Shift Back Research Articles

Equity in hybrid microeconomics classes: Effects on diverse student groups

The Covid-19 pandemic created a sudden increased uptake of online teaching, and though the end of the pandemic signaled a shift back to more in-person learning, many schools have used the existing infrastructure to expand their offerings of online and hybrid courses. While previous studies have identified the impact of online teaching on student score, little work has been done on the heterogenous impact that online and hybrid teaching can have, particularly for underrepresented groups of students. I utilize a randomized control trial in an introductory microeconomics course to test whether there are any differences in quiz score with a lecture delivered online as compared to in-person, mimicking a hybrid class environment. I find that when students watch a lecture online, they score 5 percentage points lower on average than attending a lecture in-person. This estimate is based on an intent-to-treat study design and estimates within-individual effects. I also assess heterogeneous effects across various demographic variables, including gender, race, and First-Generation status, and find that this result is particularly salient for non-White and first-generation students, highlighting the equity implications of moving to online teaching.

Modelling cybersecurity impacts on digital payment adoption: A game theoretic approach

The pervasive adoption of digital payment systems globally is a crucial development, shaping the financial landscapes of diverse nations. However, this surge in adoption has precipitated a concerning rise in cybercrimes. This prompts users to reassess preferred payment modes and occasionally leads to a shift back to traditional cash transactions. Given the central role of digital payments in steering the digital economy’s growth and their profound impact on a country’s gross domestic product, the imperative to augment the number of digital payment users becomes increasingly compelling. In response to this imperative, this article introduces a game theoretical model to comprehend how digital payment service providers can ensure optimal security for their services and systems. The objective extends beyond merely addressing the escalating threat of cybercrime; it also seeks to cultivate a pervasive sense of safety among users. Simultaneously, it endeavours to dissuade cybercriminals from investing efforts in exploiting the robust security measures implemented by digital payment service providers. To validate the efficacy of our model, we employed a strategic approach. We have formulated four research questions using the problematization technique and leveraging a thorough examination of the existing literature. Subsequently, we systematically map the findings of our model, ensuring a nuanced alignment with the existing academic discourse. The article aims to have a widespread and significant impact by enhancing security and fundamentally influencing the trajectory of digital payment adoption, thereby contributing to the development of the digital economy.

Robust predictive fault-tolerant control under actuator random failures

A robust predictive fault-tolerant switching control method is presented for a class of industrial processes that are prone to random actuator failures. The primary contribution is the combination of stochastic control theory with robust predictive control to represent the occurrence of system failure in the form of probability, thus significantly enhancing the conventional fault-tolerant control approach. First, a state-space model of the system is established, which is then transformed into an enhanced form that includes state deviations and output tracking errors. This augmented model enables the formulation of fault-tolerant switching control laws with fault probabilities, ensuring system convergence and tracking capabilities. Subsequently, linear matrix inequality constraints are given to find the switching controller gains under recovery and fault probabilities. Under certain probabilities, failure triggers fault-tolerant control, while recovery prompts a shift back to conventional control. Final, we validate the feasibility of our approach with a case study involving pressure regulation.

Non-Commutative Classical and Quantum Fractionary Cosmology: FRW Case

In this work, we will explore the effects of non-commutativity in fractional classical and quantum schemes using the flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmological model coupled to a scalar field in the K-essence formalism. In previous work, we have obtained the commutative solutions in both regimes in the fractional framework. Here, we introduce non-commutative variables, considering that all minisuperspace variables qnci do not commute, so the symplectic structure was modified. In the quantum regime, the probability density presents a new structure in the scalar field corresponding to the value of the non-commutative parameter, in the sense that this probability density undergoes a shift back to the direction of the scale factor, causing classical evolution to arise earlier than in the commutative world.

Residents and Fellows of US Medical Residencies and Fellowships Strongly Prefer In-Person to Virtual Conference Format: A Cross-sectional Survey.

