Shrimp Shell Research Articles

Innovative radiation shielding material with flexible lightweight and low cost from shrimp shells waste

This study explores an innovative approach to developing radiation shielding materials using shrimp shell waste. The research investigates the feasibility of incorporating shrimp shells into a silicone rubber matrix to create a flexible, lightweight, and cost-effective radiation shielding material. Shrimp shells, rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of 13.90%, offers promising properties for radiation attenuation. Through a series of experiments and characterization techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effectiveness of the composite material in attenuating radiation is evaluated. The results demonstrate that as the shrimp shell concentration rose from 25% to 75%, the absorbed radiation increased from 9.27% to 82.39% (40 kVp) and from 1.88% to 30.22% (120 kVp), while the linear coefficient also increased, attributed to the presence of CaCO3. This novel radiation shielding material presents a sustainable solution by repurposing shrimp shell waste while offering a flexible, lightweight, and cost-effective shielding for various radiation applications.

Advances in extraction, utilization, and development of chitin/chitosan and its derivatives from shrimp shell waste.

Shrimp consumption is in great demand among the seafood used globally. However, this expansion has resulted in the substantial generation and disposal of shrimp shell waste. Through literature search, it has been observed that since 2020, global scholars have shown unprecedented interest in shrimp shell waste and its chitin/chitosan. However, these new insights lack corresponding and comprehensive summarization and analysis. Therefore, this article provides a detailed review of the extraction methods, applications, and the latest research developments on chitin/chitosan from shrimp shells, including micro-nano derivatives, from 2020 to the present. The results indicate that chemical extraction remains the primary technique for the extraction and preparation of chitin/chitosan from shrimp shells. With further refinement and development, adjusting parameters in the chemical extraction process or employing auxiliary techniques such as microwave and radiation enable the customization of target products with different characteristics (e.g., deacetylation degree, molecular weight, and degree of acetylation) according to specific needs. Additionally, in pursuit of environmentally friendly, efficient, and gentle extraction processes, recent research has shifted toward microbial fermentation and green solvent methods for chitin/chitosan extraction. Beyond the traditional antibacterial, film-forming, and encapsulation functionalities, research into the applications of chitosan in biomedical, food processing, new materials, water treatment, and adsorption fields is gradually deepening. Chitin/chitosan derivatives and their modified products have also been a focal point of research in recent years. However, with the rapid expansion, the future development of chitin/chitosan and its derivatives still faces challenges related to the unclear mechanism of action and the complexities associated with industrial scale-up.

Optimization of Chitin Extraction from Shrimp Shells Using Full Factorial Design Methodology

Optimization of Chitin Extraction from Shrimp Shells Using Full Factorial Design Methodology

The Effect of Prawns Shell Carotenoprotein Insertion on the Quality and Oxidative Stability of Tuna Eye Oil

The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) reduces the nutritional value of fish oil supplements and poses health risks due to the formation of free radicals and oxidative compounds. Consequently, preventing or minimizing oxidation in these supplements is a critical concern in the production industry. Tuna eye (TE) oil, similar to other fish oils, is highly prone to oxidation, leading to the need for antioxidant enhancement. Carotenoprotein, rich in astaxanthin from shrimp shells, is a powerful natural antioxidant that can potentially stabilize PUFAs in TE oil, but the application to TE oil has not been previously explored. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of shrimp shell-derived carotenoprotein on the quality and oxidative stability of TE oil during storage. The proximate composition of tuna eye and shrimp by-products was analyzed during the investigation process. Initial TE oil and TE oil with added carotenoprotein were assessed for free fatty acid content, acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, total oxidation value, and heavy metal content. Carotenoprotein was evaluated for its color and antioxidant activity. The TE oil was combined with 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% (v/v) concentrations of carotenoprotein and examined for stability using the Schaal oven test method at 40°C. The variations in these concentrations were systematically selected to determine potential concentration-dependent effects on TE oil oxidative stability. The results showed that on day 60 of TE oil storage at room temperature, oxidative degradation was significantly influenced by carotenoprotein concentration. Free fatty acids increased to 1.39%, while the values of acid, peroxide, anisidine, and total oxidation identified at the 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% concentrations were 1.61, 1.50, and 1.24 mg KOH/kg, 18.87, 15.98, and 13.29 meq/kg, 10.80, 11.40, and 9.70 meq/kg, as well as 48.54, 43.36, and 36.28 meq/kg, respectively. Moreover, 0.8% carotenoprotein addition was found to effectively prevent TE oil deterioration compared to the control group.

