Shift Method Research Articles

New relativistic and non-relativistic investigation of deformed Klein–Gordon and Schrödinger equations for new improved screened Kratzer potential in the framework of non-commutative space

The deformed Klein–Gordon equation has been solved in three-dimensional extended relativistic quantum mechanics (3D-ERQM) symmetries for the newly improved screened Kratzer potential (NISKP) model under the influence of the deformation space–space symmetries. The new relativistic energy eigenvalues were calculated using the parametric Bopp’s shift method and standard perturbation theory in addition to the approximation scheme suggested by Greene and Aldrich for the inverse square terms. The new relativistic energy eigenvalues of (LiH, HCl, CO and H2) molecules under the NISKP model were shown to be sensitive to the atomic quantum numbers ([Formula: see text]), mixed potential depths ([Formula: see text]), the screening parameter’s inverse [Formula: see text], control parameter [Formula: see text] and non-commutativity parameters ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). In addition, we analyzed the non-relativistic energy values by applying the well-known transmission rules known in the literature. Furthermore, we studied many special cases useful to researchers in the framework of the new extended symmetries, such as the new screened cosine Kratzer potential, the new screened Kratzer potential (SKP), the new Kratzer potential, the new coshine Yukawa potential, the new coshine Yukawa potential, the new shifted improved SKP and the new shifted SKP. The study is further extended to calculate the mass spectra of mesons of the heavy quarkonium system such as charmonium [Formula: see text], bottomonium [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and light mesons [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] that have the quark and antiquark flavor within the framework of the NISKP model in 3D-ENRQM symmetries.

Pure shift FESTA: An ultra-high resolution NMR tool for the analysis of complex fluorine-containing spin systems.

NMR measurements of molecules containing sparse fluorine atoms are becoming increasingly common due to their prevalence in medicinal chemistry. However, the presence of both homonuclear and heteronuclear scalar couplings severely complicates their analysis by NMR. In complex systems, FESTA, a heteronuclear spectral editing method, allows simplified 1 H NMR spectra to be obtained containing only 1 H signals from the same spin system as a chosen 19 F. Despite spectral simplification, signal overlap due to the presence of scalar couplings is often a problem in FESTA spectra. Here, we report a new experiment that combines FESTA and pure shift methods to provide fully decoupled ultra-high resolution FESTA spectra showing a single signal for each 1 H chemical environment. The utility of the method is demonstrated for the analysis of two complex fluorine-containing mixtures of pharmaceutical and biochemical interest.

Frequency-Locked Loop Based New Automatic Phase-Shift Method for Active Islanding Detection of Three-Phase MicroGrid

This paper proposes an active Islanding Detection Method (IDM) integrating Frequency Locked-Loop (FLL) for the detection of voltage phase and frequency at the point of common coupling (PCC) and a modified Auto Phase Shift (APS) method for three-phase Distributed Energy Resource (DER) serving a local RLC load. The FLL is composed of a double second-order generalized integrator (DSOGI) to attenuate the harmonics and pass the fundamental positive sequence components in a frequency adaptive manner. Different from traditional APS methods, a new variable frequency term with an exponential factor is injected into the phase shift algorithm to reduce the region of Non-Detection Zone (NDZ). This modified approach enables the decentralized power generation system to detect the islanding phenomenon more quickly. Simulations and experimental tests conducted on a DG system on OPALRT (OP5600) and hardware test-bed demonstrate the behaviour of the proposed model within IEEE Standards. Additionally, a comparative evaluation was performed on the seamless transition of a microgrid (MG) from Grid-connected mode to Islanded mode and vice versa, using two different MGs, each having a single voltage source converter (VSC) and a local load but with control circuits incorporating DSOGI-FLL and ROGI-FLL respectively. Hardware testing results indicated that the control circuit based on ROGI-FLL demonstrated superior performance.

Industrial policy and labour productivity growth in Africa: does the technology choice matter?