Medical conferences are an integral aspect of medical education as they allow attendees to stay up to date with recent advancements in medicine, to develop presentation and communication skills, and to network and establish connections with professionals in their field of interest. But, when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was declared in March 2020, face-to-face medical conferences were suspended, and conference organizers began shifting their meetings to virtual platforms. These new virtual conferences afforded medical residents and fellows the unique opportunity to attend conferences from the comfort of their own home or workplace; however, the virtual meeting platforms did not provide attendees with the same networking experiences as in-person conferences. Since the end of the COVID-19 public health emergency, medical conferences are now faced with the question of whether they should remain virtual, shift back to in-person meetings, or develop a hybrid model of both options. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze medical resident and fellow sentiments and preferences by comparing virtual and in-person conference formats. A voluntary electronic survey was distributed to medical residents and fellows across the United States through their program coordinators and directors. The main findings of this study suggest that medical residents and fellows largely prefer in-person conferences (85%) as compared to a virtual format because of the networking opportunities afforded to them along with the development of camaraderie with their peers. The findings in this study suggest that the largest benefit in attending a virtual conference is the flexibility to attend from any location (79% important or very important), which offered convenience, flexibility, and comfort to participants (n = 100). These results support our hypothesis that despite the convenience and portability afforded by attending conferences virtually, medical residents and fellows still ultimately prefer to attend conferences in person. Overall, the findings in this study are of relevance to conference organizers in understanding the driving forces behind attendance and should be considered in determining meeting format.

Return to innocence? Diaspora screen media and “New Ethnicities” in the moment of diversity

ABSTRACT This article revaluates Stuart Hall’s influential essay “New Ethnicities” for the study of diaspora screen media. In “New Ethnicities”, published in 1988, Hall famously declares that we have reached the “end of innocence”, having identified a shift in how race was then being articulated in the work of a new generation of British-born black and Asian film-makers. However, while Hall was excited by the promise of these new ethnicities, this article argues that there has been a shift back to the previous state of innocence, a consequence of racial neo-liberalism and the emergence of “diversity” discourse. The remainder of the article examines the implications of this reversal for research on the representation of race. While Hall’s optimism may have been premature, the article argues that “New Ethnicities” nonetheless contains a mode of critical enquiry that is crucial to our understanding of contemporary diaspora screen media in this moment of diversity.

Militarised neoliberalism and the reconstruction of the global political economy

ABSTRACT The consensus on industry policy, state intervention and free trade that have been so central to the neoliberal international order of the past three decades has been fundamentally transformed over the past few years. The Biden administration has coined the term ‘New Washington Consensus’ to describe these transformations in the global political and economic order. The nub of our argument is that rather than being the start of ‘deglobalisation’, or a turn away from neoliberalism, it represents the emergence of a form of militarised neoliberalism that repurposes and reorganises security institutions and alliances to enable or facilitate global economic accumulation by states such as the United States and China, such that it leads to new forms of regulatory geographies. We contest the idea that this means a shift back towards more statist forms of development. State activism is an important dimension of the new conjuncture, but we see this as the emergence of a different and more militarised neoliberalism. It is not about disconnecting but reconnecting the global economy in a way that favours certain forms of social forces and interests.

Dramatic resurgence of malaria after 7 years of intensive vector control interventions in Eastern Uganda.

