Shifts In Structure Research Articles

Public Service Media in the Platform Era: The Cases of Britain, Denmark, and Greece

Public service media (PSM) are grappling with structural shifts in the audio-visual sector, notably the shift of audiences towards over-the-top (OTT) or subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services. They have also heavily invested in online platforms, adapting their policies to engage digital users on their video-on-demand (VOD) platforms. This paper assesses PSM policies in Britain, Denmark, and Greece, examining initiatives regarding adaptation to the digital era. It explores whether they implement new strategies to expand their digital reach. Data from policy documents and interviews with BBC, DR, and ERT leading executives inform the analysis. Findings showed varied responses among PSM organisations, influenced by market dynamics and the evolution of broadcasting traditions.

Structural shifts in bank credit ratings

We investigate the time variation in credit rating standards awarded to financial institutions of commercial bank credit ratings awarded by the three principal CRAs from 1990 to 2015 in a world-wide context by testing for well-defined structural shifts. We focus on the part of the ratings that cannot be accounted using publicly available information. We test whether major financial events are conditioning, ex-post such changes Distinctively in this paper’s timespan our analysis covers four periods: (i) before and (ii) after the 2001–2 corporate collapses, followed by (iii) before the global financial crisis and (iv) after the global financial crisis. We find substantial differences in the assignment of bank credit ratings among the three major agencies, Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P. Agencies differ both in terms of re-adjustment of ratings but also on the speed of response to the evens. All three agencies tightened ratings during the 2008 crisis and kept reducing them in its aftermath.

Pseudotyped virus infection of multiplexed ACE2 libraries reveals SARS-CoV-2 variant shifts in receptor usage.

Pairwise compatibility between virus and host proteins can dictate the outcome of infection. During transmission, both inter- and intraspecies variabilities in receptor protein sequences can impact cell susceptibility. Many viruses possess mutable viral entry proteins and the patterns of host compatibility can shift as the viral protein sequence changes. This combinatorial sequence space between virus and host is poorly understood, as traditional experimental approaches lack the throughput to simultaneously test all possible combinations of protein sequences. Here, we created a pseudotyped virus infection assay where a multiplexed target-cell library of host receptor variants can be assayed simultaneously using a DNA barcode sequencing readout. We applied this assay to test a panel of 30 ACE2 orthologs or human sequence mutants for infectability by the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron BA1 variant spikes. We compared these results to an analysis of the structural shifts that occurred for each variant spike's interface with human ACE2. Mutated residues were directly involved in the largest shifts, although there were also widespread indirect effects altering interface structure. The N501Y substitution in spike conferred a large structural shift for interaction with ACE2, which was partially recreated by indirect distal substitutions in Delta, which does not harbor N501Y. The structural shifts from N501Y greatly influenced the set of animal orthologs the variant spike was capable of interacting with. Out of the thirteen non-human orthologs, ten exhibited unique patterns of variant-specific compatibility, demonstrating that spike sequence changes during human transmission can toggle ACE2 compatibility and potential susceptibility of other animal species, and cumulatively increase overall compatibilities as new variants emerge. These experiments provide a blueprint for similar large-scale assessments of protein compatibility during entry by diverse viruses. This dataset demonstrates the complex compatibility relationships that occur between variable interacting host and virus proteins.

Energy flows through nematode food webs depending on the soil carbon and nitrogen contents after forest conversion

The swift proliferation of forests converted into monoculture plantations has profound impacts on soil nutrients, microbial communities, and many ecological processes and functions. Nematodes are soil microfauna that play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycling and in soil food web, whereas the response of soil nematode communities and energy flows to forest conversion remains unknown. Here, we assessed the community composition and the energy flows of the nematode food webs as a function of soil chemistry after conversion from natural forests (Forest) to four plantations (8-year-old): Amygdalus persica (Peach), Myrica rubra (Berry), Camellia oleifera (Oil), and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Fir). After forest conversion, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents decreased by 65 % and 55 %, respectively. Forest conversion strongly reduced the abundance (particularly large-bodied omnivorous-predatory nematodes), diversity, maturity, and stability of the soil nematode community. The shifts in composition and structure of nematode communities after forest conversion are reflected in changes in the abundance of predominant genera and trophic taxa, especially bacterivorous, fungivorous, and omnivorous-predatory nematodes. Acrobeloides notably increased, whereas Plectus, Prismatolaimus, Tylencholaimus, and Tripyla decreased. Accordingly, the abundances of r-strategy nematodes (cp value = 1–2) increased, but that of the K-strategists (cp value = 3–5) declined. Additionally, the energy flow across the soil nematode food web was reduced by 36 % and flow uniformity declined by 24 % after forest conversion. These changes in nematode diversity and abundance were triggered by diminishing soil C and N contents, thereby affecting the energy flows via the nematode food webs. Thus, forest conversion affects soil biotas and multi-functions from the perspective of nematode food web structure and energy flows, and underlines the interconnections between ecosystem and energy dynamics across multi-trophic levels, which is crucial for sustainable forest management.

Challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence implementation within sports science and sports medicine teams.

The rapid progress in the development of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as ChatGPT, represents a step-wise change in human's interactions with technology as part of a broader complex, sociotechnical system. Based on historical parallels to the present moment, such changes are likely to bring forth structural shifts to the nature of work, where near and future technologies will occupy key roles as workers or assistants in sports science and sports medicine multidisciplinary teams (MDTs). This envisioned future may bring enormous benefits, as well as a raft of potential challenges. These challenges include the potential to remove many human roles and allocate them to semi- or fully-autonomous AI. Removing such roles and tasks from humans will make many current jobs and careers untenable, leaving a set of difficult and unrewarding tasks for the humans that remain. Paradoxically, replacing humans with technology increases system complexity and makes them more prone to failure. The automation and AI boom also brings substantial opportunities. Among them are automated sentiment analysis and Digital Twin technologies which may reveal novel insights into athlete health and wellbeing and team tactical patterns, respectively. However, without due consideration of the interactions between humans and technology in the broader system of sport, adverse impacts are likely to be felt. Human and AI teamwork may require new ways of thinking.

TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN THE INDONESIAN SUBTITLE OF GUY RITCHIE’S THE COVENANT (2023) MOVIE

Translation is important for people who don't know a foreign language. Translators face challenges, but use of techniques like translation shifts can make translations sound more natural and effectively communicate the original meaning to the target audience. This research aims to identify the types of translation shifts used in the Indonesian subtitle of Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant movie and to identify the possible reasons the translators used translation shifts in this movie. The research applied the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford to analyze the data. It used descriptive qualitative methods and the data is from the movie subtitle of Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant. The researcher used the Oxford Dictionary and Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) applications as instruments for analyzing the data, and to ensure the analysis results. The analysis found that the Indonesian subtitles for Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant movie included all types of shifts as proposed by Catford's theory. The shifts identified in the Indonesian subtitles included level shifts and category shifts (including structure shift, unit shift, class shift, and intra-system shift). However, among these shifts, category shifts especially unit shifts, were the most dominant. The translator probably used these translation shifts due to cultural and linguistic differences, time constraints, and creative translation choices.

The impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on financial performance of airlines’ in terms of expenses and profitability: Turkish Airlines and Pegasus

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a detrimental impact on social, political, and economic facets, precipitating substantial shifts in societal structures and economic frameworks. The pandemic has also taken a toll on the airline passenger transportation sector. During the pandemic, airline travel underwent regulation, with reduced seat capacities and a transition from wide to narrow-body aircraft. Throughout this period, airline revenues experienced a decline while expenses escalated, causing a significant imbalance between income and expenses. This imbalance led to losses in operating activities for airlines. This study investigated the impact of the pandemic on airlines’ expenses. Data were collected from the 2019-2022 financial statements of Turkish Airlines (THY) and Pegasus (PGSUS), which are traded on Borsa Istanbul. The study focused on revenues, costs of sales, gross profit, general administrative expenses, marketing costs, operating profits/losses, financing costs, profits/losses before tax from continuing operations, and net period profits/losses for the financial year. Trend, vertical, and ratio analyses were performed to evaluate the findings. The results showed that the expenses of and Pegasus increased drastically during the pandemic. Their revenues started to rise in 2021 and increased drastically in 2022. While they suffered losses due to high expenses during the pandemic, they showed a better profitability performance in 2022 than before the pandemic.

