Shift In Perspective Research Articles

Counterterrorism Cooperation Strategy Of The National Counterterrorism Agency With The Ministry Of Defense In Tackling Female Terrorists In Indonesia

The relationship between women and terrorism has undergone a significant shift in perspective. Initially, women were associated with being victims of terrorism, but now they play a role in various activities within terrorism. As a result, the burden of rehabilitating female terrorist inmates is disproportionately placed on correctional institutions. Therefore, National Counterterrorism Agency recognizes the importance of implementing mitigation, prevention, and deradicalization programs to have a more effective impact. This study uses qualitative research methods, including interviews and document analysis, and data validation through triangulation. The aim of this research is to examine the implementation, inhibiting and supporting factors, as well as the cooperation strategy between National Counterterrorism Agency and the Ministry of Defense in countering female terrorism in Indonesia. The results of this research first show the implementation of national defense in combating female terrorism in Indonesia through the implementation of the National Defense Awareness Program and increasing cooperation with local governments, TNI, Polri, and other parties. Second, regulatory obstacles are the inhibiting factor, while the supporting factor is the collaboration and coordination with relevant institutions to facilitate the handling of female terrorism in Indonesia. Third, the cooperation strategy of deradicalization between National Counterterrorism Agency and the Ministry of Defense prepares and anticipates potential terrorist threats that can endanger national security, public safety, state sovereignty, and the integrity of all regions of Indonesia..

Exploring possibilities for participatory approaches to contextualized teaching and learning: a case from a public school in Nepal

ABSTRACT This paper reflects upon and discusses the case of a participatory action research project in a public school in Nepal with the aim of exploring the possibilities for participatory approaches to contextualised teaching and learning. We discuss how research-degree students and school stakeholders involved in participatory needs assessment identified the need for contextualised teaching and learning and the participatory and generative model of contextualised teaching and learning we initiated in response. However, at the end of three different participatory action research (PAR) cycles, we came to an understanding that, for sustainable pedagogical reforms, even buzz words like ‘participatory’ and ‘shifts in perspectives’ have some limitations. In a bureaucratic schooling structure, like that in Nepal, pedagogical innovations for contextualised teaching and learning have to negotiate pre-structured schooling cultures, and therefore, any change in individual and group perspectives has to be accompanied by a shift in regular schooling design, from linear closedness to ecological openness. Otherwise, the innovations for contextualised teaching and learning are unlikely to be sustained in the face of the dominant practice architecture.

Generalized Hough transform for 3D object recognition and visualization in integral imaging.

Object recognition is an automated image processing application of great interest in areas ranging from defect inspection to robot vision. In this regard, the generalized Hough transform is a well-established technique for the recognition of geometrical features even when they are partially occluded or corrupted by noise. To extend the original algorithm-aimed at detecting 2D geometrical features out of single images-we propose the robust integral generalized Hough transform, which corresponds to transformation under the generalized Hough transform of an elemental image array obtained from a 3D scene under integral imaging capture. The proposed algorithm constitutes a robust approach to pattern recognition in 3D scenes that takes into account information obtained not only from the individual processing of each image of the array but also from the spatial restrictions arising from perspective shifts between images. The problem of global detection of a 3D object of given size, position, and orientation is then exchanged under the robust integral generalized Hough transform for a more easily solved maximum detection in an accumulation (Hough) space dual to the elemental image array of the scene. Detected objects can then be visualized following refocusing schemes of integral imaging. Validation experiments for the detection and visualization of partially occluded 3D objects are presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of the generalized Hough transform for 3D object detection in integral imaging.

Shifts in Narrative Perspectives Consume Attentional Resources and Facilitate Reading Engagement

ABSTRACT Purpose The use of attentional resources is an important cognitive indicator of reading engagement but it is unknown how this is influenced by linguistic cues. We designed two experiments to investigate whether shifts in narrative perspectives occupy more of the attention of readers and engage them more in the text. Methods Experiment 1 employed a dual-task paradigm to explore how shifts in narrative perspective influence the attention that readers allocate to the text. Experiment 2 used the same methods but replaced sentences with whole chapters to examine the effects of shifted perspectives on readers’ ability to allocate attention and engage in reading. Results Experiment 1 found that shifts in perspective delayed the participants’ responses to the tones. Experiment 2 found that perspective shifts enhanced the participants’ self-reported attentional focus and overall reading engagement. The results of Experiment 1 were not replicated by Experiment 2 but both experiments found that attentional engagement was deeper at the initial than the later stage of reading. Conclusion Perspective shifts in novels constitute valid language cues that can fully utilize readers’ attentional resources and improve their engagement in reading. Attentional resources play a more important role when readers initially process texts than at later stages.

