Shift Rows Research Articles

An Enhanced AES-ECC model with Key Dependent Dynamic S-Box for the Security of Mobile Applications using Cloud Computing

The spectacular growth of computational clouds has drawn attention and enabled intensive computing on client devices with constrained resources. Smart phones mostly use the data centre demand service model to provide data to computationally intensive applications. It is challenging to outsource sensitive and private information to distant data centres due to growing concerns about data privacy and security. Therefore, conventional security algorithms have to be upgraded to address the brand-new security concerns that have emerged in the cloud environment. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm encrypts and decrypts messages using the four steps, namely Sub-Bytes, Shift-Rows, Mix-Columns, and Add Round Key. It has been changed so that the Sub-byte transformation depends on the round key. Making the S box round key dependent is intended to make it such that even a little change in the key will have a big impact on the cipher text. The avalanche effect and execution time of the standard and modified AES algorithms are implemented and assessed. In order to suggest a safe and efficient solution, the study also aims to modify the shift rows and the mix column phases of AES. Using cryptographic techniques such as elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), several protocols and algorithms have been developed to guarantee the security and integrity of the data. The proposed solution combines the enhanced and updated The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) technology with the ECC to guarantee data secrecy. The avalanche effect approach is used in this study to explore and analyze the strength and quality of the new s-box. The results demonstrated that each encryption operation generates a unique cipher text. A strong avalanche effect was also achieved with the redesigned dynamic s-box using irreducible polynomials, surpassing the strict avalanche criterion (SAC). The results show that the proposed method ECC-EAESKDS Elliptic Curve Cryptography-Enhanced AES with Key Dependent S box is efficient and yields better results than the alternatives. According to the suggested security architecture, cloud users may control data protection and integrity in a secure manner.

ECM: Enhanced confidentiality method to ensure the secure migration of data in VM to cloud environment

Cloud is the technology behind all modern IT paradigms today. All kinds of applications run in the cloud environment and host their data. Enterprises show interest in migrating their data and servers to the cloud to benefit the cloud. The cloud is an open distributed network environment; hence, it is vulnerable to data security attacks. Migration in cloud computing permits the handover of resources, for example, virtual machine (VM) and data from off-premises to on-premises. During the migration, the data needs to be secured. This paper proposes an enhanced confidentiality technique (ECM) to ensure data security when migrated to the cloud. The proposed enhancement is on the advanced encryption standard (AES) to strengthen the protection level of the AES. The standard AES runs for rounds with four unique stages of data processing: Substitute bytes, add round key, shift rows and mix columns. The proposed ECM enhances the substitute bytes stage with dynamic substitution boxes for each round of the AES. The proposed ECM is evaluated for its efficiency by the avalanche effect. The result of the ECM improves data protection when the data is migrated to the cloud.

Lightweight authentication scheme based on modified EAP security for CoAP protocol-based IoMT applications

The medical data generated from the patients that are communicated and stored on servers are highly sensitive, and also the IoMT network creates open spaces for an adversary. The proposed work designs a lightweight authentication scheme to support the extensible authentication protocol (EAP) called lightweight EAP (L-EAP). The proposed L-EAP modifies the EAP model and dynamically changes the security service as per healthcare application requirements. The L-EAP selectively applies the data encryption and integrity without frequent re-handshaking with the server using one-bit epoch field in the EAP message header. The L-EAP performs such a key generation process as a part of the authentication phase and enlarges the lifetime of the IoMT network. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is improved for providing data confidentiality in L-EAP. The L-EAP improves the confusion property of cipher text in AES and applies shift row and XOR operations to all the words.

Enhancing the Process of AES: A Lightweight Cryptography Algorithm AES for Ad-hoc Environments

Ad hoc networks have become more widespread and important because they support mobility and can be used in different situations and some difficult areas such as rescue missions, military, and vehicular communications. Security is stated among the most significant challenges facing Ad Hoc networks due to its characteristic features such as the topology dynamicity, lack of infrastructure centralization, and open architecture. Ad hoc networks work on battery power, and this kind of networks tend to consume more power and time to process data and memory resources through data encryption, eventually requiring a higher amount of power and more time. Therefore, an AES lightweight algorithm is proposed, which is one of the complicated encryption algorithms. This algorithm will be modified to improve the security as well as reduce the amount of time and energy consumed in comparison with the original algorithm. The enhanced version is based on the outputs of sub byte and shift row, in addition to an exclusive X-OR operator between them, whereby the output of the X-OR operator is added to the round key layer. The results confirm that this enhanced algorithm is efficient, accurate, and robust against multiple types of attacks related to ad hoc networks.

