Shifts In Behavior Research Articles

Participatory Health Cadre Model to Improve Exclusive Breastfeeding Coverage with King's Conceptual System.

The purpose of this research is to develop a participatory health cadre model to enhance exclusive breastfeeding coverage through initial stages using the Imogene King model. This study employs a mixed-methods approach with sequential exploratory designs. Qualitative research utilized in-depth interviews with informants including the head of the community health center, nutrition officers from the health center, the coordinator of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) midwives, village midwives, breastfeeding mothers, families of breastfeeding mothers, and health cadres. Quantitative research respondents consist of health cadres. The quantitative study utilizes a quasi-experimental method with a design paradigm known as the one-group pre and post-test design to measure health cadre perception on exclusive breastfeeding. This study yields elements from Imogene King that form a participatory health cadre model to enhance exclusive breastfeeding coverage, consisting of interaction, perception, communication, transaction, role, growth and development, time, and space. Transactions represent the objective integration of the health cadre participation model, as demonstrated by the behavioral shifts observed in mothers regarding breastfeeding their infants. The t-test results indicate that exclusive breastfeeding monitoring training is effective and successful in enhancing exclusive breastfeeding coverage (Sig. value = 0.000 < 0.05). In addition, the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding monitoring training falls within the category of good or high. The research findings indicate the success of the participatory health cadre model in improving exclusive breastfeeding coverage.

Green education divide: a comparative case study analysis of countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BackgroundGreen education is an essential precursor to promoting long-term sustainable practices and fostering environmentally conscious behaviours, especially among the younger generations. Such education equips individuals with the knowledge, awareness, and experiences necessary for green behavioural shifts, empowering them to engage actively in sustainable practices in the long run, which is essential for ensuring environmental sustainability. However, green education practices and policies vary among the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) owing to different levels of socioeconomic development, national priorities, and capacities of each member state. We aimed to analyse and compare the disparities in green education among pace-setter, maturing, and emerging ASEAN countries. MethodsWe used a case-study approach—a desktop analysis based on journal articles, country reports, newspaper articles, and other sources from the past 10 years—to analyse and compare the green education disparities among pace-setter, maturing, and emerging ASEAN countries. FindingsAs a pace-setter ASEAN country, Singapore has made impressive progress in promoting green education through the effective implementation of pragmatic policies and impactful green education initiatives. Furthermore, the country has established extensive formal and informal green education programmes that closely align with the Singapore Green Plan 2030. By contrast, maturing ASEAN countries are making incremental progress in incorporating green education into their formal education systems. However, challenges faced by these countries include a shortage of well-trained teachers, the lack of specific green education subjects in school syllabuses, and financial constraints. Despite these challenges, innovative approaches—such as partnerships with non-governmental organisations (eg, the World Wide Fund for Nature)—have emerged as promising strategies to promote green education within these maturing nations. Emerging ASEAN countries face the biggest challenges in promoting green education. Competing national priorities, political instability, limited funding and resources, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of qualified educators pose challenging barriers to advancing green education within emerging ASEAN nations. InterpretationThis study provides insights into the best practices and challenges surrounding green education within pace-setter, maturing, and emerging ASEAN countries. To address the disparities in green education among these countries, there is a need to adopt a holistic ecosystem framework characterised by the so-called 8i enablers, namely infrastructure (eg, well-equipped laboratories and learning spaces), infostructure (eg, advanced teaching technologies), intellectual capital (eg, well-trained educators), integrity systems (eg, efficient green education governance systems), incentives (eg, public and private funding for green education initiatives), institutions (ie, strong institutional leaders), interaction (ie, cooperation and collaboration among relevant stakeholders), and internationalisation (eg, leveraging regional and international partnerships to access expertise and resources). FundingNone.

INFLATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND ECONOMIC POLICIES

In Uzbekistan, inflation exerts a profound influence on consumer behavior and shapes the country's economic policies. This article explores the unique dynamics of inflation in Uzbekistan, its impacts on consumer behavior, and the corresponding economic policy responses. Inflation alters the purchasing power of Uzbek consumers, impacting their spending patterns and savings decisions. As prices rise, consumers may prioritize essential goods and services, adjusting their consumption habits accordingly. Such shifts in consumer behavior have significant implications for businesses and market dynamics within the country. Understanding the interplay between inflation, consumer behavior, and economic policies is essential for policymakers and stakeholders in Uzbekistan to navigate the complexities of the economy effectively.

