Shenyang Area Research Articles

Sustainable Thermal Comfort by Age Group in Shopping Malls: Multi-Year Winter Surveys in a Severely Cold Region

The current Chinese standard utilizes a single thermal comfort index guide to regulate indoor parameters for public buildings. However, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) settings often do not align with the occupant’s needs. To address this, a 2-year winter field survey was conducted in four large-scale shopping malls across severely cold regions of China, considering the complex age structure of mall visitors. Physical environmental parameters were measured, and a subjective questionnaire yielded 1464 valid responses. Neutral temperatures for different age groups were 17.4 °C for children (0–12 years of age), 19.3 °C for early youth (13–24), 20.0 °C for mature youth (25–44), and 23.3 °C for middle-aged adults (45–59). The limit of the 80% acceptable temperature range for the children and early youth was lower than the current Chinese GB 50736 standard, suggesting that HVAC temperatures for the corresponding shopping malls can be appropriately reduced for the target consumer groups. Significant differences occurred between customers’ demand for thermal environments in shopping malls and various standards. These findings provide valuable insights into energy-efficient architectural design and operational management of shopping malls in the Shenyang area, promoting the sustainable development of human thermal comfort environments.

Optimal design of light microclimate and planting strategy for Chinese solar greenhouses using 3D light environment simulations

Light has a significant impact on crop production. The objective of this study was to explore the optimal lighting structure parameters and the corresponding planting strategy of Chinese solar greenhouses (CSG). Taking CSG-grown melons as the experimental subject, we have developed a detailed 3D model capable of calculating the light interception at a single organ level, e.g., for individual leaves. The quantitative research was carried out after verifying the proposed model using field data. The results indicated that the reasonable ridge height for the most common 9 m span CSG was 4.9 m, and the horizontal projection on rear roof was 1.6 m in Shenyang area. In comparison with the experimental greenhouse, the optimized greenhouse improved crop light interception by 0.5 % and increased the average air temperature by 9.3 % during winter. The suitable planting strategy was E-W row orientation, with a ridge spacing of 1.2 m, a row spacing of 0.4 m, and a plant spacing of 0.38 m. Compared with the N–S row orientation, the crop light interception increased by 7.1 % and 10.8 % in the two growing seasons, respectively. The model described herein can serve as a foundation for the production of CSG.

Multi-objective hierarchical strategy for university dorm renovation in severe cold areas

In China, there are many old buildings whose renovation could enhance building environment quality, reduce energy consumption, lower carbon emissions, and create economic benefits. However, there is currently a lack of efficient architectural renovation optimization methods to provide decision-makers and designers with highly feasible renovation plans. This paper proposes an innovative optimization method for renovating old buildings to address this issue. The research employs a hierarchical optimization framework integrating Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), the NSGA-II algorithm, and the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method. The first layer's three-objective optimization using the trained neural network model significantly improves the algorithm's efficiency in searching for optimal solutions. The second layer's entropy-weighted TOPSIS optimization includes eight objective optimizations, such as energy, economy, and lighting, thus broadening the assessment dimensions. Taking an old multi-story university dormitory in the Shenyang area as an example, the study optimizes nine passive design variables across eight objectives. The hierarchical optimization results show that the high-scoring renovation plans can save 1.52 to 3.17 million yuan in energy costs over the building's remaining lifecycle and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 644–962 kg per square meter. SRRC results indicate that external windows significantly impact economic efficiency and energy consumption, emphasizing the importance of selecting the right type of windows in actual engineering projects. The new method proposed in this study can offers a comprehensive and highly feasible renovation plan for old buildings.

Natural Light Rechargeable Night Peal-like Coatings for Expressway

Traditional roadway lighting is intended to provide safe guidance for drivers and pedestrians, but the large-scale application of roadway lighting has resulted in significant energy consumption and light pollution. However, road markings prepared by luminous coating are a kind of multi-functional road marking that can meet the needs of highway lighting at night and save energy. Here, CaAl2O4:Eu2+,Nd3+,Gd3+ blue long-afterglow phosphor is obtained by the high-temperature solid-state method, and the blue luminescent coating is synthesized by the blending method. The phase composition, microscopic morphology, luminescence properties and water resistance of the phosphor and luminescent coatings are characterized. The best components and processes of the luminescent coating are explored to meet the application of an expressway. Considering the afterglow’s performance, the optimal calcination temperature of the phosphor is determined to be 1300 °C. The afterglow of the phosphor can be over 8 h after 2 h of daylight excitation. The addition of 1.25% SiO2 to the luminescent coating improves the uniformity of the components, and the incorporation of 3.5% CaCO3 improves the denseness of the coating. When the coating thickness is 0.8mm, the luminescent coating can achieve the best luminous effect. After 120 h of immersion in water, the afterglow intensity of the luminescent coating reduced to 70% of the original, which has excellent water resistance. The blue luminescent coating with the addition of appropriate amounts of CaCO3 and SiO2 improves the dispersion as well as the densification of the components in the coating to achieve the best luminescent effect. In the Shenyang area, different weather conditions (cloudy, sunny, rainy) have no significant effect on the afterglow performance of the luminescent coatings, all of which can achieve over 5 h of afterglow and are suitable for expressways.