The persistent gaps in African sectoral labour productivity and the disappointing growth in the manufacturing and service sectors have revived interest among academics and policymakers. In search of ways to boost labour productivity, this study explores how the technology choice as a proxy for industrial policy can affect labour productivity growth. First, I identify the different sources of growth with the decomposition method of shift–share analysis and a recent dataset from 1960 to 2017 of nine sectors. Then I investigate the impact of comparative advantage development strategy on growth components (within effects and structural effects). The shift and share decomposition analysis results suggest a changing role of growth components. While the structural change effect is driven by the “static gains” which still plays an important role, the within effect has been more prevalent during the MDGs and SDGs period. The empirical results indicate that defying comparative advantage hinders the within effect component mitigated by a weak and positive dynamic effect component. The evidence emphasises the design of industrial development based on the comparative advantage in SSA, complemented with policies and strategies aiming at increasing labour productivity in the agriculture sector due to its large employment share.

Carrier Phase Shift Method of SPWM for Concurrent Wired and Wireless Power Transfer Systems

This paper presents an approach for concurrent power transfer to wired and wireless systems using just a single inverter. The approach utilizes a novel carrier phase-shift (CPS) method that independently controls the inverter output voltages at the fundamental and switching frequencies. This proposed method can be a cost-effective solution to wireless power transfer (WPT) systems used in contactless slip rings (CSR), which transfer power to auxiliary loads such as sensors, radars, and IoT devices. There are two separate converters in conventional CSR systems: one is for the motor drive, and the other is for the WPT system. It is proposed that the switching harmonics of the motor drive can also be utilized to excite the WPT system while the low-frequency component can still be used to drive the motor. In order to control these independently, the CPS method is introduced. The proposed method is investigated analytically for sinusoidal-PWM (SPWM). Then, an experimental setup consisting of a 3-phase 3-wire GaN-based inverter and a 3-phase motor is built. Experimental results show that the WPT and motor systems are operated concurrently, and their powers are controlled independently by the proposed method.

Analysis and compensation for the dominant tool error in ultra-precision diamond ball-end milling

Diamond ball-end milling is an enabling technology to fabricate complex curved surfaces with a nanometer level roughness. However, limited by the errors of tool manufacturing and installation, the cutting edge profile of a single-bladed diamond milling tool cannot form an ideal sphere crown in rotation, which will significantly worsen the machining accuracy. Although a titled milling method and a tool error reduction method based on milling-test have been proposed to improve the machining accuracy, a complete analysis of the effects of multiple tool errors on the machining accuracy have not been performed. Therefore, the present work contributes an analytical model to accurately calculate the tool rotation profile under various position and orientation errors. The results reveal that the horizontal off-center error of tool cutting edge is the dominant error among all the tool errors. According to the results, a novel high precision identification process is developed to evaluate the horizontal off-center error in view of the cutting-mark, and subsequently a tool center shift method is proposed to compensate for such error. Finally, experiments on millimeter scale spherical surface, micro sphere array and micro sinusoidal surface confirm that the proposed tool error compensation method can significantly improve the form accuracy. The average form errors (PV) of three test surfaces are reduced from 2.29 μm, 0.90 μm and 0.88 μm to 0.61 μm, 0.28 μm and 0.18 μm, respectively.

Solutions Mixing Visualization in Continuous-Flow Microreactors via Interferometric Technique

The paper demonstrates the potential of interferometry as a visualization technique for studying the mixing processes of liquid reagents in continuous-flow microreactors. We visualized two types of instabilities: double-diffusion convection and Marangoni soluto-capillary convection. We employed two optical schemes, depending on how large values of refractive index inhomogeneities resulting from instabilities needed to be visualized, including the shear interferometer and the Fizeau interferometer. The interferometry enabled a qualitative investigation of the structure and dynamics of the generated convection. In addition, by implementing the phase shift method by the IntelliWave program, we quantified the efficiency of the mixing process between pumped liquids. These quantitative findings complemented our qualitative visualization, providing further evidence of the effectiveness of interferometry in studying mixing processes. Our results confirm that the interferometry technique is an effective tool for the visualization and analysis of convective flows in continuous-flow microreactors. Moreover, the insights gained from this research contribute to the broader understanding and optimization of mixing processes in microreactor systems.