Species Diversity and Composition of Macrophytes in Shallabugh Wetland, Ganderbal, Jammu, and Kashmir, India

Macrophyte diversity, richness, and composition of the Shallabugh wetland Reserve, one of the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area in India. The wetland shows the presence of 39 plant species of 27 families and three tree species belonging to three families and a diversity index of H = 3.12 and Evenness e^H/S = 0.5836. The high Importance Value Index (IVI=22.8) was recorded for Typha latifolia, followed by Ceratophyllum demersum (IVI=19.2). The shift in macrophyte community structure is evidenced by the local extinction of Nelumbo nucifera from the Shallabugh wetland area and the near-disappearance of some economically important plants such as Trapa natans (IVI= 0.24). The investigation of various aspects of the wetland ecology of Shallabugh reveals that species composition has witnessed great changes over the years. The conversion of the 141 hectares of wetland into grassland gave way for terrestrial species to flourish. The study serves as the baseline study of the macrophyte community composition and structure of the Shallabugh wetland.

Disturbance of the human gut microbiota in patients with Myotonic Dystrophy type 1

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder. Although DM1 is primarily characterized by progressive muscular weakness, it exhibits many multisystemic manifestations, such as cognitive deficits, cardiac conduction abnormalities, and cataracts, as well as endocrine and reproductive issues. Additionally, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is frequently affected, encompassing the entire digestive tract. However, the underlying causes of these GI symptoms remain uncertain, whether it is biomechanical problems of the intestine, involvement of bacterial communities, or both. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the structural changes in the gut microbiome of DM1 patients. To achieve this purpose, 35 patients with DM1 were recruited from the DM-Scope registry of the neuromuscular clinic in the Saguenay–Lac-St-Jean region of the province of Québec, Canada. Stool samples from these 35 patients, including 15 paired samples with family members living with them as controls, were collected. Subsequently, these samples were sequenced by 16S MiSeq and were analyzed with DADA2 to generate taxonomic signatures. Our analysis revealed that the DM1 status correlated with changes in gut bacterial community. Notably, there were differences in the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Euryarchaeota, Fusobacteriota, and Cyanobacteria Phyla compared to healthy controls. However, no significant shift in gut microbiome community structure was observed between DM1 phenotypes. These findings provide valuable insights into how the gut bacterial community, in conjunction with biomechanical factors, could potentially influence the gastrointestinal tract of DM1 patients.

Molecular Hydrogen Acts as a Hydrogen Bond Proton Acceptor: From Protonated Betaine Tagging to the Weakest Hydrogen Bond.

In an attempt to gain further insights into the intermolecular interactions implied by Rizzo's group's cautionary tale related to molecular tagging in infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy with molecular messengers [Masson, A. . J. Chem. Phys. 2015, 143, 104313], in the present study, we provide an in-depth analysis of the noncovalent interaction between the molecular hydrogen and protonated betaine molecule in the gas phase. We aim to shed some new light on the fundamental issues concerning the wide diapason of hydrogen-bonding-type intermolecular interactions, with a wide variety of proton acceptors. We demonstrate that in the course of tagging the protonated betaine with molecular hydrogen from the OH group side, it is the σ bond of molecular hydrogen that plays the role of hydrogen-bonding proton acceptor. The tagging thus induces a small yet significant red shift of the protonated betaine O-H stretching mode. We investigate the performance of a wide range of density functional theory (DFT) functionals for the calculation of anharmonic vibrational frequency shifts of the studied system, which are essential for the correct interpretation of the experimental IRMPD data. For an accurate prediction of the OH stretching frequency shifts, specifically designed functionals such as Handy's group HCTH/407 should be applied. The empirical dispersion correction enhances the systematic overestimation of the anharmonic frequency shift, characteristic of the most widely used DFT functionals. Combining the full-wave function approach with the charge field perturbation and natural bond orbital (NBO) deletion analyses, we demonstrate that the frequency shift in the OH-tagged structure is governed by the σHH → σ*OH intermolecular charge transfer. This interaction stabilizes the OH-tagged dimer as well, in contrast to the dipole-quadrupole electrostatic interaction energy term. Topological analysis of the electron density reveals the presence of an intermolecular bond critical point with a positive value of the density Laplacian very close to the lower limit for hydrogen bonds. NCI analyses demonstrate that the OH···H2 interaction is weaker than the intramolecular CH···O one within the protonated betaine molecule, with the through of reduced density gradient appearing at less negative sign(λ2)·ρ values. Analyzing the O-H stretching vibrational potential with the second-generation absolutely localized molecular orbitals energy decomposition analysis (ALMO-EDA 2) revealed that in the case of betaineH(+) tagged from the OH group side, the permanent electrostatics (ΔEelec), polarization (ΔEpol), and charge-transfer (ΔEct) contributions to the total intermolecular interaction energy contribute favorably to the weak hydrogen bond formation and to the red shift of the fundamental O-H stretching frequency, the ΔEct contribution being the most significant in the last context. The Pauli repulsion term, on the other hand, favors an O-H stretching frequency blue shift as a consequence of the vibrational confinement effects.