Centering prayer in the treatment of bipolar disorder

Bipolar Disorder (BD), formerly manic-depressive illness or manic depression, is a lifelong mood disorder and mental health condition that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels, thinking patterns, and behavior. These shifts can last for hours, days, weeks, or months, interrupting the ability to carry out daily tasks. The condition is manageable with medications, talk therapy, lifestyle changes, and other treatments, but the therapy results are unreliable in many patients. Most faith traditions have two forms of prayer: discursive and contemplative. Most believers practice discursive prayer. Medical research has shown the statistical healing effects of discursive prayer, but there is considerably less research on contemplative prayer. Hesse reports a method of teaching CP by asking a volunteer to help demonstrate the analogy between human and Divine relationships in the following quoted phases., Therefore, we hypothesize that CP might produce a significant depression improvement in BP patients. Two neurologists double-blind diagnosed five patients complaining of BD and five normal subjects. All cases expressed their belief in God, so CP is prayer, not non-theistic meditation. Patients will be free of medication and selected during depressive episodes. Among the trait markers are frontal alpha asymmetry,55,56, and changes in frontal qEEG cordance. A very stable QEEG pattern, consisting of frontal alpha asymmetry, was observed in all five patients. Hence, this pattern was used to compare QEEG before and after CP. Our main result showed that the focal left frontal Alpha increment disappeared after CP. Conclusion: CP is a promising tool for treating depression, organizing the function interplay among brain networks that subserve Cognition-emotion interactions in the prefrontal cortex.

21st-century stewardship: infusing environmental stewardship education with global citizenship

Environmental stewardship education, as a locally oriented concept, benefits from being recast to account for the emergent, multidimensional, and interdisciplinary nature of today’s most pressing socio-ecological issues. In an effort to infuse environmental stewardship education with global citizenship, instructional materials on community-based conservation in Peru were delivered to high school students in New York, USA. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of instructional materials on student learning outcomes related to the practice of global citizenship in environmental stewardship education. The CLIA model for powerful learning environments was used to convey the competencies, learning conditions, interventions, and assessments that structured the delivery of the instructional materials. To evaluate learning outcomes, written student responses were analyzed, using the qualitative coding methodology. Additionally, transformative learning was assessed using the Learning Activities Survey. Results suggest a trajectory past knowledge comprehension and toward transformative, empowered action, progressing from a cognitive understanding to affective and ultimately behavioral shifts. Based on these findings, this study conceptualized and operationalized the concept 21st-century stewardship – a term coined here as an updated stewardship model that is infused with global citizenship’s multi-scalar perspectives, global compacts, and layered identities to achieve its maximum impact in our interconnected world.

Reimagining Public Spaces in the Post-Pandemic Era; New Approach to Community Spaces

The vitality of a city hinges on the vibrant activities propelled by its residents, whose needs should be paramount in urban planning endeavors. Central to a city's essence is its capacity to cultivate lively public realms where interactions are meaningful and enriching. Local hubs such as streets and markets serve as pivotal nodes for community engagement, frequented by inhabitants for various purposes. Elevating the quality of these public spaces transcends the mere pursuit of iconic architectural landmarks. Amidst the backdrop of ongoing urban growth and evolution, cities often grapple with adaptivity challenges, resulting in their gradual degradation. An ideal public space should exhibit adaptability to the ever-changing environmental, social, cultural, and economic landscapes. Thus, the crux lies in designing public spaces that are not only sustainable but also adept at accommodating the evolving dynamics within the urban fabric, including the post-COVID-19 effects on human interaction. This necessitates a thoughtful approach to revitalizing public markets, considering factors such as social distancing measures, sanitation protocols, and shifts in consumer behavior towards online shopping, while still preserving their essence as vital community spaces. Keywords: Public realms, Pivotal nodes, Adaptive use, COVID-19, Revitalizing

