ABSTRACT This article examines how promises of systemic reform during the regional consultations held prior to the 2014–2016 World Humanitarian Summit met a series of resistances. Through interviews with key participants, it explores the shift in emotions from early optimism to frustration. Global South participants felt ignored or dismissed, while Global North participants became overwhelmed by calls for change. This tension was framed by competing claims of ‘too much listening’ and ‘not being heard.’ The concept of ‘localisation,’ a demand for reform, became a tool of activist resistance for Global South participants, countered by defensive resistance from the Global North. These dynamics of speaking, listening, and resistance revealed and reinforced the underlying power imbalances within the international humanitarian system. The article reveals how localisation, as a language of resistance, both advanced and hindered the goals of political listening towards systemic reform.
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