Dynamic capabilities and competitiveness: Relationship among industrial policy, structural transformation, and economic growth in Indonesian regional industries

The complex interactions of industrial Policy, structural transformation, economic growth, and competitive strategy within regional industries are examined in this research. Using a dynamic capabilities framework, the study examines the mediating roles of organizational innovation and adaptability in the link between competitiveness and macroeconomic variables. A two-way fixed effects model is used in this study to examine the influence of structural transformation (ST) on Industrial Policy (IP). Using regional data covering the years 2010 to 2022, the research undertaken in this paper explores the dynamics of the Indonesian economy by empirically assessing the consequences of structural change on industrial Policy. In order to establish a comprehensive model that clarifies the mechanisms through which industrial policies and structural shifts impact the development of dynamic capabilities, ultimately influencing competitiveness strategies, this research draws on a large amount of empirical data and integrates insights from seminal works. Our research adds to our knowledge of strategic management in regional industries by providing detailed information on how economic development and policy interventions influence businesses’ ability to adapt and gain a competitive edge. In addition to advancing scholarly discourse, this study offers business executives and politicians valuable insights for managing the intricacies of global economic processes.

Entrepreneurial universities and integrated sustainability for the knowledge-based economy: self-perception and some structural challenges in the Gulf region

Innovation and the promotion of entrepreneurship are requirements of the transition towards knowledge-based economies. Universities are assigned a key role in advancing entrepreneurship through the restructuring of teaching, research, and governance with an emphasis on innovation and sustainability. In the Gulf region, universities are increasingly adopting reforms aimed at redefining their missions towards entrepreneurial education. This study examines the impact of university-based innovation and entrepreneurial models on progressing towards knowledge-based economies, with Qatar University serving as a case study. It qualitatively assesses recent university reforms and contextualizes these reforms within limitations in the national context and the political economy of the rentier states in the Gulf. The findings suggest that for Gulf region universities to effectively become entrepreneurial and support sustainable development, they must cultivate an entrepreneurial culture and mindset. This requires structural and cultural shifts that resonate with national context, institutional values, and the global sustainability goals. The study indicates that a top-down approach to developing entrepreneurial universities is less effective. It advocates for policies and incentives that motivate universities to become entrepreneurial. Ultimately, the study’s insights aim to guide policymaking to develop knowledge economy frameworks in Qatar towards a sustainable future.

Analisis Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Kecamatan Batang Anai Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Tahun 2002-2022

Land cover change is a process of change from previous land cover to other land cover and is also long or temporary in nature which is a form of logical consequence of growth and transformation. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine land cover in Batang Anai Sub-district. The research method uses the overlay method, map analysis approach and also regression statistics, namely Landsat images of land cover of the study area in 2002 and 2022 sourced from the Research Center. Significant changes in the area of each category reflect major shifts in the land use structure of the area over the period 2002 to 2022. An increase in urban and wet-rice farming, along with a decrease in the area of shrubs, are highlighted. The driving factor for land change in the Batang Anai sub-district is caused by people who want to increase their income from existing land by expanding their plantation or agricultural land and also building built-up land.

Музыкальное искусство России начала ХХ века: Эволюция

The essay is dedicated to the study of the development of Russian musical art during the transitional period (1890s-1920s). The content of each stage (decade) is examined in detail, taking into account the interpretation, semantic content and stylistic expression of the problems under consideration. In particular, the first stage (1890s) shows a movement towards new horizons, and the inertia of the established ethical and aesthetic principles of the 19th century is overcome. The key ideas of the second stage (1900s) are the emergence of a heroic-lyrical concept and the long-felt end of the Classical era. The third stage (1910s) was marked by radical and irreversible shifts in the entire structure of Russian musical art, which essentially meant the birth of the Modern. Within the framework of the final, fourth stage (1920s), the features and properties characteristic of musical art in the 1910s were brought to their conceivable limit, often receiving a hyperbolic expression; nevertheless, subsequent development was directed towards gradual stabilization, balancing, and rejection of excesses and extremes, thus outlining a movement towards an optimal rhythm of life. As a result, the principles of the next historical period began to form.

