and the interannual and interseasonal variability of its condition makes the timing of the start and duration of navigation in clear water uncertain. Collisions of ships and other accidents in northern waters can lead to more negative environmental consequences than in the southern seas, since there is a particularly vulnerable ecosystem, the restoration of which is very slow. The fishing fleet has traditionally posed security concerns for major shipping in the Arctic. In recent years, an increase in the intensity of shipping has been associated with exploration and production of hydrocarbon raw materials on the sea shelf. To support the technological processes of drilling platforms, a specialized supply fleet is used here, which creates additional risks of a technical, technological and technogenic nature, and also increases the risks of emergency situations associated with the human factor. This work is devoted to the development of measures to improve the information and telecommunications support of navigation safety systems in the Arctic. The issues of improving the electromagnetic accessibility of ship communication systems during navigation in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, the reliability of the GMDSS system, the information and technological support for navigation safety have been considered. To solve these problems, it has been proposed to accompany the construction of marine rescue coordination centers and sub-centers with the deployment of NAVTEX automated systems and equipping the RF radio frequency range with coastal radio communication equipment. To eliminate the predicted areas with reduced electromagnetic accessibility, it is recommended to replenish ship’s antenna systems with antiaircraft antennas. The issues of incorporating the IRIDIUM satellite system into the GMDSS radio equipment to expand the coverage area of global satellite communications in the navigation safety system have been studied. It has been proposed to supplement the existing vessel traffic services (VTS) systems with an intellectual component – a mobile VTS, which will expand the functional and technological capabilities of traditional VTSs and remove territorial restrictions on use.

Secure Storage Method of Ship Communication Data Based on Double Key and Hadoop

Yang, H.; Zhang, C., and Zhao, B., 2020. Secure storage method of ship communication data based on double key and Hadoop. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 952–955. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In order to improve the security storage and transmission ability of ship communication data, it is necessary to dynamically encrypt the ship communication data, and a dynamic encryption method of ship communication data based on double key and Hadoop is proposed. The secure key transmission model of ship communication data is constructed, the multidimensional mapping structure of ship communication data is reorganized by the method of spatial quantization coding, the encryption protocol of double key automatic control of ship communication data is established, the double key Hadoop cloud platform coding configuration method is adopted, the double key random quantization coding and feature fusion processing of ship communication data are carried out, the encryption key and decryption key are constructed, and the dynamic encryption design of ship communication data is carried out according to the results of double key encryption and Hadoop cloud platform storage. The simulation results show that the security of dynamic encryption of ship communication data using this method is better, and the fidelity of ship communication data transmission is higher, which improves the security storage ability of ship communication data and the ability of resisting attack.

Safe Storage Method of Ship Communication Data Based on Double Key and Hadoop

Safe Storage Method of Ship Communication Data Based on Double Key and Hadoop

Cloud Communication based Ship Communication Network Security Risk Assessment Model

Zhou, H.; Yu, G., Li, L., 2020. Cloud communication based ship communication network security risk assessment model. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 991-995. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This paper introduces the definition and focus of cloud computing and the development status of cloud computing at home and abroad. The security risk of ship communication network brought by cloud computing is analyzed briefly. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the traditional ship communication information security risk assessment method and the nine elements, a cloud computing-based ship communication network security risk assessment model is proposed. The division of the three models in the cloud computing platform architecture and their interrelationships, starting from the definition and framework, analyzed nine elements (assets, threats, vulnerabilities, security precautions, risks, residual risks, standardization, laws and regulations).Cloud computing ship communication network security risk assessment and their relationship. This model has certain similarities with traditional ship communication information security risk assessment methods, and it also has the particularity of cloud computing. It can well predict the information security of ship communication networks in cloud computing services.

Performance-guided maintenance policy and optimization for transmission system of shipborne antenna with multiple components

With the increasing distance and time of voyage, component maintenance of shipborne antenna plays a crucial role in ship communication for navigation safety. However, most maintenance strategy studies which only focus on reducing maintenance cost or improving operating revenue are not applicable for transmission system of shipborne antenna. Therefore, a multiple-component maintenance policy for shipborne antenna is proposed to maximize the operating revenue under the requirement of the antenna's availability in this paper. First, the maintenance model based on performance-guided policy is built, and the relevant maintenance parameters are derived under the special working condition of shipborne antenna. Second, three criterions, including maintenance cost, system availability and system operating revenue, are structured to assess the proposed model's performance. Then, the policy iteration method is applied to search the optimal decision. Finally, an illustrative case is analyzed by the proposed model and the traditional model respectively, and the comparative result shows the superiority of the proposed method.

Research on Communication Performance of Ship Network Based on Artificial Intelligence

In view of the irreplaceable effect of waterway transportation on domestic economic and social development, the artificial intelligence technology and the ship communication technology are deeply integrated to create a modern intelligent ship to adapt to the increasingly high pursuit of modern transportation capacity. This paper analyzes the current situation of ship manufacturing and transportation, and discusses the feasibility and preliminary application description of the artificial intelligence technology that can be used in ship communication design. Finally, a new prospect for the application of intelligent technology in the field of fully intelligent ship technology is presented.

Computer technologies in shipping and a new tendency in ship’s officers’ education and training

This article presents the results of the authors’ work on a project of the European program Erasmus+ “Diversification of seafarers’ employability paths through collaborative development of competences and certification” – DivSea. In this project, the Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy is actively involved in partnerships with related maritime education institutions from Romania, Cyprus and the Netherlands. The aim of the project is introducing qualifications required by the marine labour market into the European education and training institutes to ensure transparency and recognition of skills and qualifications to facilitate learning, employability and labour mobility. Transferring the aim to the shipping, we propose to use modern ship communication equipment and computer technology to enable seafarers to access up-to-date training and qualifications at any point in the World. The created and developed training programs by the participants in the project fill the gap created by the rapid development of shipping over the last twenty years and the changes in maritime legislation in this regard. The opportunities for ship Internet delivery at every point of the world ocean are used. These communication technologies enable the training of marine professionals to become an ongoing process.