Tororo District, Uganda experienced a dramatic decrease in malaria burden from 2015-19 during 5 years of indoor residual spraying (IRS) with carbamate (Bendiocarb) and then organophosphate (Actellic) insecticides. However, a marked resurgence occurred in 2020, which coincided with a change to a clothianidin-based IRS formulations (Fludora Fusion/SumiShield). To quantify the magnitude of the resurgence, investigate causes, and evaluate the impact of a shift back to IRS with Actellic in 2023, we assessed changes in malaria metrics in regions within and near Tororo District. Malaria surveillance data from Nagongera Health Center, Tororo District was included from 2011-2023. In addition, a cohort of 667 residents from 84 houses was followed from August 2020 through September 2023 from an area bordering Tororo and neighboring Busia District, where IRS has never been implemented. Cohort participants underwent passive surveillance for clinical malaria and active surveillance for parasitemia every 28 days. Mosquitoes were collected in cohort households every 2 weeks using CDC light traps. Female Anopheles were speciated and tested for sporozoites and phenotypic insecticide resistance. Temporal comparisons of malaria metrics were stratified by geographic regions. At Nagongera Health Center average monthly malaria cases varied from 419 prior to implementation of IRS; to 56 after 5 years of IRS with Bendiocarb and Actellic; to 1591 after the change in IRS to Fludora Fusion/SumiShield; to 155 after a change back to Actellic. Among cohort participants living away from the border in Tororo, malaria incidence increased over 8-fold (0.36 vs. 2.97 episodes per person year, p<0.0001) and parasite prevalence increased over 4-fold (17% vs. 70%, p<0.0001) from 2021 to 2022 when Fludora Fusion/SumiShield was used. Incidence decreased almost 5-fold (2.97 vs. 0.70, p<0.0001) and prevalence decreased by 39% (70% vs. 43%, p<0.0001) after shifting back to Actellic. There was a similar pattern among those living near the border in Tororo, with increased incidence between 2021 and 2022 (0.93 vs. 2.40, p<0.0001) followed by a decrease after the change to Actellic (2.40 vs. 1.33, p<0.001). Among residents of Busia, malaria incidence did not change significantly over the 3 years of observation. Malaria resurgence in Tororo was temporally correlated with the replacement of An. gambiae s.s. by An. funestus as the primary vector, with a marked decrease in the density of An. funestus following the shift back to IRS with Actellic. In Busia, An. gambiae s.s. remained the primary vector throughout the observation period. Sporozoite rates were approximately 50% higher among An. funestus compared to the other common malaria vectors. Insecticide resistance phenotyping of An. funestus revealed high tolerance to clothianidin, but full susceptibility to Actellic. A dramatic resurgence of malaria in Tororo was temporally associated with a change to clothianidin-based IRS formulations and emergence of An. funestus as the predominant vector. Malaria decreased after a shift back to IRS with Actellic. This study highlights the ability of malaria vectors to rapidly circumvent control efforts and the importance of high-quality surveillance systems to assess the impact of malaria control interventions and generate timely, actionable data.

Key structural factors and their thresholds for promoting bird diversity in spruce-dominated production forests of central Europe

Many of native forests in Europe have been transformed into even-aged production forests of commercially attractive conifers. In recent decades, a moderate shift back to a more native tree species composition accompanied by the maturation of some close natural stands has been evident in the Czech Republic. We aimed to investigate the effects of increasing age and contribution of native tree species on bird species and to identify the potential critical thresholds of these factors in central European forests. For this purpose, bird monitoring and forest structure measurements were carried out at 120 plots in production forests and 20 forest reserves located on 20 study sites throughout the Czech Republic. These plots covered gradients of native tree species contribution and stand age. Birds were counted during the 2018, 2019 and 2020 breeding seasons using passive acoustic monitoring, followed by subsequent computer analysis of the recordings. We assessed relationships between differences in bird species composition and structural and environmental factors. We also used generalised additive models (GAMs) to investigate the effects of individual structural and environmental factors on birds, taking into account their occurrence frequencies and habitat preferences. Our results convincingly documented, that dissimilarities in bird species composition, especially species turnover, strongly coincided with differences in the share of conifer basal area and stand age. The effect of tree species composition on the bird species turnover reflected the habitat preferences of individual species. In addition, we found that some cavity-nesting species were strictly associated with stands with a low contribution of conifers and high stand age. The presence of forest older than at least 125, but sometimes up to 280 years is a critical factor for rare and old-growth bird species. Conversely, the high contribution of conifers (more than app. 60 % of basal area) inhibited the occurrence of the species-rich communities, especially the birds associated with close natural stands. Therefore, increasing the area of mature close-natural stands would be beneficial for bird diversity, especially for rare species. In central Europe, however, the rotation length of forest stands is usually less than 120 years in order to maximise timber production. Forest management practices should therefore support the maturation of forest stands and the transformation of tree species composition towards more native broadleaved forest stands. These measures are essential for the protection of species-rich bird communities, especially old-growth-associated birds, in central Europe.

Durability Variation Among Medical Gloves Made from Existing and New Elastomers Poses a Risk to Public Health.

Despite being an essential line of defense in preventing the spread of diseases, medical glove durability is neither measured routinely nor has standard specifications. In this study, a new glove durability assessment device is used to objectively compare the durability of gloves made of a variety of elastomers from different manufacturers. Results are related to several mechanical tests, including stress relaxation, tensile and tear tests. Overall, natural latex gloves far outperformed those made of synthetic elastomers, and there is great disparity among the different brands of nitrile gloves, some of which do not meet nitrile glove performance requirements. The study includes prototype gloves made from guayule latex, a domestic source of alternative natural rubber latex, currently under commercial development. The guayule gloves outperformed all other gloves tested, including those made from Hevea latex, without posing allergy risks. Mechanical analysis demonstrated that the guayule gloves are as strong as the best alternatives, are softer and more elastic, have better tear strength, and have such low stress relaxation that they cause very little hand fatigue during use. Guayule latex can address the need for domestic production of gloves to resolve supply chain and quality issues and encourage a shift back to natural latex gloves, which will significantly diversify the natural rubber supply.