Thermal measurements of a muscle-mimicking phantom during ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract At ultra-high field MRI (Bo>7T) it is crucial to predict and control the patient safety. Commonly patient safety is controlled by the power deposited in the tissue (specific absorption rate - SAR). However, temperature distributions do not always correlate directly with SAR distributions, which makes temperature control also a crucial parameter to guarantee patient safety. In this work, temperature changes were accessed by MR thermometry, specifically by the proton resonance frequency shift technique (PRF). A phantom mimicking muscle tissue was used to evaluate the temperature rise caused by the radiofrequency (RF) absorption during 7T MRI, applied through a commercial birdcage head coil. A pulse-sequence protocol was implemented for both, the generation of temperature increase and the MR thermometry. To control the temperature, a digital thermometer was used, and oil tubes were utilized to dismiss the drift effects for PRF. Measurements of the phantom’s dielectric characteristics, i.e. conductivity and permittivity, were in good agreement with the literature values for muscle. Spatio-temporal evaluations showed a temperature increase in time via RF exposure and the feasibility of measuring temperature maps using the PRF shift method. The accuracy of the PRF shift method increased when the drift effects were quantified and dismissed, indicating a PRF reading accuracy differing less than 0.5 °C from the thermometer. Results also validate our heating and temperature imaging protocol. This study is a valuable contribution to the evaluation of heating effects caused by RF absorption and demonstrates potential impact on future thermal investigations, which may use different heating sources, as well validate thermal simulations.

Preparation and Characterization of Fish Protein Isolate from Tiger Tooth Croaker (Otholithus ruber) Obtained through PH Shift Method

Development of Fish Protein Isolate (FPI) from tiger tooth croaker (Otholithus ruber) fish meat using the pH shift method was carried out during this study. Tiger tooth croaker was used as raw material because of their abundance and comparatively low price. During the study, the physical characteristics and proximate composition of the fresh fish were analysed. The average length of fish was 19.95 cm and weighed 94.6 g. respectively. FPI treated at different pH treatments (2.5, 4, 7, 11.5 and 12.5) were analyzed for proximate composition, peroxide value and functional characteristics. In the present work, Tiger tooth croaker (Otolithes ruber) fish was found to be suitable for fish protein isolate production using acid or alkali processing and isoelectric precipitation. During storage at ambient temperature for 120 days in a 200 gauge LDPE pouch, Fish Protein Isolates treated at different pH treatments (2.5, 4, 7, 11.5 and 12.5) indicated an increase in moisture content, reduction in protein and lipid content and no significant reduction in ash content. The total protein content was specifically high for pH 7 followed by pH 12.5, 11.5, 4 and 2.5. The effect of different pH on PV of fish protein isolates showed increasing content with increasing storage. The functional properties such as water-holding capacity (WHC), oil-holding capacity (OHC), emulsifying capacity (EC) and foam measurements (Foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) exhibit high values for all the samples of fish protein isolates. The quality attribute of functional properties of all fish protein isolates samples showed a trend of decreasing during the storage of 120 days.

Polypeptide composition of major oilseed proteins and functional properties of extracted protein products: A concise review

AbstractOilseeds are grown mainly for their oil content but the residues (meals) that remain after defatting are excellent sources of plant protein ingredients. However, to serve as useful ingredients, the extracted proteins must meet industry expectations in terms of functional performance. Protein functionality is influenced by structural conformation, amino acid composition, type of polypeptides, presence of non‐protein materials (carbohydrates, lipids, and polyphenols), which in turn can be modified by the extraction method. Defatted oilseed meals are extracted mostly through the pH shift method, which involves alkaline solubilization followed by acid‐induced protein precipitation at the isoelectric point. A less popular method is called the protein micellar mass whereby the oilseed meal proteins are extracted with a NaCl solution, which is later diluted to reduce the ionic strength to a level where the proteins are no longer soluble and hence precipitate. A third method utilizes carbohydrases and phytases to first digest non‐protein materials from the oilseed meal into smaller units that are then removed by membrane ultrafiltration to leave behind a protein‐rich extract. These methods produce mainly two types of isolated oilseed proteins, concentrates (60%–89% protein content) and isolates (≥90% protein content), which can differ in terms of their protein conformation, solubility, and functionality as food ingredients. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the extraction and isolation as well as structural and functional properties of soybean, peanut, canola, hemp seed, sunflower, and sesame seed proteins.