Modified Symmetric Image Encryption Approach Based on Mixed Column and Substitution Box

Internet a network of interconnected systems which is used to transmit different kinds of sensitive data is made secure by encrypting this data during transmission and protecting it against any kind of violation. This paper presents a symmetric data encryption algorithm developed in Python to encrypt images, making the transmission secure. The major computations performed in the algorithm are Mix Columns, Key dependent ex-or operation with upper and lower triangular sections of the matrix, Shift Rows, and Customized Sub Bytes transformation which provides diffusion and confusion. Results of various analysis performed on the algorithm prove its authenticity, confidentiality, and integrity.

Generalization of Advanced Encryption Standard Based on Field of Any Characteristic

Nowadays most communications are done by utilizing digital transmission mechanisms. The security of this digital information transmitted through different communication systems is quite important. The secrecy of digital data is one of the burning topics of the digitally developed world. There exist many traditional algorithms in the literature to provide methods for robust communication. The most important and recent modern block cipher named the advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the extensively utilized encryption schemes with binary based. AES is a succession of four fundamental steps: round key, sub-byte, shift row, and mix column. In this work, we will provide an innovative methodology for extending the AES in a Galois field with any characteristic p. All four steps in the fundamental process with binary characteristics will be adjusted because of the new enhancement. By applying double affine transformations, we have enhanced the number of options in our suggested substitution boxes. The reconstruction of the nonlinear confusion component and encryption structure provides robustness in the generalized AES. The increase in the keyspace due to the Galois field generalization implies that we have improved additional confusion abilities and broadened the current notions. The implementation of the proposed structure of AES for image, audio, and video encryption will provide high security for secure communication.

Enhanced Security of Advanced Encryption Standard (ES-AES) Algorithm

Encryption is a method of coding information or any other form of confidential, private and sensitive information or data to prevent from unauthorized access, use, misuse, disclosure, destruction, modification, or disruption. Now a day, it is essential to secure data that is at rest in our computer or is transmitted via web against attacks. Several of cryptographic techniques are being used to preserve security and could be classified as: symmetric and asymmetric. A symmetric algorithm named as (AES) is selected for enhancement due to its applicability and widely used algorithm. In AES, among the four stages that are used for encryption and decryption Sub Bytes and Mix Column produce more delay. On the other side, Shift Rows stage contribute to less security level of AES because it uses easy operation that is linear in nature. To overcome these challenges, in the designed symmetrical cryptography algorithm shift row stage of AES is replaced by symmetrical transposition technique to advance security. The simulation result of our Symmetrical Transposition technique has shown better security achievement, with greater than 50% avalanche effect, which means the proposed algorithm makes better confusion and diffusion. Hence, our proposed Enhanced Security of Advanced Encryption Standard (ES-AES) algorithm has better security when compared to original Advance Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm.

Design of High Speed and Area Efficient Finite Field Multiplier Using Factoring Technique for Communication

In this paper, design of high speed and area efficient finite field multiplier using factoring technique for communication is implemented. Data security plays very important role in present generation. Therefore, initially inputs and key are given to S-Box. The main intent of S-Box is to substitute the input data and key. After that input data and key are merged using S-Box merge. This data will be multiplied using finite field multiplier and to improve the performance along with that mix column technique is applied. Factoring technique will increase the speed of operation. After the data performs shift row operation. At last rounding is performed to the obtained data. At last simulation results shows that effective outcome in terms of delay, memory and security.

Development of Cybersecurity Technology and Algorithm Based on Quantum Computing

Many hacking incidents are linked to work files because most companies work with them. However, a variety of file encryption and decryption methods have been proposed. Existing file encryption/decryption technologies are under threat as hacking technologies advance, necessitating the development of stronger encryption algorithms. Therefore, in this study, we propose a modified advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm and use quantum computing to encrypt/decrypt AES image files. Because the shift is regular during the AES Shift Row procedure, the change technique led the shift to become irregular when using quantum random walk. Computing resources and speeds were simulated using IBM Qiskit quantum simulators for performance evaluation, whereas encryption performance was assessed using number of pixels change rate (NPCR) and unified average changing intensity (UACI).

Adaptive Counter Clock Gated S-Box Transformation Based AES Algorithm of Low Power Consumption and Dissipation in VLSI System Design

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an effective algorithm trending today. According to the key length, it works efficiently. Here three types of key lengths are used such as 128, 192, and 256 bits. This paper introduced an Adaptive Counter-Clock (ACC) S-Box algorithm. This algorithm rectifies the error during data encryption and secure data from hackers. In this paper, we have done power consumption, power dissipation, and reduced the area size. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is utilized for hardware execution in the encryption process. Inverse Mix Column, Inverse Sub Bytes (S-Box) and Inverse Shift Row stages takes place in the decryption, so that the receiver can read the message in plain text which was sent by the sender. For this the receiver should have the same key used by the sender for encryption process. RTL coding is done using Verilog HDL, Xilinx ISE 14.7 FPGA will be used in the implementation.