Development and Fabrication of Locust Control System - A Review

Locusts, a group comprising specific species of short-horned grasshoppers within the Acrididae family, undergo a phase where they swarm together. Typically solitary, these insects undergo a behavioural shift under certain conditions, becoming gregarious. These swarms of locusts pose a significant threat to agriculture, causing extensive damage to crops. Addressing this challenge, we're developing a simplified solution: a box equipped with ultraviolet light to attract locusts. As the locusts are drawn towards the light, they fall into the box, which then automatically closes to contain them. Subsequently, a high-voltage current is applied to the box to eliminate the locusts. To deter theft of the device, we're incorporating a security system. Additionally, the resulting locust ash can be easily decomposed. Keywords— Locusts management, Grasshopper, Locust bacterial. Desert locust, Locust hate.

COVID-19 Effect on Tourism: Measuring Guest Behavior towards Hotel Industry Using Ordered Logistic Regression

The global COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the Nepalese hotel industry due to government-imposed lockdowns and travel restrictions. This led to decreased earnings, higher unemployment, and a noticeable shift in guest behavior. In this context, the study analyzes the impact of COVID-19 on guest behavior towards the hotel industry in the Kathmandu Valley. This study utilizes an explanatory research design and gathers data from 260 participants through structured questionnaires, administered with the assistance of the KOBO Toolbox within the Kathmandu Valley. Inferential analysis was conducted using an ordered logistic model. The findings indicate that the pandemic has indeed had an impact on guest behavior within the hotel industry. Additionally, factors such as gender, education level, profession, reference group, security, attitude, and beliefs play a significant role in shaping guest behavior toward the hotel industry. We also find that most individuals visit hotels for personal reasons, and guests generally have a moderate level of awareness regarding COVID-19. In conclusion, hotels should enhance their services and maintain a hygienic environment to address these issues. In this regard, this study will benefit researchers, the hotel industry, the travel and tourism sector, policymakers, marketing agencies, and more.

Transformasi Media Sosial dalam Strategi Pemasaran: Analisis Bibliometrik

This study delves into the evolution of social media within marketing strategies, employing a bibliometric approach. It delineates substantial shifts in consumer behavior and business methodologies consequent to the proliferation of social media platforms. The primary aim is to offer a nuanced comprehension of social media's role in contemporary marketing landscapes, alongside identifying prevalent trends and patterns within pertinent literature. Employing bibliometric analysis, the study scrutinizes relevant articles to unearth significant insights. Findings underscore a heightened scholarly interest in social media marketing strategies and unveil collaborative frameworks among researchers and institutions. The implications underscore the imperative of comprehending social media's role and influence in shaping modern marketing paradigms, accentuating its pertinence in contemporary business practices. This research is poised to furnish invaluable insights for marketing professionals and academics, empowering them to craft efficacious marketing strategies tailored to the digital era.

The Influence of Technological Shifts in the Food Chain on the Emergence of Foodborne Pathogens: An Overview

The transformation of the food chain due to technological advances has had significant implications in regard to food safety. A noteworthy trend in this evolution relates to the emergence of new or previously unseen pathogens within products, thereby altering the landscape of foodborne illness epidemiology. The escalating frequency of these events underscores the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of preventive strategies. The occurrence of novel species of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and unusual biotoxins from unexpected sources has challenged the previous limits that had been set to prevent foodborne illness outbreaks. The repercussions, ranging from detrimental effects on public health to economic burden, are influenced by a myriad of factors affecting the evolution of foodborne pathogens and emerging ailments. Among these factors are shifts in population demographics and behaviors, especially dietary patterns, as well as climate extremes, advances in more precise pathogen detection, microbial adaptation, evolving agricultural practices, and transformative changes within the food industry. This review critically examines the impact of technological metamorphosis along the food chain, encompassing production, processing, handling, packaging, storage, transportation, and industry demographics on the dynamics influencing the emergence of foodborne pathogens. Additionally, potential solutions to mitigate and manage this escalating issue are proposed.

