Ship Berthing Research Articles

Modifikasi Struktur Jetty Pelat Beton Pracetak Konvensional menjadi Pelat Beton Pracetak Hollow Core Slab

The wharf is where the ships are moored in the harbour. In addition, the pier is also the place where loading and unloading of goods takes place and passengers boarding and falling from and to the ship. The wharf is also the activity location for refueling ships, supplying ships with drinking water, clean water, and arranging channels for dirty/waste water to be further processed at the port. So that optimum planning is needed so that the performance of the building can meet safety and comfort standards
 This research modifies conventional precast floor slabs into hollow core slab precast slabs with 2 span variations. Dead loads are calculated based on specific gravity, live loads and traffic loads are calculated by "Loading for Bridges" (SNI 1725-2016), crane loads use the Ship to Shore Gantry Cranes Brand Liebherr specifications with a capacity of 50 tons, ship berthing loads and mooring loads ships are calculated based on the Technical standards and commentaries for port and harbor facilities in Japan, OCDI, 2020, while earthquake loads are calculated by "Bridge planning against earthquake loads" (SNI 2833:2016). Steel piles are calculated by "specifications for structural steel buildings" (SNI 1729:2015) and reinforced concrete structures are calculated by “Structural concrete requirements for buildings and explanations” (SNI 2847 2019). Structural analysis for structures is carried out using the help of SAP2000 software.
 From the research, it was obtained the results of modification of conventional precast floor slabs with hollow core slab precast floor plates with a span of 5.2 meters and a thickness of 350 mm. is an increase in the iron ratio of 38.57% and a decrease in the shear capacity of the punch by 56.57%. For a span of 10.4 meters, a plate with a thickness of 500 mm was used so that the result was an increase in the ratio of iron by 114.60% and a decrease in the shear capacity of the punch by 74.06%.

One Stop Services in Docking Ships at Tanjung Perak Port Surabaya

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of One Stop Service (OSS) in ships berthing at the port of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. This research was conducted for one year starting from March 2020 to October 2020. This study used mix method (qualitative dan quantitave) with the source of the data obtained was primary data obtained directly from the research site by means of interviews and literature related to the title research result. The results obtained from this study indicate that the obstacles that occur in One Stop Service Center services in ships berthing at the port of Tanjung Perak are caused by a lack of pilots and pilot boats to guide ships to the port of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. Based on data on the list of ships berthed at the Port of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya, of the 40 berths there were 34 (85%) ships that experienced delays in berthing while there were 6 ships that experienced punctual berthing (15%). It can be concluded that the ship berthing One Stop Service model has been carried out well in order to produce good goods documents and must add guide ships to improve smooth ship berthing services at PT. Port of Indonesia III, Tanjung Perak, Surabaya.

Real-time tracking and dynamic berthing information extraction system with 2D LiDAR data

In smart ports, accurately perceiving the state of a berthing vessel relative to the berth is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of vessels and ports. This paper presents a real-time tracking and dynamic berthing information extraction system based on two-dimensional light detection and ranging (LiDAR). First, data preprocessing, fast segmentation, and filtering are performed in polar coordinates based on the continuous measurements and high angular resolution of the LiDAR. Moreover, the ship clusters are merged owing to “blind spot”. Then, simple online and real-time tracking with ship features is proposed by modifying the simple online and real-time tracking with a deep association metric framework to remove invalid frames and adapt to different berthing scenarios. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the dynamic distance and approach angle berthing parameters relative to the dock are performed. The frequency of the calculation results can reach a rate of 20 Hz for LiDAR. On-site monitoring experiments were conducted on the training ship YuKun berthing/unberthing in the Dalian Port and a simulated berthing scenario was also established to verify the algorithm. The proposed method proved feasible and effective for dynamic ship target tracking and ensuring safe ship berthing.