Applying a wide-angle lens: De-centering work organizations in organization studies

Much of organizational scholarship to date has rested on the assumption that the organizations at which individuals work are centerpieces of their experiences. In this essay, we argue for a shift in perspective—namely, the de-centering of work organizations. We develop the lens of organizations as enablers of life and elaborate ways in which this perspective shift may appropriately re-orient organizational scholarship to account for a wider range of experiences at work in order to move our field forward.

Healthcare Providers' Perceptions and Experiences of Training to Respond to Violence against Women: Results from a Qualitative Study.

Healthcare providers (HCPs) can support women affected by violence, providing a safe way for women to disclose experiences of violence and mitigating violence against women (VAW) through the identification of cases in routine clinical practice. We conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with HCPs in three tertiary facilities in Maharashtra, India, who had participated in training using the World Health Organization curriculum, adapted for the Indian context. n = 21 HCPs participated in in-depth interviews and n = 10 nurses participated in two focus group discussions. The respondents indicated that the training approach and content were acceptable and that the skills learned during the training were feasible to implement. A shift in perspective from viewing VAW as a private issue to understanding it as a health issue facilitated HCPs' response. The training enabled HCPs to recognize barriers faced by women in disclosing violence and their role in supporting disclosure. HCPs reported barriers to providing care for survivors of violence, including a lack of human resources, the time during regular clinical practice, and a lack of strong referral networks. These data can be utilized to inform other efforts to train HCPs in facilities in this setting and provide evidence for ways to improve health systems' responses to VAW in low-and middle-income country settings.

The Old Dream of Legendary Shanghai

The film “Song of Eternal Sorrow” derives from an adaptation of the classic novel with the identical title by Wang Anyi. Director Guan Jinpeng developed an individual history that parallels the course of Chinese history, with the route and destination of the characters exiled from Shanghai to Hong Kong and then dispersed from Hong Kong to the other parts of the world, the implicit narrative of Hong Kong in the shift of the main perspective, as well as the characteristics of the female narrative, all of which constitute a dynamic and multi-perspective perspective of Shanghai. With regard to environmental styling, the film places great emphasis on integrating the urban culture of Shanghai by means of scene design and prop design, such as the settings of the alleyway, the film set, as well as the Shanghai Apartments. With regard to character styling, the cheongsam, which serves as the aesthetic label for Shanghai females, is the core and highlight of the clothing design of the film. The variations in texture, color, pattern and style of the cheongsam tends to underline the variations in personality and the transformation of fate and mentality of the characters.

Creating Joyful Experiences for Enhancing Meaningful Learning and Integrating 21st Century Skills

As the twentieth century gives way to the twenty-first, the world is undergoing a profound transformation that may be described as a paradigm shift on a global scale. The way we view student learning has evolved. As a result of this shift in perspective, many countries have revised their curricula to become more learner-centered, incorporating elements of formal, non-formal, and informal instruction. Teaching and learning strategies that emphasize the three types of skills—learning skills, literacy skills, and life skills—are the most effective way to give students a head start on the 21st-century abilities they’ll need to succeed in school and in the workplace. Meaningful learning will result when learners engage in knowledge construction conversation, articulation, collaboration, and reflection. The students learn meaningfully when they are will-fully engaged in a joyful task. Joyful Learning enables the learners to improve their 21stcentury skills as it helps students feel like they’re making progress as they’re studying, which is reassuring for a child. In the present research, the investigator has engaged learners (primary class students) in ‘Classroom shows’ related to subject-oriented presentations. Teacher instructor created a joyful learning environment for the learners to perform in a plethora of activities in the form of role plays, stories, songs, dance, recitation, games, puzzles etc. The Performance of learners was based on the assigned task integrating-communication, collaboration, critical-thinking and creativity skills. All the approaches be it Activity oriented, Experiential learning, Art Integrated learning were showcased. In the process, a student acquires the skills necessary for success in the real world through learning or some other method. The joyful experience leads to better understanding and engagement of learners. The intrinsic force is the joy which makes learning a joyful experience.