Wainganga River Back Water Environmental Impact Assessment in Gose Dam

The construction of Gose Dam along the Wainganga River has given rise to a significant backwater area, prompting a comprehensive assessment of its environmental impacts. This multidisciplinary study examines ecological, hydrological, and socio-economic dimensions to unravel the complexities of the altered ecosystem. Ecological analyses reveal shifts in habitat structure, biodiversity, and water quality, while hydrological assessments scrutinize changes in flow patterns, sediment dynamics, and flood regimes. Socio- economic investigations explore the ramifications on local communities, including shifts in livelihoods and land use practices. Through field surveys, remote sensing techniques, and stakeholder consultations, this assessment aims to inform evidence-based decision-making and facilitate the implementation of sustainable management practices. By elucidating both challenges and opportunities, this study contributes to the conservation of the Wainganga River ecosystem, ensuring its resilience and well-being for future generations.

Revealing forest structural "fingerprints": An integration of LiDAR and deep learning uncovers topographical influences on Central Amazon forests

Amazon forests are characterized by rich structural diversity. However, the influence of factors such as topography, soil attributes, and external disturbances on structural variability is not always well characterized, and traditional structural metrics may be inadequate to capture this type of complexity. While LiDAR offers expanded structural insights, traditional parameters used in LiDAR analysis, such as mean or maximum canopy height, are not always well directly linked to environmental variables like topography. Emerging approaches merge LiDAR with machine learning to uncover deeper structural complexities. However, work to date may fail to fully utilize the potential of fine-scale LiDAR information. Here we introduce a novel approach, leveraging 2D point cloud images derived from a profiling canopy LiDAR (PCL). The technique targets intricate details within LiDAR point clouds by using deep learning algorithms. With a dataset from the Central Amazon comprising 18 multitemporal transects of 450 m in length, our objective was to detect structural "fingerprints" of varied topographical types along a hillslope, comprising: Riparian, White-sand, and Plateau, and to detect any gradient of structural shifts based on terrain variations here represented by the height above the nearest drainage (HAND). The dataset was trained and tested using a leave-one-group-out approach (LOGO) in which, for each iteration, a complete 450 m multitemporal transect was excluded from training and tested after each iteration. The fast.ai platform and a ResNet-34 architecture, coupled with transfer learning, were used to perform a classification to distinguish between three topographical types. Furthermore, a hybrid model combining a Convolutional Autoencoder, and Partial Least Square (PLS) regression was designed to detect forest structural gradient correlations with HAND variation. Cross-validation achieved a promising high weighted F1 score of 0.83 to classify forests based on the topographical types. Additionally, a combined Convolutional Autoencoder and PLS regression revealed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.76) between actual and predicted HAND. Innovatively combining deep learning with ground-based PCL LiDAR, our study revealed unique Amazon Forest structures connected to topographic variation. Our findings underscore the transformative potential of such integrative approaches for investigating forest dynamics and promise a powerful new tool for understanding climate-related forest structure change.

1 The role of gut microbiota on regulation of growth and metabolism by branched-chain amino acids

Abstract Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) including leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential amino acids, which are involved in energy homeostasis and regulation of many physiological paradigms including growth. The BCAA serve not only as an essential substrate in the synthesis of body proteins, but also have an important role in regulation of protein turnover. The effects of BCAA on growth and metabolism are likely mediated through different pathways including shifts in metabolic profile in peripheral organs, oxidative capacity of muscle, gut development, and protein metabolism in muscle. Although it has not been appropriately studied or fully dissected, the impact of BCAA on growth and metabolism is thought to lie in the alteration of gut microbiota by BCAA. It has long been believed that gut microbiota, more specifically, the activity of the microbiome and its metabolic products, directly influence a variety of aspects in metazoan physiology. For example, deregulation of bacterial community structure has been linked with host longevity and stress resistance, the pathogenesis of several disorders, regulation of appetite. Multiple studies have demonstrated that modulation of dietary BCAA levels could elicit clear shifts in gut microbial community structure. As part of “Physiology Symposium: The Microbiome and the Host: Functional Role in Metabolism, Immunity, and Gut-Brain Axis”, the possible involvement of intestinal microbiota on regulatory roles of BCAA on growth and metabolism will be discussed.