Cleansing by tight credit: Rational cycles and endogenous lending standards

Endogenous cycles emerge through the two-way interaction between lending standards and production fundamentals. Lax lending standards in booms lead to low interest rates and high output but the deterioration of future loan quality. Low borrower quality in turn precipitates tight standards: the economy enters a recession with high credit spreads and low output but a gradual improvement in the quality of loans. This eventually triggers a shift back to a boom with lax lending, and the cycle continues. The capitalization of expert investors determines the strength of capital reallocation in recessions. Furthermore, although the constrained efficient economy is often cyclical, it features both a static and a dynamic externality in credit supply, hence differing from the decentralized equilibrium.

Moisture Absorption, Desorption and Reabsorption Effects on Mechanical Properties of Glass-Epoxy Composites

The glass-epoxy composite laminates were fabricated using BID glass fabric and RT cure epoxy matrix by Room Temperature Vacuum Bag Moulding (RTVBM) Technique. The Inter laminar shear strength (ILSS), compression and flexural strength values were determined at room temperature for their dry mechanical property evaluation. The test specimens were exposed to a temperature/humidity condition at 45° C/95% RH for moisture absorption studies. The moisture desorption studies were carried out in a temperature oven at 45° C and 85° C. The mechanical properties of the exposed specimens were evaluated during absorption and desorption conditions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out on the dry and exposed specimens to determine the effect of moisture on the fracture behaviour of glass-epoxy composites. Results show that, moisture reabsorption and full desorption are faster than the absorption and partial desorption. This may be due to, change of material properties after a cycle of moisture absorption and desorption phenomenon. The mechanical strength (ILSS, compression and flexural) has been found to reduce continuously with increased duration of environmental exposure, but a slight shift back of the strength has been observed for desorbed samples.

200 Years of Fossil Fuels and Climate Change (1900-2100)

Abstract The geologic record shows that the Earth’s climate has always been changing naturally during the past 600 million years in terms of CO2 and temperature, without CO2 emissions from Fossil Fuels by humans. There were both warming and cooling periods prior to the appearance of human beings on the Planet Earth. The Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) is attributed to the Industrial Age that commenced in 1760 in the Great Britain and later in the USA. The principal driver behind the Industrial Revolution has been Fossil Fuels (i.e., Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal). Since 1900, Fossil Fuels have been the single most important driver of the modern human civilization. If the Net–Zero CO2 policy were to be implemented, large numbers of people would die and the modern human civilization would come to a sudden halt, and humans left alive would have to revert back to the lifestyles of the Neanderthals who lived 40,000 years ago without the benefits of Fossil Fuels. The failure of the Net–Zero policy is already evident by (1) the Germany’s shift back to coal from unreliable wind to face the energy crisis caused by the Russia-Ukraine War on 24th February 2022, (2) the bankruptcy of Sri Lanka in 2022 caused by the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) policy that banned chemical fertilizers, and (3) the major victory by the Dutch pro-farmers party (BBB) in the 2023 provincial elections in opposition to the Dutch government’s climate policy to eliminate nitrogen emissions by reducing 30% of livestocks in the Netherlands. A climate-change model for 200 Years (1900-2100) is proposed based on four basic parameters, namely, CO2, Temperature, Population, and GDP per capita. The model shows a steady increase in all four parameters from 1900 to 2100. In this model, calculations based on the Max Planck’s Curve by Van Wijngaarden and Happer (2020), an increase in CO2 and Temperature by 2100 would be trivial and that would not hinder either the population growth or the GDP growth. Therefore, Climate Change is not an existential threat. The proposed road-map for the future is to continue to use the Fossil Fuels as usual. The ultimate driver of the Earth’s climate is the omnipotent Sun, not humans. The CO2 in the atmosphere helps not only to modulate the Earth’s Temperature suitable for human survival, but also to enhance Global Greening. Therefore, we should shift our resources and attention away from Global Warming and aim towards eliminating Global Poverty.