Impairment or difference? The case of Theory of Mind abilities and pragmatic competence in the Autism Spectrum

AbstractPsycholinguistic research on pragmatics in the neurotypical population has increasingly framed pragmatic competence and related cognitive skills in terms of individual differences, co-constructed discourse, and meaning negotiation. However, research on pragmatics in the Autism Spectrum has risen from a wide and biased view of autistic communication as fundamentally compromised and autistic pragmatic abilities as impaired. Mostly due to the impactful theory of a deficit in Theory of Mind, early research on autistic communication presumed a unitary pragmatic impairment, only to find that several pragmatic abilities seem to be “preserved.” However, the interpretation of these findings usually takes an ableist turn, as most studies subsequently suggest that surface-level performance should not be interpreted as competence, but rather as a result of “compensatory” strategies. The raising number of contributions from autistic academics and participatory research enriched the field with new perspectives focusing on differences rather than impairments and drawing hypotheses on communication difficulties between neurotypes rather than within a specific neurotype. However, such contributions are hardly ever cited in the most prominent works. In conclusion, the field would benefit from a higher level of citation of autistic-led research and from an epistemological perspective shift within the mostly neurotypical academic community.

Religious Authority beyond Domination and Discipline: Epistemic Authority and Its Vernacular Uses in the Shi‘i Diaspora

Abstract“Religious authority” remains a ubiquitous but controversial term of comparative analysis. In Islamic studies, authority is generally personified in the form of the ulama and most often viewed through Weber’s lens of charismatic, legal-rational, and traditional types of legitimate domination. Our particular interest, Twelver Shi‘i Islam, seems a paradigmatic case, where the relationship between “the Ayatollahs” and state power has dominated academic discussion since Khomeini. Through ethnography of a Shi‘i diaspora community in the UK, we argue for a radical shift in perspective: away from forms of clerical power and towards non-specialist uses of clerical authority as expert opinion. Far from such “epistemic” authority being opposed to ordinary agency, here they are inextricably linked. Inspirational work in the anthropology of Islam has understood ordinary Muslim experiences of authority in non-liberal ways, as (Foucauldian) ethical discipline and self-care. We maintain the need to transcend not only domination but discipline too, refocusing the comparison between (Shi‘i) Islamic legal and liberal thought, in the form of Raz’s classic “service conception” of authority. Both stress the rationality of following authoritative opinion and its role as reason and justification for individual action. Our ethnography of ordinary practice then shows the sheer diversity of ways that such epistemic authority can be taken up, including, but not limited to, projects of personal piety and adversarial community politics. In our context, as surely also in others, domination and discipline should thus be seen as potential uses of “religious” epistemic authority, rather than as its privileged form.

Awakening Sleepy Knowledge: Extrarational Pedagogies and Transformative Learning in Environmental Justice Education

Centuries of settler-colonial capitalist hegemony have deeply embedded violent paradigms of separation and hierarchy in our societal structures and internalized ideologies, ultimately manifesting in global climate justice crises. We argue, therefore, that addressing the socio-ecological catastrophes we currently face necessitates an inclusive engagement with a diversity of ways of knowing often overlooked or actively repressed by dominant epistemologies. Dismantling oppressive structures begins with critically examining how they manifest within our habits of mind so we can then see beyond them—to capture what was lost, what is hidden, and what could be. Drawing on a diversity of theories, this largely conceptual paper calls for the (re)introduction of pedagogies that engage our creativity and extrarational senses to help transform our perspectives toward environmental justice. Extrarational pedagogies provide space to challenge dominant paradigms, empathetically experiment with creative alternatives, increase learners’ sense of agency, and overturn the notion that we are powerless to change our circumstances. Such pedagogies promote perspective shifts toward solidarity, compassionate accountability, and an increased awareness of the interconnectivity of our collective survival and well-being.

Metabolites as signalling molecules.