Experimental seabed disturbance effects on Chatham Rise deep-sea meiofaunal communities, Southwest Pacific

ABSTRACT Growing global demand for deep-sea resources may lead to increased pressure on benthic ecosystems. Here we examined changes in meiofaunal communities following an in situ physical disturbance experiment. A significant change in meiofaunal community structure in surface (0-1 cm) and subsurface (1-5 cm) sediments was observed immediately following the disturbance at both the directly and indirectly disturbed sites and adjacent potentially undisturbed/indirectly disturbed sites, reflecting a decrease in the abundance of several meiofaunal taxa. Abundance, taxon richness and diversity also decreased immediately following disturbance across all sites. Surface community parameters returned to pre-disturbance values one year post-disturbance, but only a partial recovery was observed for the subsurface community over the same period. The accumulation of recently resuspended and deposited sediment could have led to lower meiofaunal density and shifts in community structure. Passive dispersal and recolonisation from outside the study area may explain why the surface community recovered more fully than the subsurface community. We show that meiofauna were negatively affected by a relatively minor disturbance compared to proposed commercial seabed mining operations, but the finding that communities had largely recovered one year after disturbance has implications for resilience of fauna to much more pronounced impacts of potential large-scale mining.

An assessment of pharmacist perceptions and experiences with community health workers

BackgroundThe American Public Health Association defines a community health worker (CHW) as “a trusted member of and/or has an unusually close understanding of the community served.” Both CHWs and pharmacists have shown they are well-equipped to produce positive outcomes in chronic disease management, but there is still a gap in the literature regarding the CHW-pharmacist relationship. ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess and describe pharmacist perceptions and experiences with CHWs. MethodsAn online survey was distributed to pharmacists via state and national pharmacy organizations in the following states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographics and pharmacist experiences with CHWs. ResultsThe survey received 241 responses and 212 (88.0%) met inclusion criteria. Of the 212 eligible respondents, the survey was sufficiently completed by 163 (76.9%). These 163 complete responses were included in the data analysis. Fifty-eight (35.6%) respondents reported working with a CHW and 105 (64.4%) reported never working with a CHW. Fifty-two (89.7%) respondents who previously worked with a CHW were strongly interested or interested in continuing to work with a CHW. Sixty-one (58.1%) respondents without experience were strongly interested or interested in working with a CHW. The reported improvements seen with the addition of a CHW to the healthcare team included: improved patient empowerment, improved clinical patient outcomes, decreased workload of other health care professionals, increased healthcare knowledge, increased healthcare utilization, and increased medication and/or treatment plan adherence. ConclusionPharmacists recognize the benefit of working with a CHW and their contributions to patient care and want to continue working collaboratively. Collaborative pharmacist-CHW relationships should be a priority for optimizing care through community pharmacies and will require a shift in the current structure of community pharmacy services.

The Effect of Varying Olive Mill Wastewater Concentrations on Soil Free-Living Nematode Communities and Lettuce Growth

We assessed the impact of increasing olive mill waste (OMW) concentrations (10%, 35%, 70%, and 100% v/v) on soil free-living nematode communities and Lactuca sativa (lettuce) growth, 10 and 45 days after application (DAA). L. sativa plants showed a survival threshold at OMW10%, with higher concentrations proving fatal. Contrary to expectations, nematode abundance increased with OMW concentration. OMW10% induced a rapid surge in nematode abundance, stabilizing at 45 DAA, resembling control values. OMW35%, OMW70%, and OMW100% plots exhibited persistent, gradual increases, surpassing control values at 45 DAA. All treatments favored fungal feeders, resulting in the overdominance of the genus Aphelenchus both at 10 and 45 DAA. Even though OMW did not exert a toxic effect on nematode populations, this shift in the community structure towards the dominance of a single genus could suggest an imbalance in the soil community, which could have negative implications for soil health and ecosystem functioning. Overall, our study provides insights into the complex interactions between OMW, soil nematode communities, and plant growth, emphasizing the importance of understanding soil ecology for sustainable agricultural management.