Utilization of Surplus Air Thermal Energy by a Water Cycle System in a Chinese-Type Solar Greenhouse

Solar greenhouses are commonly overheated during the day, and the remaining air heat can only be dissipated through ventilation, which is a severe energy waste problem. In order to improve the energy utilization of the greenhouse, this study proposes a water cycle system using surplus air thermal energy, which consists of an air-water heat exchanger, supply and return pipes, a submersible pump, a water tank, and an automatic control system. The proposed system stores the surplus air thermal energy in the greenhouse in the water tank. It releases it into the greenhouse using water circulation, and experimental analyses were carried out using a solar greenhouse in the Shenyang area. The effects of different air and water flow rates on the performance of the surplus air thermal energy water recycling system and the environment inside the greenhouse were analyzed by establishing a CFD model and model validation, and the average difference between the experimental data and the simulated data was 6.98%. The results show that the circulating air flow rate significantly affects the system performance and the environment inside the greenhouse. In the heat collection stage, the water circulation system with an airflow rate of 9 m/s has a minor average temperature difference in the vertical plane of the greenhouse. The water circulation system with an airflow rate of 6.0 m/s collects and releases the most significant heat. The temperature cloud between the vertical and horizontal planes is more uniform. This research provides new ideas for efficient energy use in solar greenhouses.

Analysis of heavy pollution weather in Shenyang City and numerical simulation of main pollutants

Abstract In the present research, a statistical analysis of all pollution incidents occurring from 2015 to 2019 in the cities of the urban agglomeration centered on Shenyang was performed. The results indicated that heavy pollution mainly occurred during the heating season, and the main pollutants were (particulate matter) PM2.5 and PM10. It was also determined that the heavy pollution that occurred during the heating season in Shenyang was of the soot type. The weather research forecast-chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to simulate the meteorological elements and particle concentration during the two heavy pollution periods in 2019 and compared the simulation data with the monitoring data to verify the simulation performance of the model. Results demonstrated that the model had a better simulation effect on temperature and pressure than on wind speed and wind direction. By comparing the hourly particle concentration data, it was found that the simulation results for pollutants obtained with the WRF-Chem model were lower than the measured values. The simulation effect on PM2.5 was better than that on PM10, and the simulation results were basically consistent in the high- and low-value areas, and the time of peak and valley was basically synchronous. It was proven that the selected parameterization scheme properly simulated the weather situation and changes in pollutants during heavy pollution events in the Shenyang area. These results verified the application value of the WRF-Chem model during the investigation of heavy pollution events.

Correlation of Pollen Concentration and Meteorological Factors with Medical Condition of Allergic Rhinitis in Shenyang Area.

Background The pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) was affected by meteorological and environmental factors. This study investigated the association between clinical symptoms of AR patients with pollen dispersal and meteorological conditions. Methods The clinical features of 10,838 AR patients who were treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, from March 2021 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. We collected pollen by a pollen collector, read and counted it under a microscope, identified the species of the pollen particles, and recorded meteorological data (average daily temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, average daily wind, average daily precipitation, average daily humidity, average pressure, air quality index, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3), to analyze the correlation among meteorological conditions, pollen dispersal, and number of AR visits. Finally, pollen allergen-positive and symptoms were scored. Results Among the AR visits, patients >41 years old accounted for the highest proportion (64.15%). 43.67% of the patients were complicated with bronchial asthma, and the disease incidence peaked in September. During the period of the study, a total of 27,512 pollen grains were collected, and 17 species were identified. The pollens of Compositae and Moraceae were the main allergenic sources leading to the increase in AR visits from August to September. The peak of pollen dispersal was in spring, summer, and autumn. The total amount of pollen was not only related to the average daily minimum temperature, average daily precipitation, and average daily humidity but also had a significant correlation with air quality index and air pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO). In addition, there was a significant correlation between the number of daily pollen allergen-positive patients and the pollen concentration of Compositae and Moraceae as well as air pollution components. The clinical symptoms of pollen allergen-positive patients were mainly nasal congestion, red/itchy eyes, and epiphora. Conclusion The peak seasons of pollen dispersal in Shenyang were in spring, summer, and autumn, and the allergenic pollens were mainly Compositae and Moraceae. In addition, AR was substantially correlated with pollen concentration and meteorological factors. This study may help provide early warning information and prevention for AR patients.