Evaluation of rheological and microstructural behavior of modified asphalt binder with chitosan derived from shrimp shell powder

Chitosan derived from shrimp shells (SSPCH) was used for the first time as a biological biopolymer to modify the properties of bitumen across high, medium, and low-temperature ranges. Therefore, physical tests (penetration, softening point, and ductility) and rheological tests (RV, DSR, MSCR, LAS, and BBR) were conducted along with morphological and microstructural analyses, on modified bitumen with 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, and 8 % SSPCH. Chemical analysis revealed that bitumen and SSPCH interacted physically during the mixing process, while no chemical reaction was observed. Moreover, the thermal sensitivity of the modified bitumen was enhanced by decreasing the penetration degree and increasing the softening point. SSPCH improved the properties of modified bitumen as a result of its porous structure and asphaltene absorption, as well as its structural similarity to bitumen and ability to absorb the light components of bitumen with its heavy components. Increasing the SSPCH dose in bitumen improves its resistance to deformation and recoverability by increasing the viscous phase and decreasing the elastic phase, resulting in increased stiffness. The findings also revealed that the addition of 6 % SSPCH yielded the best performance against rutting failures. Generally, SSPCH incorporation significantly improved bitumen performance in different temperature ranges. By adding 8 % SSPCH, the highest resistance to rutting occurred. However, the phase separation between SSPCH and bitumen exceeded the suitable range. Hence, 6 % SSPCH is useful in the bitumen mixture for areas at high temperature. Also, to prevent fatigue and cracking damage, it is recommended to limit the dose of SSPCH to 4–6%.

Upcycling Shellfish Waste: Distribution of Amino Acids, Minerals, and Carotenoids in Body Parts of North Atlantic Crab and Shrimp.

The snow/pink crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) are widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean. During processing/consumption, about 80% of the harvest is discarded as processing waste, which is a rich source of protein, chitin, minerals, and carotenoids. This study, for the first time, investigated the proximate composition and individual amino acids, minerals, and carotenoids from different body parts (carapace, shoulder, claw, tip, and leg) of snow crabs and shrimp shells. Shrimp proteins were found to be abundant and well-balanced in their amino acid composition. Compared to shrimp shells, a lower content of amino acids was found in the snow crab, depending on the part of the shell used. Moreover, crab shells, mainly crab claws, contained a higher (p < 0.05) level of chitin compared to shrimp shells. Seven micro-elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Ba, and Ce) and six macro-elements (Ca, Na, K, Mg, P, and Sr) were identified using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Among them, calcium and iron were higher in crab carapaces (p < 0.05), followed by shrimp shells and other crab shell segments. Additionally, shrimp and crab carapaces contained a significant level of carotenoids, and these were mainly composed of astaxanthin and its mono- and diesters, along with zeaxanthin, astacene, canthaxanthin, and lutein. Thus, this investigation provides detailed information to allow upcycling of shellfish waste and addresses the knowledge gap concerning the availability of various nutrients in different crab sections and shrimp shells.

Towards SDG12: Upcycling Biomass and Waste to Valuable Products

Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG 12) is a goal of the United Nations that focuses on responsible consumption and production… but what does this mean? It means that we should use the materials around us in ways that prevent them from being wasted, and that we should produce them without harming the planet. SDG 12 aims for a better world. It is important to work toward this goal because Earth’s population is growing, and more resources are being used. Eventually humans will ruin the planet if we do not start acting. We must make sure we are protecting the planet and its resources for the people born in the future. Science can help achieve this goal in many ways. In this article, you will learn about several environmentally friendly methods of producing new materials from waste, including the use of normally discarded parts of living things, like plant leaves and shrimp shells.

Interception of internal phosphorus release from sediments by lanthanum-modified shrimp shell biochar in two application modes