Multiscale Attention Wavelet Neural Operator for Capturing Steep Trajectories in Biochemical Systems

In biochemical modeling, some foundational systems can exhibit sudden and profound behavioral shifts, such as the cellular signaling pathway models, in which the physiological responses promptly react to environmental changes, resulting in steep changes in their dynamic model trajectories. These steep changes are one of the major challenges in biochemical modeling governed by nonlinear differential equations. One promising way to tackle this challenge is converting the input data from the time domain to the frequency domain through Fourier Neural Operators, which enhances the ability to analyze data periodicity and regularity. However, the effectiveness of these Fourier based methods diminishes in scenarios with complex abrupt switches. To address this limitation, an innovative Multiscale Attention Wavelet Neural Operator (MAWNO) method is proposed in this paper, which comprehensively combines the attention mechanism with the versatile wavelet transforms to effectively capture these abrupt switches. Specifically, the wavelet transform scrutinizes data across multiple scales to extract the characteristics of abrupt signals into wavelet coefficients, while the self-attention mechanism is adeptly introduced to enhance the wavelet coefficients in high-frequency signals that can better characterize the abrupt switches. Experimental results substantiate MAWNO’s supremacy in terms of accuracy on three classical biochemical models featuring periodic and steep trajectories. https://github.com/SUDERS/MAWNO.

Focus on the Evolving Landscape: The Rise of Contactless Payments: A Post-Pandemic Trend

The payment industry as a whole may be significantly impacted. The Covid-19 pandemic has affected almost everything, causing a tsunami of changes in a variety of businesses. The epidemic has also led to a decrease in physical interaction amongst family members and an increase in social distancing behaviours. In many regions of the world, this has also led to a decrease in the use of currency. These are only a few instances of how the COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed consumer behaviour and put retailers in danger of going out of business. The whole world nowadays is getting digitalized and payments through mobile phones have become the easiest mode of payment, replacing the primitive modes of payment. The technological advancements have made it necessary for today’s consumer to be dependent on mobile since it is faster, easier and handy to do the day-to-day transactions using their mobile phones. The Government of India initiative toward ‘Digital India’ and increased use of mobile and internet are the main reasons for the exponential growth in use of digital payment. As a result, this accelerated shift in consumer payment behavior from traditional banks and financial service providers to electronic payment. Digital payment firms such as Google pay, PhonePe, Paytm, Amazon Pay and others have seen nearly 50% spike in transactions through their digital wallets since the start of the covid-19 crisis. This has led them to focus on the payment instrument, which was disrupted by challenges due to know-your-customer (KYC) norms and the growth of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in the country.

From Crude Oil to Electricity: Examining the Shift in Indian Consumer Preferences and Behaviour Towards Electric Vehicles

The Industrial Revolution spurred mass production, making petrol vehicles affordable and accessible. The government invested in infrastructure to accommodate their widespread use, but environmental concerns arose. Efforts to address these led to the promotion of alternatives like CNG vehicles, with incentives driving their adoption. Despite emitting fewer greenhouse gases than gasoline vehicles, CNG still poses environmental challenges. Electric vehicles, emitting zero tailpipe emissions, offer superior ecological benefits. Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the near-term practical solutions to vehicle technology providing solutions to growing concerns over environmental sustainability. The acceptance of a new product is always difficult in a market having people who are so traditionally driven and laggards. This paper aims to analyze the preferences through questionnaires learning various factors driving consumers' purchase decisions. The paper also discusses the importance of charging infrastructure in influencing customer’s product choices. To what extent has India inculcated ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ in the brains of Indians that could drive consumers to delve into Indian-manufactured or foreign-manufactured EVs? Through the survey of 80+ vehicle consumers, the paper scrutinizes the customer’s ideal price point for both EV 2-wheelers and 4-wheelers to help manufacturers make pricing decisions. Lastly, we enquire about consumers’ optimism towards EV adoption in the future. The paper concludes that 71.6% of people desire to switch to EVs because of environmental concerns, 58% because of cost savings on fuel, and less emission of greenhouse gases. The data results show that customers' non-purchase decision is influenced by a lack of undeveloped charging infrastructure, lack of awareness of government incentives, high maintenance costs, uncertainty about the reliability of the technology, and higher prices of EVs as compared to petrol and diesel vehicles. Also, 81.5% of people expressed their view to have automobiles manufactured in India from the opposing belief that foreign manufactured goods have a superior quality. More than 60% of the market is optimistic towards electric vehicles (EVs) dominating the automotive sector in India within the next five years.