Результаты исследования матриц деформаций координатной основы СК-42

For transition from the coordinate system CS-42 to the Earth-centered, Earth-fixed SCS-2011, correct transformation models are required. Such a model is a non-linear transformation of coordinate systems via the grid shift method. The Data Grid of transformation parameters from CS-42, CS-95 to SCS-2011 were developed in 2016 at the Federal Scientific and Technical Center of Geodesy, Cartography and Spatial Data Infrastructure and are called deformation matrices of CS-95 (CS-42). The accuracy of coordinate transformation is declared as 10 cm for areas with a high density of state geodetic network points. The author presents the results of the deformation matrix analysis for the Republic of Bashkortostan. Evaluation of errors in it due to violation of the mesh irregularity is presented. Recommendations for improving the model are given

Dynamic 3D Measurement without Motion Artifacts Based on Feature Compensation.

Phase-shift profilometry (PSP) holds great promise for high-precision 3D shape measurements. However, in the case of measuring moving objects, as PSP requires multiple images to calculate the phase, the movement of the object causes artifacts in the measurement, which in turn has a significant impact on the accuracy of the 3D surface measurement. Therefore, we propose a method to reduce motion artifacts using feature information in the image and simulate it using the six-step term shift method as a case study. The simulation results show that the phase of the object is greatly affected when the object is in motion and that the phase shift due to motion can be effectively reduced using this method. Finally, artifact optimization was carried out by way of specific copper tube vibration experiments at a measurement frequency of 320 Hz. The experimental results prove that the method is well implemented.

Conductivity reactivity index for monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation in early cerebral ischemic rabbits

BackgroundCerebrovascular autoregulation (CVAR) is the mechanism that maintains constant cerebral blood flow by adjusting the caliber of the cerebral vessels. It is important to have an effective, contactless way to monitor and assess CVAR in patients with ischemia.MethodsThe adjustment of cerebral blood flow leads to changes in the conductivity of the whole brain. Here, whole-brain conductivity measured by the magnetic induction phase shift method is a valuable alternative to cerebral blood volume for non-contact assessment of CVAR. Therefore, we proposed the correlation coefficient between spontaneous slow oscillations in arterial blood pressure and the corresponding magnetic induction phase shift as a novel index called the conductivity reactivity index (CRx). In comparison with the intracranial pressure reactivity index (PRx), the feasibility of the conductivity reactivity index to assess CVAR in the early phase of cerebral ischemia has been preliminarily confirmed in animal experiments.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the CRx between the cerebral ischemia group and the control group (p = 0.002). At the same time, there was a significant negative correlation between the CRx and the PRx (r = − 0.642, p = 0.002) after 40 min after ischemia. The Bland–Altman consistency analysis showed that the two indices were linearly related, with a minimal difference and high consistency in the early ischemic period. The sensitivity and specificity of CRx for cerebral ischemia identification were 75% and 20%, respectively, and the area under the ROC curve of CRx was 0.835 (SE = 0.084).ConclusionThe animal experimental results preliminarily demonstrated that the CRx can be used to monitor CVAR and identify CVAR injury in early ischemic conditions. The CRx has the potential to be used for contactless, global, bedside, and real-time assessment of CVAR of patients with ischemic stroke.