Analisis Struktur Portal Bidang Dengan Beban Lateral Menggunakan Metode Elemen Hingga

It is necessary to carry out a safety and comfort inspection of the existing wharf structure to ensure the facility’s service life. To check the safety and comfort, it is necessary to do a structural analysis. In the world of civil engineering, there are many problems in analyzing structures that need to be analyzed for working loads or assessing the existing wharf structures that are loaded by ship berthing loads and loads on the floor plates. This research is limited by conducting research on port ports that are burdened with berthing loads. The results of this study are deformation at the nodes in the horizontal and vertical directions of the global and local axes. Based on the analysis carried out, a maximum horizontal deformation of 4.363 cm is obtained and is less than 0.5% H (or 7.4 cm) as required in SNI 8460:2017. Thus, it can be concluded that the structure can still bear the impact of a ship weighing 30,000 DWT.

Diffusion and Superposition of Ship Exhaust Gas in Port Area Based on Gaussian Puff Model: A Case Study on Shenzhen Port

Ship exhaust gas has become an essential source of air pollution in recent years. To assess the impact of ship exhaust gas on the atmospheric environment and human health, this paper studies the problem of ship exhaust gas diffusion in the port area. According to automatic identification system (AIS) data, ship exhaust gas is estimated based on the bottom-up method, and the result of emission calculation is entered into a Gaussian puff model to calculate the superposition of the diffusion of gaseous pollutants from multiple ships. In addition, the results of a case study of the diffusion of ship exhaust gas in the western area of Shenzhen Port in China show that the distribution of the NO2 concentration in the studied area is not stable, the diffusion of exhaust gas from multiple ships mainly affects some areas near large ship berths at night, and there is a small impact on the whole study area. This lays a foundation for monitoring and treating the atmospheric environment in the port area.

Numerical modeling investigation of perforated geometry of caisson breakwater under irregular waves by considering porous media

The sea is always considered a source for supplying the needs of humans. Breakwaters are one of the most common coastal protection structures. They provide the possibility to exploit the sea by dissipating the wave energy and creating an undisturbed basin for the berthing of ships in ports. One of the many methods used to engender a calm basin or harbor is to build a rigid wall against the waves, this technique is known as the caisson breakwater. Hence, in this investigation, the interactions of an irregular wave with the caisson breakwater are researched utilizing the FLOW-3D software. To calibrate and validate the model, the results in terms of the free surface, pressure on the caisson surface, and overtopping obtained from the numerical modeling are compared against the laboratory studies performed by Lara et al. It is demonstrated that there is a relative consistency between the numerical modeling and laboratory experiments. Previous studies have always changed the caisson breakwater; however, this study uses numerical modeling to investigate a new geometry of the caisson breakwater with the perforated wall. The numerical simulation shows that in the new geometry of the caisson breakwater, the amount of the overtopping, wave reflection, imposed pressure on the structure, imposed pressure, and speed in the concrete block at the base of the structure are considerably abated in comparison with the caisson breakwater with a rigid vertical wall. As the results of the wave overtopping from the caisson breakwater with a perforated wall are compared against euro top 2016 findings, it is suggested to propose a novel non-dimensional number considering the width of the chamber inside the caisson breakwater.

Robust Ship Berthing Control with Wind Disturbance Compensation using Reachability Analysis

Automatic ship berthing under environmental disturbances is considered one of the most challenging control tasks. In particular, wind is a dominant disturbance that greatly impacts ships’ berthing operations. Feedforward control with disturbance observation is a common strategy to compensate for wind effects, however the disturbance observation is limited to mild low-frequency disturbances. Its prediction accuracy and the resultant control performance of wind-effect compensation degrade in severe wind conditions. This study proposes a new control strategy for wind compensation based on the reachable set reflecting the characteristics of the controller and bounded wind disturbance. State feedback linearization is used for berthing control and zonotope sets are employed for reachability analysis. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the proposed wind compensation method's feasibility and performance.

Application of Reinforcement Learning to Generate Non-linear Optimal Feedback Controller for Ship's Automatic Berthing System

In this paper, we present an application of reinforcement learning for automatic ship's berthing system. In the proposed method, the model-based reinforcement learning is used to generate non-linear feedback controller. The proposed system is composed of an Actor-Critic algorithm suitable for continuous state and a function approximator by Radial Basis Function networks. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, extensive computer simulations and actual sea tests are carried out using small training ship Shioji-Maru III under various conditions. As a result, we can see that the proposed non-linear optimal feedback controller by reinforcement learning is useful for designing automatic berthing system for the ship.