Towards the Design of a Stronger AES: AES with Key Dependent Shift Rows (KDSR)

Cloud data storage is a service offered by cloud computing for storing the data. Though it has a lot of benefits, the security of the stored data is one of its major concerns. Many models have been developed to address this issue. These models encrypt the data and store them. Advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the encryption methods that has been used prevalently. This paper presents a model that tries to further strengthen the AES algorithm. It alters the shift row of the AES by making it key dependent. The key dependency enhances the security of the algorithm and the results show that the statistical pattern of the plaintext is dispersed over the cipher text, thereby, defending the plaintext from the cryptanalysis. Experimental results indicate that the dispersion ratio of the plaintext over the cipher text increases from 0.75 for AES to approximately 1 for the proposed model. The model is also analyzed using the coefficient of variation metric. The proposed model also exhibits a significant level of avalanche effect.

A novel method of improvement in advanced encryption standard algorithm with dynamic shift rows, sub byte and mixcolumn operations for the secure communication

In this digital information era, data transmitted over internet is vulnerable to several types of attacks. To preserve our information over internet, it is necessary to use some cryptographic methods. advanced encryption standard is a strong symmetric, non-fiestel cryptographic algorithm which preserves the information transmitted in internet from piracy or attacks. In this research article, a new and an efficient key dependent AES algorithm is presented for securing the data over internet or digitally stored in any remote location. This proposed work gives better avalanche effect and strict avalanche effect on comparing with the original existing AES algorithm. Results of the proposed algorithm are obtained after testing 1000 pairs of samples of different secret key. And it shows that 58% of the times, new proposed algorithm have better avalanche effect than the existing algorithm.

VIGENERE CIPHER DENGAN MODIFIKASI PLAINTEXT

Cryptography is knowledge of encoding messages by observe to security aspects. Cryptography uses two types of keys, namely symmetric keys and asymmetric keys. Vigenere cipher is a technique to encrypt messages by symmetric key. Vigenere cipher can be combined by several patterns and ASCII code. The pattern used can vary as long as the text can be returned to original message (can be decrypted). On this paper, we will modified plaintext before encrypt using vigenere cipher. The way to modified the plaintext are flip and shift rows of bit. The effect of the algorithm changes can be seen based on the renewal value obtained. If the correlation value gets smaller, it means the algorithm is better. The results of this study is the correlation value using vigenere cipher with modified plaintext is better compared to vigenere cipher with original plaintext. Keywords: ASCII, Patterned, Bits, Vigenere Cipher

Enhancing the security of AES through small scale confusion operations for data communication

With the advent of computers, networks, distributed systems and wireless data transfer technologies, data communication is subjected to potential threats and hence needs to be protected. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an efficient encryption algorithm used for secure wireless communication, but its security is under threat due to different forms of theoretical and practical attacks such as linear cryptanalysis, differential cryptanalysis, boomerang attack, truncated differentials, hybrid attacks, related-key distinguishing attack, and side channel attacks. This work is focused on reducing the attacks by increasing the complexity of cryptanalysis through small scale variations in the shift row transformation and key expansion unit of the AES algorithm. The proposed small scale variations in the linear layer of the cipher unit and in the word column of key expansion unit enhances confusion during encryption. The inherent diffusion property of the algorithm along with the proposed confusion characteristics allows us to increase the overall security of the algorithm. The confusion and diffusion characteristics of the modified algorithm are found to be higher in terms of balance, Strict Avalanche Criterion and bit independence criteria. The AES variants are also tested using NIST-800-22 statistical test suite for random number generators, the small scale variations made in the architecture provides a higher degree of randomness in the ciphertext thus increasing cryptanalysis complexity. This paper also proposes an obfuscation control unit that allows on-demand selection of the three AES variants resulting in a variable encrypting pattern for a plaintext-key pair thus adding more bottlenecks to the adversaries.