Lanthanum (La)-modified biochar has been widely investigated as a phosphate adsorbent material. However, its effectiveness and mechanism as an amendment material to manage sediment internal phosphorus (P) release under anoxic conditions is still unclear. Thus, a lanthanum carbonate-modified shrimp shell biochar (LBC-1) was synthesized for controlling sediment P release, and the efficacy, mechanism, and sediment microbial community impact of LBC-1 under two application modes (addition and capping) were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of LBC-1 for phosphate was 79.5 mg/g, superior to most La-modified biochar materials. The generation of LaPO4 and Ca5(PO4)3(OH) precipitates and the formation of inner-sphere complexes were the main adsorption mechanisms of LBC-1 for phosphate. Both the LBC-1 addition and capping treatments successfully blocked sediment P release under anoxic conditions, with the removal efficiencies of DGT-labile P in the overlying water being 97.7–99.7% and 97.5–99.5%, respectively. The conversion of the mobile P forms to the stable HCl-P form in sediments played an important role in the interception of internal P release by the LBC-1 addition treatment. Furthermore, the LBC-1 addition treatment also prevented internal P release by effectively adsorbing DGT-labile P in the interstitial water due to the excellent P adsorption capacity of LBC-1. However, the prevention of P release from sediments by the LBC-1 capping treatment was mainly attributed to the efficient adsorption of DGT-labile P by LBC-1 at the sediment/overlying water interface. The release of P driven by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was a key mechanism for the migration of P from sediment to interstitial water. The LBC-1 addition treatment reduced the relative abundance of SRB in the surface sediment and might inhibit the release of sediment P into the interstitial water, whereas the LBC-1 capping treatment had little effect on the relative abundance of SRB. In practice, the LBC-1 capping was easier to manipulate than the LBC-1 addition. These findings confirmed that sediment remediation using the LBC-1 capping treatment has great potential to manage internal P loading in eutrophic water bodies.

Double template synthesis of N/S co-doped shrimp shell derived biochar for efficient sulfadiazine degradation: The role of non-radical pathway

In this work, waste shrimp shells were used to synthesize N/S-co-doped biochar nanomaterials (BC-NS) by simple hard template and soft template. Through the cooperative effect of adsorption and degradation, the BC-NS/PMS system could remove 100 % of SDZ within 30 min. The combination of soft and hard templates produces hierarchical porous structure and provides more reactive sites. The radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements (EPR) illustrated that the non-radical 1O2 was the dominant reactive oxidative species (ROS) in the BC-NS/PMS system. By density functional theory (DFT) computation, it demonstrated that graphitic N and pyridinic N were the main reactive sites of BC-NS. Finally, intermediate products of SDZ have been identified and four possible pathways for the degradation of SDZ were proposed. Consequently, a novel synthesis strategy of metal-free biochar materials was proposed in this study, which broadened a new prospect for the application of metal-free biochar materials in SR-AOPs.

High Degree of Polymerization of Chitin Oligosaccharides Produced from Shrimp Shell Waste by Enrichment Microbiota Using Two-Stage Temperature-Controlled Technique of Inducing Enzyme Production and Metagenomic Analysis of Microbiota Succession.

The direct enzymatic conversion of untreated waste shrimp and crab shells has been a key problem that plagues the large-scale utilization of chitin biological resources. The microorganisms in soil samples were enriched in two stages with powdered chitin (CP) and shrimp shell powder (SSP) as substrates. The enrichment microbiota XHQ10 with SSP degradation ability was obtained. The activities of chitinase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase of XHQ10 were 1.46 and 54.62 U/mL. Metagenomic analysis showed that Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis, Chitiniphilus shinanonensis, and Chitinimonas koreensis, with excellent chitin degradation performance, were highly enriched in XHQ10. Chitin oligosaccharides (CHOSs) are produced by XHQ10 through enzyme induction and two-stage temperature control technology, which contains CHOSs with a degree of polymerization (DP) more significant than ten and has excellent antioxidant activity. This work is the first study on the direct enzymatic preparation of CHOSs from SSP using enrichment microbiota, which provides a new path for the large-scale utilization of chitin bioresources.

Production of sustainable polyester composite building material using industrial waste plastic core, hemp fabric, and shrimp shell powder: Effect of quasi-isotropic fiber stacking and particle loading

Production of sustainable polyester composite building material using industrial waste plastic core, hemp fabric, and shrimp shell powder: Effect of quasi-isotropic fiber stacking and particle loading

Recovery and Characterization of Calcium-Rich Mineral Powders Obtained from Fish and Shrimp Waste: A Smart Valorization of Waste to Treasure