Mersin Körfezindeki Liman ve Kıyı Tesislerinde Pandeminin Etkisi ve İstatistiksel Analizi

The biggest impact of the pandemic, which started at the beginning of 2020, was seen on logistics and supply chains. Ports are one of the most important nodes of the logistics and supply chain. In this study, Mersin International Port and other coastal port facilities which are in the East-Mediterranean were evaluated on a scope of data between 2013 and 2021. By using the regression analysis method for Mersin port, freight demand forecasts were made for the pandemic period 2020-2021. The impact of the pandemic was evaluated by comparing the freight demand forecasts made for the years 2020-2021 with the actual figures. In the regression analysis, the number of ships arriving at the port (V) was determined as the independent variable, the annual container (TEU - Twenty Equivalent Container Unit) handled at the port and the annual total cargo handled (MT – Metric Tonnes) were determined as the dependent variables. The impact of the pandemic on Mersin International Port was evaluated by comparing the estimated values for the years 2020-2021 with the actual data. As a result, when the port and coastal facilities in Mersin Bay were evaluated over V, MT and TEU parameters, it showed that the pandemic process did not have a statistically significant effect. On the contrary, it has been observed that the freight mobility in Mersin port has increased, the number of ships arriving at the port has decreased especially with the berthing of larger ships, but more TEU and total cargo have been handled as the tonnage of the incoming ships has increased.

Carbon emission reduction of shore power from power energy structure in China

With the construction of China’s ecological civilization and the proposal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, shore power has been vigorously developed as an important technology for the future green development of ports. However, China’s electricity is still mostly coal-fired, which produces many carbon emissions. Coupled with regional differences, shore power is by no means certain to lower carbon emissions compared with fuel throughout China. Considering the power energy structure in different regions, this paper establishes a carbon emission correlation model between fuel and shore power during ship berthing, calculates the feasibility and actual emission reduction effect of shore power in coastal ports, and studies the restriction condition of starting time for the use of shore power for ships attached to ports according to the national policy of mandatory use of shore power. The results show that only a small part of coastal provinces and cities are suitable for using shore power, and it is limited by the berthing time of the ship. However, this condition is not related to the size of ships but related to the proportion of power generation. Therefore, the government should develop shore power according to local conditions, and vigorously increase the proportion of clean energy, so that the shore power truly achieve zero carbon emissions.

Ship Berthing and Unberthing Monitoring System in the Ferry Terminal

This paper presents a monitoring system designed to increase the safety of the quay structure in ferry terminals, in which, during berthing and unberthing maneuvers, propeller and thruster-generated jets may damage the seabed protection, threatening the stability of the berth structure. Direct measurement of flow velocity on the seabed is not possible due to the possibility of its damage, therefore dynamic pressure measurement of the quay wall was used within the system. The relationship between the pressure on the quay wall and flow velocity on the seabed was determined using real-scale CFD simulation of the flow field generated during berthing and unberthing maneuvers. The paper focuses on the computations of the pressure distribution generated by bow thrusters. These computations made it possible to determine the velocity field in the time domain. Their results, verified using real-scale measurements, are in line with generally accepted empirical methods.

Estimation of ship berthing parameters based on Multi-LiDAR and MMW radar data fusion

Achieving autonomous and safe berthing can reflect the intelligence level of unmanned ships, which is also an important manifestation to ensure the safe navigation of ships. As high-precision sensors, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and MMW Radar (millimeter wave radar) can provide environmental data for berthing. However, the use of one of them has certain shortcomings, and the fusion of the data from both sensors can provide more accurate and ample berthing information. Therefore, a novel data fusing method is proposed for assisting berthing. This method combines multi-solid-state LiDAR point cloud and MMW Radar data to obtain berthing parameters. Firstly, the collected data are pre-processed according to the characteristics of asynchronous sensors separately, and then the berthing parameters under the two sensors are obtained by the relative spatial position between the ship and the berth; In addition, the data-level fusion of multiple LiDARs point cloud is achieved by the point cloud registration-based 3D-NDT (Normal Distributions Transform) algorithm, and the decision-level fusion of berthing parameters acquired from the multi-LiDAR point cloud and MMW Radar data is performed by the weighted data fusion algorithm. Two sensors were used as perceptual devices to effectively monitor the berthing process of the experimental Ro-Ro ship at Pikou Port. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can make the data of the two sensors complement each other and effectively estimate model-free berthing parameters, which is important to assist in achieving efficient and safe berthing of ships.