Changes of air pollutants and simulation of a heavy pollution process during COVID-19 in Shenyang.

During COVID-19, Shenyang implemented strict household isolation measures, resulting in a sharp reduction in anthropogenic emission sources, providing an opportunity to explore the impact of human activities on air pollution. The period from January to April of 2020 was divided into normal period, blockade period and resumption period. Combined with meteorological and pollutant data, mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods were used to compare with the same period of 2015–2019. The results showed that PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 increased by 32.6%, 13.2%, 4.65% and 22.7% in the normal period, among which the western area changed significantly. During the blockade period, the concentration of pollutants decreased by 35.79%, 35.87%, 32.45% and -4.84%, of which the central area changed significantly. During the resumption period, the concentration of pollutants increased by 21.8%, 8.7%, 5.7% and -6.3%, and the area with the largest change was located in the western. During the blockade period, a heavy pollution occurred with PM2.5 as the main pollutant. The WRF-Chem model and the HYSPLIT model were used to reproduce the pollution occurrence process. The result showed that winds circulated as zonal winds during the pollution process at high altitudes. These winds were controlled by straight westerly and weak northwesterly airflows in front of the high pressure, and the ground was located behind the warm low pressure. Weather conditions were relatively stable. Thus, high temperatures (average > 10 ℃), high humidity (40%-60%) and slow wind (2 m/s) conditions prevailed for a long time in the Shenyang area. The unfavorable meteorological conditions lead to the occurrence of pollution. The backward trajectory showed that the potential source areas were concentrated in the urban agglomeration around Shenyang, and sporadic contributions came from North Korea.

Optimization of solar-assisted GWHP system based on the Trnsys model in cold regions

In this study, a Trnsys simulation prediction model for multistage utilization solar-assisted groundwater source heat pump system and a new year-round operation control strategy are proposed. A new dual-interface solar and groundwater heat storage module Type299 was created, which was imported into Trnsys transient simulation model for simulation. A one-year experiment was conducted to test the accuracy of the new model Type299 and Trnsys transient simulation prediction model, taking a case system in the Shenyang area as an example. When the proposed new system and control strategy was applied to the case system, the results showed that the maximum comprehensive performance coefficient of the new system is approximately 4.54, which is 23.8% higher than that of the original system. The annual solar energy utilization of the new system increased by approximately 4.68 × 105 MJ compared with the original system. After 10 years of simulation operation, it was found that the groundwater temperature under the action of the new system was approximately 3.1 °C higher than that of the original system. This effectively alleviates the underground water temperature decrease year by year caused by the operation of the original system.

Practice of Air Environment Quality Monitoring Data Visualization Technology Based on Adaptive Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper begins by outlining the evolution and current state of traditional wireless sensor networks, followed by an examination of the principle and architecture of wireless sensor networks, as well as the challenges that traditional wireless sensor networks face in environmental monitoring. This paper designs and develops a data visualization system for wireless sensor networks based on the visualization system and the advantages of other visualization systems, after analyzing and comparing the current visualization systems for monitoring wireless sensor networks. A real-time monitoring system for urban air quality based on wireless sensor network is designed to solve the problem that the traditional method of combining manual sampling with laboratory analysis for air quality monitoring is expensive and cannot carry out real-time online monitoring for multiple points at the same time. The system’s implementation is based primarily on air quality monitoring data collected in the Shenyang area for visual display and analysis. The air quality monitoring system proposed in this paper has a complete structure and independent modules and is simple to use. The dynamic adaptability of the monitoring system is greatly improved by utilizing the self-adaptability and self-organization of wireless sensor networks, which brings great convenience to air quality monitoring.

Numerical simulation of a mechanical ventilation heat supply tower

AbstractThis study put forward a scheme of heating the groundwater by using the heat supply tower (HST) when the temperature of the groundwater drops yearly. Fluent was used to conduct a 3‐D numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer between air and water in the tower. Taking the Shenyang area as an example, the influence of different air parameters was analyzed. When air velocity was 2.0 m/s and water flow velocity was 1.0 m/s, the heat supply performance was the best. When outdoor dry bulb temperature was 34°C, the contact heat transfer increased underground water temperature by 1.4°C. When wet bulb temperature of air was 23.7°C and the dew point temperature of water vapor was 20.0°C, the condensation heat transfer increased underground water temperature by 2.0 4.0°C. The total temperature rise of water in HST was 3.0 ~ 5.0°C when it was in contact with air, which can effectively alleviate the problem of groundwater temperature decrease. In this study, the static analysis method was used to analyze the economy of the tower and solar energy heat supplement. The conclusion was that the heating cost of the heating tower is lower.