Traditional views of cellular metabolism imply that it is passively adapted to meet the demands of the cell. It is becoming increasingly clear, however, that metabolites do more than simply supply the substrates for biological processes; they also provide critical signals, either through effects on metabolic pathways or via modulation of other regulatory proteins. Recent investigation has also uncovered novel roles for several metabolites that expand their signalling influence to processes outside metabolism, including nutrient sensing and storage, embryonic development, cell survival and differentiation, and immune activation and cytokine secretion. Together, these studies suggest that, in contrast to the prevailing notion, the biochemistry of a cell is frequently governed by its underlying metabolism rather than vice versa. This important shift in perspective places common metabolites as key regulators of cell phenotype and behaviour. Yet the signalling metabolites, and the cognate targets and transducers through which they signal, are only beginning to be uncovered. In this Review, we discuss the emerging links between metabolism and cellular behaviour. We hope this will inspire further dissection of the mechanisms through which metabolic pathways and intermediates modulate cell function and will suggest possible drug targets for diseases linked to metabolic deregulation.

Model-agnostic feature importance and effects with dependent features: a conditional subgroup approach

The interpretation of feature importance in machine learning models is challenging when features are dependent. Permutation feature importance (PFI) ignores such dependencies, which can cause misleading interpretations due to extrapolation. A possible remedy is more advanced conditional PFI approaches that enable the assessment of feature importance conditional on all other features. Due to this shift in perspective and in order to enable correct interpretations, it is beneficial if the conditioning is transparent and comprehensible. In this paper, we propose a new sampling mechanism for the conditional distribution based on permutations in conditional subgroups. As these subgroups are constructed using tree-based methods such as transformation trees, the conditioning becomes inherently interpretable. This not only provides a simple and effective estimator of conditional PFI, but also local PFI estimates within the subgroups. In addition, we apply the conditional subgroups approach to partial dependence plots, a popular method for describing feature effects that can also suffer from extrapolation when features are dependent and interactions are present in the model. In simulations and a real-world application, we demonstrate the advantages of the conditional subgroup approach over existing methods: It allows to compute conditional PFI that is more true to the data than existing proposals and enables a fine-grained interpretation of feature effects and importance within the conditional subgroups.

Instructive Surprises in the Hydrological Functioning of Landscapes

Landscapes receive water from precipitation and then transport, store, mix, and release it, both downward to streams and upward to vegetation. How they do this shapes floods, droughts, biogeochemical cycles, contaminant transport, and the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Because many of the key processes occur invisibly in the subsurface, our conceptualization of them has often relied heavily on physical intuition. In recent decades, however, much of this intuition has been overthrown by field observations and emerging measurement methods, particularly involving isotopic tracers. Here we summarize key surprises that have transformed our understanding of hydrological processes at the scale of hillslopes and drainage basins. These surprises have forced a shift in perspective from process conceptualizations that are relatively static, homogeneous, linear, and stationary to ones that are predominantly dynamic, heterogeneous, nonlinear, and nonstationary. ▪ Surprising observations and novel measurements are transforming our understanding of the hydrological functioning of landscapes. ▪ Even during storm peaks, streamflow is composed mostly of water that has been stored in the landscape for weeks, months, or years. ▪ Streamflow and tree water uptake often originate from different subsurface storages and from different seasons’ precipitation. ▪ Stream networks dynamically extend and retract as the landscape wets and dries, and many stream reaches lose flow into underlying aquifers.

Self-Consciousness, Transparency, and Reflection

The capacity of human knowers to turn their cognitive powers upon themselves has long fascinated philosophers. My book Transparency and Reflection grew out of an attempt to comprehend a fundamental thought from Kant about the significance of this capacity for self-consciousness: namely, that it transforms the general character of human knowing, giving rise to a distinctively rational form of cognition and supplying the basis for a distinctively philosophical understanding of our own minds and of the world with which they engage. In seeking to understand these Kantian ideas, however, I found myself struggling with difficulties that led me to re-think my approach, moving away from a Kantian formulation of these points and toward one inspired by ideas from Sartre. In the present essay, I describe the difficulties that led me from Kant to Sartre, and I also seek to explain how, in spite of this shift in perspective, my book bears out various fundamental Kantian thoughts about the significance of human self-consciousness.