With the increase in global aquaculture production, managing waste from aquatic biomass has become a significant concern. This research aimed to develop a sustainable valorization approach for recovering calcium-rich fish, including mackerel tuna and pangas bone and shrimp shell powders. The powders were characterized by various physicochemical and nutritional parameters, including proximate composition, amino acids, protein solubility, water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and heavy metal contents. Color analysis and structural examination were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and in vitro radical scavenging activity was assessed. Significant protein content was observed in the powders, which was highest in shrimp shell powder (SSP) at 37.78%, followed by 32.29% in pangas bone powder (PBP) and 30.28% in tuna bone powder (TBP). The ash content was consistent in PBP and TBP at around 62.80%, while SSP had a lower ash content of 36.58%. Amino acid analysis detected 14 different amino acids in the recovered powders. Notably, SSP demonstrated the highest WHC and OHC values (2.90 and 2.81, respectively), whereas TBP exhibited the lowest values (1.11 for WHC and 1.21 for OHC). FE-SEM revealed the compact structure of TBP and PBP, contrasting with the porous surface of SSP. EDX analysis indicated higher calcium (24.52%) and phosphorus (13.85%) contents in TBP, while SSP was enriched in carbon (54.54%). All detected heavy metal concentrations were within acceptable limits. The recovered powders demonstrated significant ABTS free radical scavenging activity. The findings of this study suggest the suitability of the recovered powders for various food and pharmaceutical applications.

Development of a neutral resource for nano-AgO/Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; composite preparation by mixing marine shrimp shell extract with metal salts for anti-microbial activity

Development of a neutral resource for nano-AgO/Fe&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; composite preparation by mixing marine shrimp shell extract with metal salts for anti-microbial activity

Preparation of alcohol/znso4-modified shrimp shell adsorbent and its cyanobacterial removal efficiency

Water pollution caused by toxic cyanobacteria is a worldwide problem that increases with eutrophication. A shrimp shell adsorbent modified by alcohol/ZnSO4 was employed herein to remove Microcystis aeruginosa. The modification effects of the volume ratios of the alcohol/ZnSO4 solutions, modification reaction temperature, and modification reaction time on the shrimp shells were studied using single factor experiments. The optimum modification parameters were also obtained. Under optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of the alcohol/ZnSO4-modified shrimp shell adsorbent on the M. aeruginosa cells was 78.38 % when the added concentration of the modified shrimp shell adsorbent was 14 g/L. The present study provides a promising technique of removing toxic cyanobacterial blooms.

Kinetic study of in vitro release of curcumin from chitosan biopolymer and the evaluation of biological efficacy

Sustained release of curcumin from the polymeric carrier system chitosan, a natural biopolymer material derived from chitin originated from natural shrimp shell waste, was studied. Six kinetic models, zero order, first order, Korsmeyer–Peppas (KP), Peppas – Sahlin (PS), Higuchi, and Hixson–Crowell, were applied to study the drug release kinetics. The release mechanism of the drug from the curcumin-chitosan composite was evaluated by changing the pH, ionic strength of the release media, and drug concentration. KP and PS models were selected among the studied models to investigate the drug release mechanism from the chitosan biopolymer based on the R2 values (R2 > 0.99). The model constants m in the PS model and n in the KP model stand for the case II relaxation and Fickian diffusion contribution, respectively. The n being < 0.43 in the KP model suggests that the Fickian diffusion governs the drug release. Furthermore, there is a noticeable difference between the values obtained for model parameters m and n in the PS and KP models, indicating that Case II relaxation and Fickian diffusion play crucial roles in the curcumin release mechanism from chitosan. Polymer relaxation has been proven to play a predominant role in releasing curcumin from the composite at lower ionic strengths and higher pH values. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested using the egg-albumin denaturation assay, and the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of the composite. The composite material showed IC50 values of 0.29 mg/ mL and 1.08 mg/ mL for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, respectively. The drug composite has shown antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are highly effective against S.aureus. The resulting inhibition zones for S.aureus were 13.34 ± 0.34 mm, 16.34 ± 0.60 mm, and 13.34 ± 0.73 mm for 5, 10, and 20 mg/ml concentrations, respectively. The drug composite’s minimum inhibitory concentration/ minimum bactericidal concentration ratio for S.aureus, K. pneumoniae, and P.aeruginosa was greater than 4, suggesting that they cause bacteriostatic effects.

Eco-friendly purification process of chitin contained in shrimp shells by application of the Definitive Screening Design experiment plan

Eco-friendly purification process of chitin contained in shrimp shells by application of the Definitive Screening Design experiment plan

Physicochemical characterization of flour based on waste shrimp exoskeleton obtained by dehydration processes