Shopping trips and deliveries then and now: How the behavioral shift differs by income level and urban size

Online shopping has significantly increased for the past decade. As e-commerce grows and evolves since its first appearance, consumers’ shopping behaviors also change, leading to the co-evolution of people’s shopping trips and urban freight deliveries. This co-evolution has important impacts on traffic, vehicle-miles-traveled (VMT) and parking demand in the short term, and is expected to influence residential choice and land-use patterns in the long term. However, the existing studies have not examined how the relationship among shopping channels changed over time. To address this knowledge gap, this research investigated how the complex relationship between delivery and in-store shopping trips changed from when e-commerce was relatively small to a stabilized stage, i.e., from 2009 to 2017, using the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data. The results from path analyses showed that the relationships among delivery, non-motorized shopping trip, and motorized shopping trip significantly shifted during an eight-year period. Not only the relationship among shopping channels but also the impacts of socio-demographic factors on shopping had changed over time. Furthermore, the behavioral shift varied by income level and urban size. This research is the first attempt investigating a heterogeneous historical trend from the transportation perspective. An understanding of how the relationship has been shifted and affected by income and urban environments will provide valuable insights into proactively planning and establishing freight demand management as well as addressing the inequality issue. The lessons learned will also be of assistance to better understand how consumers will respond to the emerging freight delivery service forms (e.g., prepared meals and grocery delivery) and their impacts on both passenger and freight transportation systems.

A sweet tooth makes a fly a pest

The major insect pest of soft and stone fruits, the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has evolved a greater preference for laying eggs on ripe fruits over fermented ones. In a recent study, Cavey et al. found that higher responsiveness to low sugar concentrations has had an important role in this evolutionary shift in egg-laying behavior.

3 Months without the car in Bielefeld, Germany– a mixed-method study exploring individual motivation to participate in a municipal intervention

BackgroundClimate change is a major public health issue worldwide. To achieve climate targets and reduce morbidity, a paradigm shift in individual behavior e.g., in mobility, is needed. Municipal interventions can motivate individuals to engage in climate-friendly behavior through different psychological mechanisms. In order for successful interventions, it is necessary to gain better insight from study participants and their reasons for participating in mobility projects (e.g., motivational aspects).Materials and methodsA mixed-methods design was used to evaluate reasons and characteristics of people for participating in an municipal mobility intervention. The quantitative sub-study assesses socioeconomic characteristics, environmental awareness and perceived stress. The qualitative sub-study explores motivation for participation and change, perspectives on car replacement and reasons for car use.ResultsResults show that participants (n = 42) are rather high educated and show medium environmental awareness. Participants of the qualitative study part (n = 15) were motiviated to reduce car use already before the intervention and used the intervention as starting point or trial phase.ConclusionsUrban intervention projects with fitted recruitment strategies and better insights from study participants with the aim to motivate individuals to engage in climate-friendly behavior can help to strengthen sustainability and public health.

Social foraging and the associated benefits of group-living in Cliff Swallows decrease over 40 years.

Animals that feed socially can sometimes better locate prey, often by transferring information about food that is patchy, dense, and temporally and spatially unpredictable. Information transfer is a potential benefit of living in breeding colonies where unsuccessful foragers can more readily locate successful ones and thereby improve feeding efficiency. Most studies on social foraging have been short-term, and how long-term environmental change affects both foraging strategies and the associated benefits of coloniality is generally unknown. In the colonial Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), we examined how social foraging, information transfer, and feeding ecology changed over a 40-year period in western Nebraska. Relative to the 1980's, Cliff Swallows in 2016-2022 were more likely to forage solitarily or in smaller groups, spent less time foraging, were more successful as solitaries, fed in more variable locations, and engaged less in information transfer at the colony site. The total mass of insects brought back to nestlings per parental visit declined over the study. The diversity of insect families captured increased over time, and some insect taxa dropped out of the diet, although the three most common insect families remained the same among the decades. Nestling Cliff Swallow body mass at 10 days of age and the number of nestlings surviving per nest declined more sharply with colony size in 2015-2022 than in 1984-1991 at sites where the confounding effects of ectoparasites were removed. Adult body mass during provisioning of nestlings was lower in more recent years, but the change did not vary with colony size. The reason(s) for the reduction in social foraging and information transfer over time are unclear, but the consequence is that colonial nesting may no longer offer the same fitness advantages for Cliff Swallows as in the 1980's. The results illustrate flexibility of foraging behavior and dynamic shifts in the potential selective pressures for group-living.