Case analysis of thermal defect detection of near-zero energy building envelope based on infrared thermography

The thermal performance of the envelope structure is one of the important components of the performance design of near-zero energy buildings. Minimizing envelope heat loss is the key to improving building energy efficiency. A necessary first step in the building envelope optimization process is the assessment of its actual thermal performance. This paper summarizes the application status of infrared thermography in thermal defect detection of building envelopes and common forms of thermal defects in near-zero energy buildings. Taking a near zero energy building in Shenyang area as the target object, an efficient and non-destructive infrared thermal image measurement method is applied to determine the thermal defect rating of the building from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. The results show that the building has high thermal performance. The temperature field distribution of the building envelope could be quickly obtained by using the infrared thermal imaging instrument. In this way, it can accurately identify the location of thermal bridges and air tightness defects, and provide an efficient and accurate detection method for building energy-saving diagnosis and evaluation.

New insights of designing thermal insulation and heat storage of Chinese solar greenhouse in high latitudes and cold regions

The demand for the quality and yield requirements of crops in high latitudes and cold regions is increasing. The traditional structure design of the Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) can't meet the needs of over-winter production of warm-season crops, the thermal insulation and heat storage capacity of the CSG need to be further improved. This paper proposed an innovative theory of designing the thermal insulation and heat storage of the CSG that divided into independent heat collection-release system, independent heat storage system and independent thermal insulation system. A novel CSG was designed and built in the Shenyang area, experimentally tested and analyzed the application performance in winter. The results showed that the minimum nighttime air temperature with the novel CSG was 10.1 °C on average during seven continuous days of the coldest temperatures and overcast weather. The maximum temperature difference between inside and outside the novel CSG increased to 38 °C in winter. The average daily heat collection ratio for the five coldest and overcast days was 73.4%. This paper can provide new sights and theoretical guidance for the design of the thermal insulation and heat storage of the CSG in high latitudes and cold regions.

Research on Treatment Measures and Treatment Effects of Black and Smelly Water Body in Shenyang Area

Taking Shenyang City as an example, the current situation and progress of the treatment of black and smelly water bodies in the built-up area of Shenyang City are summarized from three aspects: the distribution of black and smelly water bodies, completed renovation measures, and problem identification and diagnosis. Aims. Based on the analysis results of the pollution load of the black and smelly water body catchment unit, the remediation plan and measures for the black and smelly water body in the built-up area of Shenyang City are clarified, and the experience and effectiveness of the black and smelly water body treatment are summarized and analyzed.

Magnetic Effect on the Engineering Properties of Remolded Cohesive Soil

In recent years, with the rapid development of the global economy and urbanization, the urban electromagnetic environment has become more and more complex; the additional magnetic field cannot be ignored. To study the magnetic effect of remolded cohesive soil, we determined cohesive soil in Shenyang area to the magnetic effect of grain composition and structural strength. The test used two DC power supplies and coils to simulate the magnetic field conditions and analyzed the magnetic effect of the grain composition, the compression property, the shear strength and the subgrade bearing capacity with different magnetic field intensities and the magnetizing times. The results showed that after the treatment of different magnetic field strengths and different magnetization times, small particles in remolded cohesive soil are aggregated, and the percentage of small grains decreased and that of large grains increased. Modulus of compression was gradually increased which showed that the compressibility of soil was decreased. The shear strength and the subgrade bearing capacity were also increased with the increase in the water content. Meanwhile, there existed an optimal water content which made the subgrade bearing capacity reached the maximum. The results showed that after magnetization, the connection between the soil particles was increased and the strength of remolded cohesive soil increased.

Study on the reliability of the carrying capacity of static pressure pipe piles in Shenyang

On the basis of the previous work, combined with the test piles collected from Shenyang area, this paper makes a detailed study of the current standard single safety factor design pile base method to the probability limit state design pile base method. The main work is statistical analysis, calculation of reliability index, analysis of the main factors affecting the reliability index of static pressure pipe pile and the analysis of its sub-coefficient coefficients, the reliability of its carrying capacity analysis has made a useful exploration.