O Objective: To characterize the physicochemical and nutritional compounds of meal made from shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus L.) exoskeleton, obtained through hot air dehydration processes, in order to value new products and applications, according to their nutritional components. Design/Methodology/Approach: Shrimp producers from Alvarado, Veracruz, were interviewed using a quantitative approach with a descriptive scope. Likewise, shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus L.) shells were dehydrated and powdered to transform them into meal. The proximate chemical composition was analyzed to determine its nutritional composition and its macro and micronutrients, as well as to identify the deficiencies or excesses of certain nutrients. The general public and local ranchers were surveyed and interviewed to establish the opinions, preferences, and behaviors of consumers regarding meal by-products, in order to evaluate their market acceptance. Results: In Alvarado, Veracruz, 2.5 tons of shrimp shell are wasted. The meal obtained from these shells has a high protein (45.40%) and mineral content, which includes Ca (11.17%), Na (6.86%), Fe (237 mg/Kg-1), and Zn (77 mg/Kg-1). Therefore, this nutrient content guarantees the quality of the protein input that is acquired and the food that is provided. Study Limitations/Implications: Access to outdated statistical information, resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, hindered the collection of relevant data. Likewise, the lack of interest of the producers in monitoring the project and the limited participation and knowledge of the workers represented a significant challenge to the progress of the study. Findings/Conclusions: The meal under study contained nutritional elements, making it a product with high nutritional quality that could add value to shrimp waste and that has potential applications in the food industry, in the production of fertilizers, and in the formulation of balanced feed for animals. Consequently, it would contribute to the reduction of pollution in the Alvarado lagoon system.

Study on electrostatic separation technology and characterization of shrimp shell protein

Shrimp shell protein is a high-quality protein with wide-ranging applications in feed, pharmaceuticals, and food industries. However, current methods for its production often involve the use of harsh chemicals, resulting in the generation of polluting effluents, making green alternatives highly desirable. This study combined demineralization of shrimp shell (Fenneropenaeus chinensis, Osbeck, 1765) with ultrafine grinding and electrostatic separation techniques to extract and separate the protein. The research findings revealed that shrimp shell contain 40.64 ± 0.52 % protein, which increased to 52.61 ± 1.12 % after demineralization treatment. Impact grinding, compared with cutting grinding, facilitated the production of demineralized shrimp shell ultrafine powder with more uniform distribution and smaller particle size. However, only demineralized shrimp shell powder obtained through cutting grinding achieved an increase in protein purity from 61.82 ± 0.75 % to 72.72 ± 0.83 % after electrostatic separation. The electrical properties of shrimp shell protein and chitin suggest that shrimp shell protein is more conductive than chitin, while shrimp shell chitin is more insulating and less prone to charge exchange with the counter material in a direct current electric field. The total amino acid content of shrimp shell protein obtained through electrostatic separation (715.831 mg/g protein) was higher than that obtained through traditional wet extraction (533.455 mg/g protein). Additionally, the amino acid score (AAS) of shrimp shell protein obtained via electrostatic separation was higher compared to that obtained via wet extraction. The wet extraction process significantly influenced the nutritional and structural properties of shrimp shell protein. This study confirms the potential application of electrostatic separation technology in the extraction of animal-derived shrimp shell protein.

Mechanical properties and formulation of hydrophilic fiber and shrimp shell combination as a novel eco-friendly dental restoration material

This study evaluates the mechanical properties and formulation of dental restoration material comprised of cellulose acetate (CA) from water hyacinth and chitosan (C) from white shrimp shells. The research phases included extraction, formulation, functional group testing, antibacterial, toxicity, water absorption and solubility, compressive, shear, tensile, hardness, microleakage, thermal expansion, and shrinkage. The experimental data were analyzed using probit regression, one-way ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The data showed that CA and C had microxyl and amine groups, could inhibit S. mutans, and were non-toxic. Composite resins were divided into nine formulations with different concentrations: F1 (1 % CA + 3 % C), F2 (1 % CA + 5 % C), F3 (1 % CA + 7 % C), F4 (3 % CA + 3 % C), F5 (3 % CA + 5 % C), F6 (3 % CA + 7 % C), F7 (5 % CA + 3 % C), F8 (5 % CA + 5 % C), and F9 (5 % CA + 7 % C). The F9 has mechanical strength close to the control group, with 113.33 μg/mm3 absorption, 80 μg/mm3 solubility, 32.67 Mpa compressive strength, 17.18 Mpa tensile strength, and no shrinkage. It shows that F9 has potential as an eco-friendly dental filling material. The present study completed the development of a formulation for a restoration material by combining water hyacinth fiber and shrimp skin chitosan. The outcomes of a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of synthetic composite resins and water hyacinth fiber composites containing shrimp skin chitosan revealed that the F9 formulation (CA 5 % + C 7 %) exhibited the following fiber: absorption, compressive strength, tensile strength, hardness, and thermal expansion.

Film Development of Chitosan from Mussel Shells and Pacific White Shrimp Shells

Film Development of Chitosan from Mussel Shells and Pacific White Shrimp Shells