Cityscapes Transformed: Immersive Exploration at the Intersection of Culture, Computation, and Curatorial Practices

Designing a novel approach to existing art collections requires a shift in perspective. Computational approaches allow for an agnostic approach to cultural assets—akin to distant reading—,affording a capacity for embracing estrangement as a fertile design strategy. This paper investigates the potential convergence of these fields through the lens of machine curation and audience engagement, specifically examining the influence of contemporary machine learning models on curatorial methodologies. This investigation takes the form of a project conceived for the 2023 Helsinki Art Biennial and as a collaboration between the Centre for Digital Visual Studies (MPG, University of Zurich) and the media artist Yehwan Song, aptly titled Newly Formed City. Exploring the art collection of the Helsinki Art Museum (HAM), we seek to reinterpret the cityscape of Helsinki through a machine-oriented perspective. Utilising visual-textual models, we relocate unexhibited artworks to public locations, where, through the creation of context-based computer generated 360-degree panoramas, artworks are placed. Consequently, the outdoor sites are changed by the presence of the artworks, creating a new speculative geography where the city and its art collection are visually fused together. Interaction is achieved through a web interface, offering visitors the opportunity to move through an alternative version of the city and interact with its cultural heritage on a large scale, exploring the capacities for creativity located at the crossroads of a reflective exchange between vicinity and ignorance, machinic analytical prowess, and the uncanny and the unexpected.

Validity of biopsychosocial model of intervention in contemporary medical practice: Walking a few extra miles

Validity of biopsychosocial model of intervention in contemporary medical practice: Walking a few extra miles

Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Informer: Revisiting the Ethics of Espionage in the Context of Insurgencies and New Wars

AbstractThis essay starts by accepting Cécile Fabre's argument in her book Spying through a Glass Darkly that intelligence work, including using incentives and pressures to encourage betrayal and treason, can be morally justified based on the criteria of necessity, effectiveness, and proportionality. However, while assessments of spying tend to be based on Cold War notions, I explore it here in the messier reality of counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and “new wars.” In addition, I suggest a methodological expansion: adding a sociological perspective to the ethical discussion by exploring the wider effects on society, over longer periods, of the operation of informers. Based on these shifts in perspective and context, I identify additional social harms generated by espionage that should lead to a more restrictive view of ethical espionage than the one emerging from Fabre's work. I argue that many of these social harms are created by the mass recruitment of informers, in asymmetrical conflicts where governments have leverage over suspected communities, and given the (often mistaken) belief that everyone recruited to act as informer is an “asset,” primarily providing advantages. I argue, therefore, that the decisive issue is one of scale: many of the ethical problems created by espionage in these contexts result from the widespread systematic recruitment of informers, while small-scale, targeted, ad-hoc recruitment can more easily avoid such problems.

Viewpoint: Difficult-to-Treat Depression (DTD) vs. Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD): A New Integrative Perspective for Managing Depression.

In the STAR*D study, the efficacy of treatments for major depression was examined. It was found that, while many responded to the initial antidepressant treatment, only 30% of participants achieved complete remission. Concerning treatment resistance in depression, there is a recent distinction emerging between treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and difficult-to-treat depression (DTD). Historically, TRD and DTD have been conflated, but it is essential to recognize them as separate entities. While TRD is characterized by a patient's inadequate response to two or more consecutive antidepressant treatments given for an adequate duration and dosage without achieving acceptable therapeutic effects, DTD describes a clinical category where patients do not achieve full symptom control despite various therapeutic approaches. The recent shift in perspective proposes a more integrated approach for DTD, encompassing psychosocial, biological, and interactive factors. This multifactorial model calls for a multidisciplinary therapeutic intervention, not restricted to pharmacological treatments but also including psychotherapy, neurostimulation, and social interventions. Informing professionals and the general public about the significance of this new approach could mitigate the stigma associated with depression and enhance the quality of care. The future challenge will involve a deeper clinical understanding of DTD and its optimal management by refining available treatments.

The day my Diya burnt out: The shadows that remain

Abstract This short story takes the form of a journal entry where the author reflects on their life as a doctor. Growing up in a family of doctors and undergoing the rigorous training and selection processes of medicine conditioned them to be ruthlessly competitive and self-centred. However, their perspective shifts when their younger sister, also a medical student, unexpectedly takes her own life. The author realizes that despite being surrounded by doctors, they failed to recognize the signs of their sister’s mental health struggles and how they could have supported her. This traumatic experience leads the author to question the culture of medicine and the lack of emphasis on empathy and emotional support for both patients and fellow medical professionals. The story serves as a poignant reminder of the consequences of neglecting mental health and the importance of cultivating a more compassionate and understanding medical culture.