The Analysis of the Weather Conditions of a High Visibility Heavy Pollution Event in Shenyang

There was a high visibility heavy pollution event in Shenyang on October 21st, 2014. This paper analyzes the formation and maintenance of the heavy pollution weather from the aspects of weather situation, meteorological elements, atmospheric stability and pollutants transportation. The results show that the heavy pollution weather process is due to the surface layer atmosphere transports local atmospheric pollutants into the air by turbulent motion, and the inversion of the upper block pollutants diffuse into the sky, plus the northeaster wind transport, the heavy pollution occurs in Shenyang area. In the event of heavy pollution, the relative humidity is relatively low, and the moisture absorption effect of particulate matter in the atmosphere is limited, so the atmospheric visibility is not reduced to a lower level.

Multiple-factor analysis of serum allergen distribution of patients with allergic rhinitis and level of main allergen IgE in Shenyang area

Objective:To discuss multiple-factor analysis of serum allergen distribution of patients with allergic rhinitis and level of main allergen IgE in Shenyang area, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of allergic rhinitis in this area.Method:Serum IgE was detected in 749 cases［501 cases of male (66.8%), and 248 cases of female (33.2%)］, with allergic rhinitis.The age range was from 3 to 65 years old, and they were divided into 5 groups based on age. A questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze the distribution of serum allergens and to carry out a multiple-factor analysis of level of the main allergen IgE in patients.Result:The primary allergen was house dust mite/dust mite in each age group, and the differences in the positive rate of elm, mold, cat/dog fur scurf, cockroach and ragweed among different groups were statistically significant（P<0.01 or P<0.05）.The ingested allergen sequencing for all age groups: the distribution of 7-14 years old group and 15-35 years old group were consistent with that of the whole, among the under 6 years old group, mango and pineapple was ranked 1st,beef and mutton was ranked 2nd,the occurrence rate of shrimp and crab rose to the 3rd place, among the 36-60 years old group, mango, pineapple and milk was ranked 1st, egg was ranked 2nd, and beef and mutton ranked 3rd, the differences in positive rate of mango and pineapple, beef and mutton, crab and nut among all groups were statistically significant(P<0.01 or P<0.05).The IgE level of cockroach was impacted by the allergic history, home cultivation of flowers and plants and animal domestication. The IgE level of mold was impacted by sex, allergy history, home rearing of pet and furniture updates. The IgE level of wormwood was impacted by allergy history and asthma history. The IgE level of peanut was impacted by age and allergy history. The IgE level of egg was impacted by history of food and drink allergy, home cultivation of flowers and plants and home rearing of pet. The IgE level of crab was impacted by the allergy history and home rearing of pet.Conclusion: The primary inhaled allergen in all groups is house dust mite/dust mite, and the ingested allergen varies in each group, which has provided a reference basis for prevention of ingested allergy.The varying influence factors for IgE level of primary allergens could be used to prevent the patients from contacting the allergen,and each risk factor has become a focus of prevention and control for patients, offering a major help to the prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Study on Ecological Garden and Plant Configuration in Shenyang Area

In addition to create a beautiful and comfortable environment for human beings, it is more important to create an ecological environment suitable for human beings. Plant landscaping is no longer just the use of plants to create visual effects of the landscape, it also contains the ecological landscape, cultural landscape and even deeper meaning. In this article, the concept of ecological garden the benefits produced and the related content of plant landscaping are analyzed, and the situation of plant disposition and existing problems in Shenyang area are analyzed concretely.

Homology of Legionella strains isolated from clinical cases and environmental water in Shenyang

Objective: To study the homology of Legionella pneumophila (LP) strains which were isolated from clinical specimens and environmental water. Methods: Twenty-two Legionella strains were collected in which 2 strains were isolated from 2 cases of LP infection patients, and others were isolated from domestic water or air conditioning cooling tower water of 2 hospitals and 13 companies from July 2012 to September 2014 in Shenyang. They were recovered and analyzed by the pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with AscⅠ restriction enzymes. Data were cluster analyzed using SPSS 19.0. Results: Twenty of 22 strains were LP1, and others were LP7 and LP8. Twenty-two strains could be divided into 14 genotypes, and 7 strains belonged to SYC banding pattern. The same bacterial serotype presented with different genotypes. Different bacterial serotypes and genotypes of LP strains can be found in the same place, and homology could be observed between LP strains isolated from cooling tower water and domestic water within the same hospital. Conclusion: In Shenyang area, LP strains which are isolated from clinical cases and environmental water have the characteristics of gene polymorphism. Legionella strains isolated from different water system in the same hospital have homology.