Free riding in NATO after the Rise of Russia: cost sharing, free riding and selective incentives in NATO from 2009 to 2019

After a period of relative overperformance due to the focus on output indicators in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) burden-sharing debate, we ask whether the shift back to input indicators prior to the Ukraine War meant that the smaller NATO allies have returned to their fringe position as NATO underperformers. According to the deterrence model, smaller allies are induced to free ride to a higher degree than mid-sized allies. Utilizing insights from public choice theory, our analysis demonstrates, first, that there is no support to the claim that the size of NATO member state GDP determines the percentage of GDP spent on defence. Second, selective incentives tend to reduce the incentive for small allies to free ride. The relationship between GDP and the percentage of GDP spent on defence capabilities is therefore conditional upon the net gain of the individual member state. Defence capabilities that are characterized as a public good when we control for exposed borders indicate a higher percentage of GDP spent on defence. Our conclusions show that even though small allies continue to free ride, they do so less than expected due to the existence of selective incentives in the period from 2009-2019.

Pre-K and Kindergarten Teacher Perception of School Readiness During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a mandatory shift from in-person instruction to online learning for many young children. Teachers needed to adjust to virtual teaching, children were isolated from their peers, and parents played a bigger role in learning during the pandemic. In 2021, the shift back to in-person learning occurred. Research has already shown the negative influence COVID-19 had on students' mental health; however, limited research has examined the impact of the pandemic on school readiness. In this study, using the Head Start domains of school readiness, 154 Kindergarten and Pre-K teachers compared current student school readiness to the readiness of their students prior to the pandemic. Results showed that nearly 80% of teachers felt that overall student functioning was Worse or Much Worse than before the pandemic; no teachers reported functioning was overall much better. Teachers most frequently identified the Ready to Learn and Social-Emotional Development domains as the areas of greatest struggle for their students; Physical Development was the least frequently reported. Chi-square tests were used to examine the association between teacher demographics and overall school readiness and domain of greatest struggle; no significant relationships were found. Future directions and limitations of these results are discussed.

Adapting successful online activities for in-person classes - a new challenge

Over the past few years, discussion across the sector has rightly been concentrated on how to provide a valuable and engaging online experience for students. The shift back to in-person classes has left many practitioners considering whether there are any lessons from the necessary shift to online teaching that can be applied to in-person teaching. This article will cover experiences stemming from a welcome but unanticipated dilemma - the live online classes for the module in question were extremely popular with students in 2020/21. How should the lecturer approach the return to in-person sessions? Activities for live online classes were designed as consolidation "games" which sought to encourage peer learning and discussion. The positive response to these activities encouraged the lecturer to pursue a flipped classroom model for the 2021/22 academic year. This article will discuss the various considerations when planning the transition to in-person classes for the 2021/22 academic year. In addition to reflections from the lecturer on the experience, this case study will also present preliminary findings from a formal study aiming to determine whether the activities have any positive effects on student confidence. Specifically, the study will investigate student confidence in areas such as working with peers, preparing for a class using online resources, and communicating mathematics in a written format.

Irreversible and reversible impact on cellular behavior upon intra-experimental process parameter shifts in a CHO semi-continuous perfusion process

The concept of intensified design of experiments allows a faster screening of the given design space with the risk to introduce an irreversible impact of previous parameter settings on the cells. The main objective of this study was to investigate the individual impacts of mild and rigorous intra-experimental key parameter shifts on the culture performance and cell metabolism of an antibody producing CHO cell line. To elucidate such possible effects, we performed semi-continuous CHO perfusion processes in 10 mL spin tubes for 21 days in steady state. Herein, we introduced parameter shifts in pH, glucose concentration in the medium, osmolality, and medium blending ratio, and calculated cell specific cell rates. Our results indicated significant changes in cell growth, metabolism, and productivity due to intra-experimental parameter shifts. Increasing the pH to 7.4 for example, led to constrained cell growth but increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Increasing the osmolality in the culture media mainly increased the cell diameter and in return the specific antibody productivity. Increasing the glucose concentration in the medium impacted cell growth and metabolic parameters, namely qGlc, qLac, qAsp, and qGlu. While some parameter shifts did not even induce a significant rate change, others did, but the shift back to control settings also allowed for a corresponding readjustment of rates. However, if the conditions within an experiment are changed, the experiments must be designed to avoid rigorous shifts. In this aspect, we could show that cells irreversibly change their behavior when media blending experiments are performed.