Novel secure surgical telepresence using enhanced advanced encryption standard: during, pre and post surgery

Security during surgical telepresence has not yet been sufficiently considered. This paper aims to propose a solution to enhance security during surgery between the site of surgery (local site) and the site that hosts the expert surgeon (remote site). The proposed system consists of an Enhanced Advanced Encryption Standard, which enhances the confusion and diffusion of the encrypted video. Two-factor authentication have been used biometrics and a one-time password complemented by archiving that are also considered for pre and post-surgery respectively. In the proposed system the substitution box and shift rows are eliminated and replaced with mix row step, this leads to increase the complexity of the proposed system. Also the Henon chaiotic map was used in the key generation process, and this is provided more randomness. The results demonstrate that the proposed encryption method increases the entropy of the encrypted video by 0.25% compared to the Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm. In addition, a reduction in processing time have been achieved, for encryption and decryption by 24% and 38% respectively. For testing the strength of security, we measure the plain-text sensitivity by using the information entropy, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE). Also, the encryption/decryption time is measured for the proposed algorithm and state of the art algorithm. The decreasing in PSNR means the stronger encryption algorithm, and while the PSNR of the proposed system was decreased then this leads to better encryption method. The proposed system aims to enhance surgical network security to make it viable for implementation during surgery where data is exchanged under conditions of telepresence. The proposed system eliminates the limitation of the traditional AES algorithm. The proposed EAES provides high security by increasing the entropy while decreasing the encryption and decryption time.

Hybrid Approach of Modified AES

Advanced Encryption Standard is one of the most popular symmetric key encryption algorithms to many works, which have employed to implement modified AES. In this paper, the modification that has been proposed on AES algorithm that has been developed to decrease its time complexity on bulky data and increased security will be included using the image as input data. The modification proposed itself including alteration in the mix column and shift rows transformation of AES encryption algorithm, embedding confusion-diffusion. This work has been implemented on the most recent Xilinx Spartan FPGA.

Improvement of Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm With Shift Row and S.Box Modification Mapping in Mix Column

Cyber Security has become rising issue in recent years where encryption is one of solution and has an important role in data protection. Encryption algorithms that widely used in information security are asymmetric and symmetric. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is one of symmetric encryption that most used often and the most secure encryption today. However, AES encryption has slow computation. Our experiment show that both of algorithms combination needs 3.045 milliseconds for 1024 bytes of data and increase 3-4 milliseconds for 2048 bytes of data and so on. This paper proposes a novelty method to improve AES algorithm with Shift Row and S.Box modification for Mix Column transformation. The result show that our optimization has reduced 3 milliseconds and continue to increase as the number of bytes increases. Percentage average of the optimization is 86.143%.

Design and Implementation of Efficient Advanced Encryption Standard Composite S-Box with CM-Mode

Advanced Encryption Standard is the most popular cryptographic security algorithm used for data protection and transmission. The paper proposes an implementation of the AES new Mix- Column operation. In this paper, an enhanced Mix- Column is designed for AES decryption through Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) System design environment. In AES Mix-Column, large number of logic gates used to perform the multiplication of input stage bytes (output of shift row) and fixed defined state bytes. In order to decrease this problem, the redundant function of Mix-Column is eliminated and re-designed in this paper. Proposed model of Mix-Column minimizes 25% of logic gates compared with previous work. Further, the proposed Mix-Column of AES decryption achieves by improving the performance of area, delay and power consumption. The implementation of the transformation is optimized and increase speed.

An Enhancement Method Based on Modifying CFB Mode for Key Generation in AES Algorithm

There are two very important characteristics in the block cipher, the amount of time for encryption process and key complexity which caused increasing the complexity of encryption process. This research aims to enhance the key generation of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm with high efficiency. The proposed enhancement method architecture based on modifying cipher feedback (MCFB) mode which produce key block from each key generation step in addition to represent current output that is repeated lyre used as input to produce next key block. In the block cipher encryption step, two processes are implemented: Substitution bytes process and Shift rows process. This proposed method improves the performance, efficiency, and speed of the encryption algorithm.

Digital Right Management Model Based on Cryptography for Mobile Multimedia Content

Cryptography is one field of science is the application of principles and mathematical methods to solve the problems concerning the security of information and data sent over the internet. By using the binary tree method, the digital image is converted into a secret password to keep your data safe. Step decrypt digital image by transforming the image into a binary matrix and then perform permutation KBRP who previously sequence of bits given action division bit per blok, after assembling bits into a binary tree and in the binary tree is given a key to turn it into a semi chipertexts, and finally recast the results of conversion bit into a matrix and then do a shift rows and columns so obtained chipertexts. Returns to the original image using the same symmetric algorithms. Based on the imagery used the result that there is some noise in the picture with an average of 40 dB, a good image quality and can be recognized as the original image. The security required seems to be either compromised or not present at all besides, security costs money, resources and time and there is no one to pay for it either. The arena of Mobile Digital Rights Management consists of various players. End-user, Mobile Operator and Content Provider (and owner, publisher and retailer) being the legs of the tripod, the groundwork is to be laid by the technology providers of Infrastructure, Handset, Content Delivery Solution, Digital Rights Management Solution, Billing and Clearing. Keywords: OMA- Open Mobile Alliance, DRM-Digital Right Management, CoIP : Communication over Internet Protocol, 3G-Third Generate