Effects of radiofrequency channel numbers on [formula omitted] mapping using the Bloch-Siegert shift method

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of the channel numbers on the performance of B1+ mapping, by using the Bloch-Siegert shift (BSS) method. B1+ mapping plays a crucial role in various brain imaging protocols. Theory and MethodsWe simulated the radiofrequency field of the human head model in six groups of multi-channel receive coil with a range of different channel numbers. MR signals were synthesized according to the standard BSS sequence, with quantified Gaussian added. Next, we combined the signals of each channel to reconstruct the B1+ map by weighted averaging and maximum likelihood estimation strategies and evaluate the bias by relative standard deviation of each coil. ResultsThe simulation results revealed that the accuracy of B1+ maps improved with the increasing of channel numbers, meanwhile the per channel efficiency of B1+maps accuracy gradually decrease. Both trends slowed down when the channel numbers reached 12 or above. ConclusionOur finding suggests that increasing the channel numbers can improve the accuracy of B1+map. However, a diminishing efficiency of per channel accuracy improvement was overserved, indicating that the relationship between quality of B1+ map and the channel numbers is nonlinear. Based on these findings, our study provides a reference for determining channel numbers to achieve a balance of coil selection and manufacturing cost. It also provides a theoretical basis for evaluating other B1+ mapping techniques.

Estimation of dipole moments by Solvatochromic shift method, spectroscopic analysis of UV–Visible, HOMO-LUMO, ESP map, Mulliken atomic charges, NBO and NLO properties of benzofuran derivative

Solvatochromic shift method has been used to estimate ground state (μg) and excited state (μe) dipole moments of benzofuran derivative (5NFMOT) at room temperature indifferent solvents. This method involves Lippert, Bakhshiev and Kawski-Chamma-Viallet equations. Reichardt microscopic solvent polarity parameter was used to calculate the change in dipole moment. Effect of solvents on absorption and fluorescence spectra was investigated using Kamlet and Catalan's MLR approach. Computational studies of benzofuran derivative were carried out using Gaussian 16. Geometry optimization was performed using DFT method at 6–311++G (d, p)/B3LYP basis set. UV–Visible spectra have been studied by using TD-DFT method for the same basis set. The μg was obtained from DFT method, whereas μe from TD-DFT method. It has been observed that both from experimentally and theoretically the ground state dipole moment is higher than the excited state dipole moment. HOMO-LUMO surfaces and Mulliken atomic charges have been studied in gas phase and solution. Furthermore, 3D plots of electrostatic potential map are used to identify reactive centers such as electrophilic and nucleophilic sites. NBO analysis is helpful to obtain stability and charge delocalization of the title molecule. Polarizablity, and hyper polarizability values were used to study the NLO properties.

Double-Versus Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructive Surgery: A Prospective Study With >1 Year Follow-Up.

Background The increased prevalence of knee trauma predominantly adds to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear frequencies that require single- or double-bundle reconstructive surgeries. Few studies have demonstrated the superior results of double-bundle reconstruction compared to single-bundle approaches. This study investigated the knee function improvement capacity of both reconstruction techniques in patients with ACL tears. Methods Thirty cases with ACL tears have been enrolled and segregated equally in distinct (single-bundle versus double-bundle) batches. The diagnostic assessments were undertaken through comprehensive clinical history, knee radiographs, Lysholm scoring, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scale, the Lachman analysis, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scale, and the pivot shift method. Results After one year, there was a significant enhancement in the postoperative versus preoperative Lysholm scores in the single-bundle (58.5 ± 21.2 vs. 82.4 ± 26.2, p<0.001) and double-bundle (86.4 ± 22.8 vs 60.3 ± 19.2, p<0.001) groups. There was a significant improvement in the IKDC scores after a follow-up period of one year (p-value: 0.012 and p-value: 0.002, respectively) in both of the study batches. After a year of follow-up, Lysholm scores (p=0.352) and IKDC scores (p=0.574) between the study groups (82.4 ± 26.2 vs. 86.4 ± 22.8) were comparable. Conclusion The clinical outcomes remained comparable between subjects with single-bundle reconstruction versus double-bundle reconstruction subjects with ACL injuries. Findings were similar between the groups after one year and two years of surgical interventions.

Identifying and ranking causal microbial biomarkers for colorectal cancer at different cancer subsites and stages: a Mendelian randomization study.