In the Shadow of the Eastern Neighbour. Finland in the Security Policy of Russia and the Soviet Union from Peter the Great to Contemporary Times

Throughout its history, Finland’s relations with Russia have generally been determined by Russian attempts to secure control over the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region. In medieval times, it was mainly about the control of trade routes, especially between Novgorod, and Western Europe and Byzantium. After the founding of the new city of St. Petersburg by Peter the Great in 1703, the rulers of Russia were faced with the problem of ensuring security to that city. From a Russian point of view, it became vitally important to gain control over lands on the eastern side of the Baltic Sea. When Finland became a Russian province in 1809, it seemed that the Baltic security dilemmas of Russia had fi nally been resolved. However, the collapse of Tsarist Russia in 1917 changed that particular situation. Finland became independent, and Russia’s border moved east to the outskirts of St. Petersburg (renamed Petrograd during World War I). For the leaders of the Soviet Union, which had replaced the Romanov Empire, World War II provided an opportunity to try to regain lost Finnish territories. Although the Red Army did not manage to conquer Finland, during two wars (occurring between 1939–1940 and 1941–1944), the post war settlement saw the Soviet-Finnish border shift back westwards. Finland also had to reckon with the requirements of the USSR’s security policy and make it a priority of its own foreign policyAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland modified its policy of neutrality and adopted a doctrine of non-alignment that has remained in place to this day. However, the increase of tensions in international relations in recent years, due to Russia’s aggressive foreign policy threatening its neighbours, has forced Finnish statesmen to rethink their country’s security policy. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland, together with Sweden, decided to apply for NATO membership. The ratification procedure is ongoing. The aim of this paper is to analyse, in a longer historical perspective, what Finland’s place was as regards the Russian and Soviet security policy, from Peter the Great to our times. The methodological approach refl ects the chronology of events which have occurred in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region in the last 300 years. They are described to provide readers with necessary facts, and create the background for conclusions on the reasons for the Russian/Soviet policy towards Finland and, in a broader sense, the northern coasts of the Gulf of Finland.

Cladocera Responses to the Climate-Forced Abrupt Environmental Changes Related to the Late Glacial/Holocene Transition

This article aims to trace in detail the periods of rapid changes during the Late Glacial period based on a subfossil Cladocera analysis and a palynological, geochemical, and statistical analysis. At the end of the Older Dryas, the water level in the reservoir was low, with quite cold waters and inconvenient conditions for developing Cladocera-dominated cold-tolerant species. The beginning of the Alleröd is marked by increasing vegetation density and a rising water temperature, with favorable conditions for developing rare species. At its end, there was a large diversity of species, along with the quite deep and rather mesotrophic nature of the water body. The beginning of the Younger Dryas is a shift back to conditions similar to those noticed during the Older Dryas. The shift to Holocene is manifested by a rapid increase in the number of species and abundance of planktonic forms that appeared before the Holocene onset. The high resolution of the research (1 cm sampling) allowed us to set up more precisely the boundaries between the stadials and interstadials of the Late Glacial and to find some species which were found in the sediment earlier than in previous studies.

A Prototypical Shift Back to the Original Role of Surgery for Endometriosis in Specialized Centres in Experienced Hands

In the last couple of decades with the modernization of newer instrumentation as well as surgical procedures there has been a rekindled interest in a field of Reproductive Surgery to which obituary had been paid with the advent of assisted reproductive technology (ART) as well as invitro fertilization (IVF). During that time period we were sceptical of Surgery for endometriosis due to surgery performed by incompetent surgeons leading to depletion of ovarian reserve with lowered markers of ovarian reserve for instance- anti mullerian hormone (AMH) as well as antral follicles counts(AFC).Nevertheless worldwide thre is switch towards greater training of reproductive endocrinology &amp;Infertility specialists(REI) personnel in minimally invasive surgical strategies of endometriosis along with need for them to train the coming generations of REI so that with surgery performed by reproductive surgeons shaving expertise in addition to experience the chance of recurrent surgery dwindles &amp; might even avoid need for ART in those desiring fertility. Even if future fertility is not the question REI’s experienced with needling procedures can perform sclerosing therapies which even aid in conception in those who might not have accessibility to a specialized endometriosis centre.