Efficiency of Port Operation Its Influence on Supply Chain Network Design

Supply Chain Management is a very convoluted network that transports the material or product to the end users. The products are distributed through different channels. Ports integrate the supply chains with the consumption market and production market globally and regionally. Also port being an intermediary for supply chain network, the efficiency of port operation has a great influence on the movement of cargo. Port operational indices like average turnaround time of the vessel, average pre-berthing detention and average output per ship berth day have an impact on supply chain network design. The author makes an attempt to find out the most efficient port, among the major ports, based on the above indices, while keeping other indices as constant. The most efficient port may have a competitive advantage over other ports and could be a preferred port in the supply chain network.

Autonomous piloting and berthing based on Long Short Time Memory neural networks and nonlinear model predictive control algorithm

Autonomous berthing of large underactuated ships is one of challenge tasks in the development of intelligent and autonomous ships, especially under hybrid disturbances of wind and currents, both trajectory prediction and tracking control are difficult issues due to the complexity of the ship motion. In this paper, a low-speed underactuated ship-handling and motion model which fully consider the disturbances of wind and currents is proposed to support the trajectory prediction and tracking control. In addition, a novel trajectory prediction model base on Long Short Time Memory (LSTM) neural network is presented by exploiting the time series features of the berthing trajectories, in which the proposed accurate ship motion model is used to create teaching data that help improve the data consistent and the accuracy of the trajectory prediction. Furthermore, nonlinear Model Predictive Control (MPC) model based on accurate ship motion model is employed to control the trajectory tracking, which efficiently improves the capability of the anti-disturbance. Experiments were designed to validate the reliability and accuracy of the proposed approach under various disturbances of wind and currents. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed approach has outstanding performance and effectiveness under the hybrid disturbances of wind and currents.

Data-driven ship berthing forecasting for cold ironing in maritime transportation

Cold ironing (CI) is an electrification alternative in the maritime sector used to reduce shipborne emissions by switching from fuel to electricity when a ship docks at a port. During the ship’s berthing mode of operation, accurately estimating the berthing duration could assist the port operator to manage the berth allocation and energy scheduling optimally. However, the involvement of multiple input parameters with a large dataset requires a suitable handling method. Thus, this paper proposed a data-driven approach for ship berthing forecasting of cold ironing with various models such as artificial neural networks, multiple linear regression, random forest, decision tree, and extreme gradient boosting. Meanwhile, RMSE and MAE are two main indicators applied to assess forecasting accuracy. The simulation-based result shows that the artificial neural network outperforms all other models with the lowest error performance of RMSE (3.1343) and MAE (0.2548), suggesting its capability to handle nonlinearities in complex forecasting problems of port activity. The high accuracy of forecasting output in this study, which is berthing duration contributes to close estimation of two info: 1) CI power consumption and 2) departure time of the ship. This information is vital to the port operator to be used in the energy management system (EMS) as well as in the berth allocation problem (BAP).

A data-driven assessment model for collision responses of offshore platform structure with ship using hybrid intelligent approaches

The accidents of ship collision with offshore platform bring huge risks to the safety of jacket structure. This paper proposed a data-driven assessment model for collision responses of offshore platform structure by integrating several intelligent and data-driven approaches. In the model, artificial neural network combining with dynamic particle swarm optimization algorithm (DPSO-ANN) is addressed to predict the collision responses of offshore platform structure, in which the uniform design method (UDM) is adopted to select training data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to eliminate correlation and redundancy of multivariate data of collision responses. Further, based on grey relational analysis (GRA), a GRA-based assessment index is established for the collision responses. In the case study, the prediction results demonstrate that the DPSO-ANN model could approximate the FEA (Finite Element Analysis) well, and the results of GRA-based assessment indicate that the collision velocity and mass of ship are two key factors influencing the collision responses of offshore structure. Also, the assessment results show that it is necessary to pay more attention and vigilance to the situations of high-speed approaching of large tonnage ship and ship berthing at low water level. The proposed model could serve as a beneficial and efficient assessment tool to support safety design of offshore platform structure under collision accidents.