The gut microbiome is directly involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, but much of the epidemiological evidence for the effect of the gut microbiome on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk comes from observational studies, and it is unclear whether identified microbial alterations are the cause or consequence of CRC development. Univariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and multivariate MR analysis based on Bayesian model averaging were performed to comprehensively explore the microbial risk factors associated with CRC. The Network Module Structure Shift method was used to identify microbial biomarkers associated with CRC. Mediation analysis was used to explore the dietary habits-microbiota-CRC pathway. The results of the four methods showed that 9 bacteria had a robust causal relationship with the development of CRC. Among them, Streptococcus thermophilus reduced the risk of CRC; Eubacterium ventriosum and Streptococcus were beneficial bacteria of malignant tumors of colon (CC); Erysipelotrichaceae was a protective factor for malignant tumors of rectal (CR); Bacteroides ovatus was a risk factor for benign tumors. Finally, the mediation analysis revealed 10 pathways by which dietary regulation bacteria affected the risk of CRC, including alcohol consumption increased the risk of CC by reducing the abundance of Eubacterium ventriosum (mediated proportion: 43.044%), and the mediated proportion of other pathways was 7.026%-34.22%. These findings will contribute to the understanding of the different carcinogenic mechanisms of intestinal flora in the colon and rectum and the risk of tumor transformation, thereby aiding CRC prevention, early screening, and the development of future strategies to reduce CRC risk.

Classical Charged Particle Models Derived from Complex Shift Methods

Classical Charged Particle Models Derived from Complex Shift Methods

Harmonizing multi-source backscatter data using bulk shift approaches to generate regional seabed maps: Bay of Fundy, Canada

ABSTRACT Advances in sonar technology have revolutionized our ability to map the seafloor, however, differences between legacy and modern data pose challenges when analysing multi-source datasets. Acoustic backscatter recorded via multibeam echosounder is commonly used to characterize the seafloor, but a lack of standardized calibration often yields relative rather than absolute backscatter measurements, hindering comparison between surveys. ‘Bulk shift’ methods have been developed for harmonizing legacy backscatter datasets using overlapping survey areas for relative statistical calibration. This becomes increasingly difficult, though, given many datasets collected over extensive time periods. Backscatter data were collected in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, using multiple sonar systems and vessels over an 18-year period. Here, we propose a reproduceable strategy for harmonizing this large volume of disparate backscatter data using the bulk shift method. A final, harmonized map is presented for the entire Bay of Fundy and is validated using in situ observations from seafloor imagery.

Improved Method for Estimating Construction Year of Road Bridges by Analyzing Landsat Normalized Difference Water Index 2

The construction year of road bridges plays an important role in bridge management systems. Based on the age of road bridges and other factors, deterministic and probabilistic deterioration models can be used to calculate deterioration rates and predict the future physical condition of road bridges. Two new techniques are proposed in this manuscript for estimating the construction year of road bridges by analyzing the normalized difference water index 2 (NDWI_2). Technique 1 uses both the target bridge point (TBP) and a selected optimal reference control point, while Technique 2 uses only the TBP. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper NDWI_2 data were analyzed at all 44 road bridges in Nago City, Japan of the bridges’ overall length ≤ 100 m and construction year between 1990 and 2006. The sequential t-test analysis of the regime shift method, at a significance level α = 0.05 and cutoff length l = 2 to l = 27, was used to interpret the estimated construction year from the NDWI_2 for both techniques. Both techniques successfully determined the estimated construction year, which was statistically significant with p-values &lt; 0.05, except for seven road bridges in Technique 1 and one road bridge in Technique 2. The correlation and comparative analysis of the actual and estimated construction years yielded R2 = 0.24 and R2 = 0.33, as well as an average deviation of S = 5.81 years and S = 4.08 years for Technique 1 and Technique 2, respectively. The findings suggest that Technique 2 is more accurate and provides a better estimate than Technique 1. It was observed that, as the cutoff length l increased, the absolute error between the actual and estimated construction year increased. Therefore, as a measure of accuracy, the upper limit of cutoff length l was set to l≤ 12. It was also observed that the increase in the bridge’s overall length and forested area contributed to the accuracy of the results. By using the construction year as one of the inputs into bridge management systems, bridge managers can make more informed decisions about how best to maintain and improve road bridges to ensure user safety and road bridge preservation for the future.