An analysis of travel behavior and willingness to pay on Express Lanes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

In March 2020, governments worldwide implemented various social restriction measures, including lockdowns, to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 virus. This led to a profound shift in travel behavior, accompanied by a notable reduction in congestion. This paper investigates travel demand on Express Lanes during two time periods: before the pandemic (from January 2020 to mid-March 2020) and during the pandemic (from mid-March 2020 to the end of May 2020). A large data set of trips observed on Express Lanes derived from transponders is combined with vehicle probe measures of travel times and used to estimate the willingness to pay to travel on Express Lanes. The analysis reveals that not all Express Lane assets are equal, with the longer Express Lane demonstrating better performance than the shorter one. Peak hours experienced a more significant impact than off-peak hours, reflecting the heightened flexibility in travelers' schedules during the pandemic. The proposed econometric model quantifies the increase in willingness to pay for Express Lanes, which went up to $36 and $34 per hour on the two assets from the values of $26 and $28 per hour estimated before the pandemic, which can be justified by the observed lower market shares during the pandemic.

Navigating the Path to Islam: Evaluating Persuasive Communication in Conversion Guidance Programs at the Indonesian Chinese Islamic Unity Institute (PITI) in Surabaya

Understanding Islam poses a significant challenge for newly converted individuals and groups, underscoring the necessity of companionship and guidance to facilitate their learning and exploration of faith. Recognizing this imperative, the Indonesian Chinese Islamic Unity Institute (PITI) in Surabaya has initiated mentoring activities tailored specifically for new converts of Islam. Employing a persuasive communication approach between mentors and converts, the program aimed to deepen their understanding of faith. This study evaluated the effectiveness of persuasive communication in the development of conversion to Islam at the Indonesian Chinese Islamic Association Institute in Surabaya. Using qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach, in-depth interviews with key informants were conducted to gather data. The analytical framework is rooted in the AIDDA concept, encompassing Attention, Interest, Desire, Decision, and Action. The findings reveal that the Surabaya PITI Institute adeptly implements the AIDDA concept in the context of persuasive communication. Beginning with capturing converts' attention through the introduction of the ta'aruf program by da'i, the program proceeds to generate interest by delivering engaging and relevant content. The da'i employs a gentle and persuasive language when imparting Quranic teachings and avoiding coercion. As a result, converts make informed decisions to embrace Islamic practices such as regular prayer, zakat, and fasting, signifying a meaningful behavioral shift towards adherence to Islamic principles. Consequently, converts integrate the teachings presented by the da'i, prioritizing Islamic doctrines derived from the Quran and Hadith while gradually distancing themselves from conflicting Chinese cultural practices. This research provides insights into the role of persuasive communication in guiding converts and offers implications for the development of effective Da'wah strategies and approaches.

Ethylene Action Inhibition Improves Adventitious Root Induction in Adult Chestnut Tissues.

Phase change refers to the process of maturation and transition from the juvenile to the adult stage. In response to this shift, certain species like chestnut lose the ability to form adventitious roots, thereby hindering the successful micropropagation of adult plants. While auxin is the main hormone involved in adventitious root formation, other hormones, such as ethylene, are also thought to play a role in its induction and development. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the effects of ethylene on the induction and growth of adventitious roots. The analysis was performed in two types of chestnut microshoots derived from the same tree, a juvenile-like line with a high rooting ability derived from basal shoots (P2BS) and a line derived from crown branches (P2CR) with low rooting responses. By means of the application of compounds to modify ethylene content or inhibit its signalling, the potential involvement of this hormone in the induction of adventitious roots was analysed. Our results show that ethylene can modify the rooting competence of mature shoots, while the response in juvenile material was barely affected. To further characterise the molecular reasons underlying this maturation-derived shift in behaviour, specific gene expression analyses were developed. The findings suggest that several mechanisms, including ethylene signalling, auxin transport and epigenetic modifications, relate to the modulation of the rooting ability of mature chestnut microshoots and their recalcitrant behaviour.