Development of the Elements of Tugboat Handling for Berthing and Unberthing of Container Ships

This paper provides a study on the procedure of tugboat handling for berthing and unberthing of container ships in the Port of Surabaya Container Terminal. The elements of the tugboat assistance consisted of time series of the percentage of tugboats’ power, the direction of the tug’s force, and the duration. This study developed a manoeuvring simulation program using the mathematical manoeuvring group (MMG) model to determine the handling elements to achieve the intended trajectory properly. The model considered the surging force, swaying force, and yawing moment of tugs, as well as the disturbances of current, wind, and wave. The planning trajectory is determined based on berthing and unberthing passages derived from the automatic identification system (AIS) data. The elements resulting in the berthing speed and berthing angle complied with the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (PIANC).

Case Study on Berthing and Disembarking of Ships and Traffic Organization in Rugao Port of Nantong

In order to meet the needs of a 12.5 m deep-water channel, Rugao port of Nantong plans to normally berth ship with a draft of 12.0 m. Based on the study of the current situation and development trend of restricted ships entering and leaving Rugao port in Nantong, taking the navigation environment as the boundary condition, and based on the case study of berthing and disembarking of real ships, this paper objectively analyzes and deals with various risks in the process of docking and berthing of restricted ships. The results show that under the smooth and orderly traffic organization, Rugao port in Nantong has the ability to normally berth ships with a draft of 12.0 meters.

Evaluation of Semen Indonesia Gresik’s Water Area Of Dermaga Untuk Kepentingan Sendiri (DUKS) with An Upgrade of 8000 DWT Ship

Semen Gresik is a factory engaged in the cement processing industry located in Gresik City. When it was first established, the Semen Gresik factory had a production capacity of 250,000 tons of cement per year. Given the important role of PT. Semen Indonesia in development and economic growth, production and marketing support facilities must be adequate.
 Currently, Semen Indonesia's DUKS wharf can only be berthed by ships with a maximum deadweight of 5,000 DWT. For operational development, an evaluation will be carried out whether an 8,000 DWT ship can operate on the west side of the wharf. With the plan to add a ship berth on the west side, then of course there are several requirements that must be met, especially regarding ship safety requirements.
 Based on the analysis results, it is found that the depth of the turning basin is 6.5m, the diameter of the turning basin is 183m, the area of the wharf pool is 137m x 137m and the depth of the wharf pool is 6.5m. There are 2 alternative planned berthing positions, namely alternative 1 berthing on the west-east side and alternative 2 on the north-south side. The dredging plan for alternative 1 must be carried out to a depth of 6.5m on the west and east sides, alternative 2 dredging up to 6.5m on the east side. Ship motion for alternative 1 is more difficult because you have to coordinate with PT. Indonesia Marina Shipyard whereas alternative 2 does not require an assessment because the waters are open and unobstructed.

Coastal Protection Using Integration of Mangroves with Floating Barges: An Innovative Concept

Mangroves and moored barges are used individually for coastal protection and beach restoration. This conceptual paper discusses about the integration of mangroves with moored floating barges for coastal protection. The concept involves towing of a barge to a particular location, mooring it to the seafloor and planting mangroves along the shore or beach. The barges will be unmoored and towed away once the mangroves attain certain growth and are well rooted in the soil. Mangroves can protect the beach from incoming waves using their roots and branches. The incoming waves can be reduced by 50% to 99% using mangroves of 500 m width. Mangroves have a life span of 20–100 years, and they do not need any yearly maintenance as do any other conventional coastal protection measures. Mangroves are considered as soft coastal protection structures and are environmentally friendly. Mangroves will also improve the aesthetic appearance of the beach. This paper discusses about some of the research methodologies for the development of the barge-assisted mangroves coastal protection method. The dimensions of the barge, gap width between the moored barges and the environmental condition at the location determines the performance of the barge-assisted mangroves coastal protection method. The gap width between the barges, draft of the barge and breadth of the barge influence the resonant frequency of the fluid between the barges. The shielding effect of the floating barges can be used for other applications, such as berthing of ships and growing living shorelines using oysters, rocks, sand, plants, coir, etc. for coastal protection.