Shrimp Shell Research Articles

Effects of dietary supplementation of shrimp head and shell by-products on growth performance and incidence of diarhea in fattening pigs from 96 to 164 days of age

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of dietary supplementation of shrimp head and shell by-products on growth performance and incidence of diarhea in fattening pigs from August 2023 to October 2023 at the pig farm in Thoai Son district, An Giang province. A total of 90 crossbred pigs [(Duroc x Pietrain) x (Landrace x Yorkshire); 96 days old] were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments with 5 replicate pens of 6 pigs each according to sex, litter origin, and weight in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The 3 dietary treatments included (1) Basal diet (control), (2) Basal diet + 3 g/kg shrimp hydrolysate powder (SH) and (3) Basal diet + 10 g/kg shrimp heads and shells meal (SM). The results showed that there were no significant differences in the average body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) among the 3 treatments (P > 0.05). Similarly, pigs fed the SH diet (2.99) and SM diet had the same feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs (P = 0.767) as those fed the control diet (3.04) during the whole period from 96 to 164 days of age. Furthermore, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the diarrhea incidence among the 3 treatments. Briefly, the results in the current study suggest that dietary supplementation of shrimp head and shell by-products (shrimp hydrolysate powder, or shrimp heads and shell meal) seem to have no positive effects on growth productivity (BW, ADG, ADFI and FCR) and incidence of diarrhea in fattening pigs during 96 - 164 days of age.

A novel mechanocatalytic process by vibratory disk mill for efficient hydrolysis of cellulose, chitin and xylan

Polysaccharides are primary sources to manufacture chemical products with low carbon footprints, owing to their carbons from atmospheric carbon dioxide fixed through photosynthesis. Breaking down such polysaccharides into water-soluble saccharides through the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds is one of key steps to produce valuable chemicals; however, previous chemical and enzymatic processes have been suffered from their fundamental drawbacks (e.g. not environmentally benign, high production cost) and are not regarded as feasible approaches. Recently, mechanocatalytic process, which proceeds hydrolysis of polysaccharides by simply milling with solid acids, attracts attentions owing to its cost-effectiveness and environmental beingness. Herein, we propose the novel mechanocatalytic system to efficiently proceed the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides by using “vibratory disk mill”, which can produce strong shear and impact force. By milling polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin and xylan) with solid acid kaolin, the polysaccharides can be efficiently hydrolysed to water-soluble saccharides with a rate twice higher than the previous milling devices, achieving quantitative conversion of polysaccharide to water soluble products (solubility: >99 %). We elucidated the reaction mechanism of polysaccharides with kaolin by X-ray diffractograms: forces produced by the vibratory disk mill can efficiently delaminate layered aluminosilicate nanosheets in kaolin, leading to better accessibility of polysaccharides on the acidic surface of the nanosheets. This novel mechanocatalytic system can also be applicable to produce oligosaccharides directly from crude biomass samples (birchwood chips and shrimp shells) without any chemical purification steps, demonstrating that this system can be used in industrial biomass processing.

Biomaterial-derived porous carbon doped with heteroatoms as a separator coating for high-energy–density Zn-I batteries

Chitin and phytic acid are abundant sustainable resources commonly found in shrimp shells, crab shells, and various plants. However, they are underutilized, and their biomass value is frequently underestimated. To address this, the current study developed a strategy to synthesize efficient separator coatings for zinc-iodine (Zn-I) batteries using chitin and phytic acid as carbon sources (biochar). First, nanosheets of porous carbon doped with N and P (NP-PC), featuring multiple active sites, are synthesized through in situ carbonization of chitin and phytic acid. Subsequently, the synthesized materials are coated onto the surfaces of glass fiber (GF) separators, effectively addressing several persistent challenges associated with Zn-I batteries. Notably, the modified separator (NP-PC@GF) enhanced the rapid-discharge capability of the involved battery, effectively inhibited the diffusion of intermediate polyiodide species, stabilized the electrolyte interface, suppressed irreversible dendrite formation, and increased I utilization efficiency. Consequently, the battery demonstrated high electrochemical performance, with an initial capacity of 7.8 mAh cm–2 at 20 mA cm–2, an initial specific capacity of 8.9 mAh cm–2 under high I loading, and a retention rate of 56% (5.1 mAh cm–2) at the 174th cycle. Overall, this research demonstrates the effective use of biochar for separator modification, facilitating the development of high-performance Zn-I batteries.Graphical

Valorisation of giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea) bio-waste: Effects of solvents of different polarities on astaxanthin yield and quality

AbstractBio-waste (51.54% of total weight) was obtained from the head and shell of giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea), and comparison with the fatty acid profiles of shrimp meat revealed a higher total polyunsaturated fatty acids content in bio-waste. The study then investigated the effect of six solvents of different polarities (hexane, acetone, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol) on astaxanthin yield, antioxidant activity, and colour a* values (redness) of the bio-waste using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). As a result, hexane showed the highest astaxanthin yield with a linear correlation observed between astaxanthin yield, antioxidant activity, and colour a* values. In contrast, methanol, ethanol, and acetone exhibited the lowest quality values. These findings underline the effectiveness of low polarity solvents in achieving maximum astaxanthin yield.

Fabrication of novel halogen-free flame retardant containing functionalized chitosan from fisheries waste through the sol-gel technology and its fire safety performance in polyurethane resin

Chitosan (CS) derived from fisheries waste, such as shrimp and crab shells, was used to fabricate a bio-based, ecofriendly flame retardant. By reacting the –NH2 groups of CS and the NH2 groups of melamine polyphosphate (MPP) with the NCO groups of polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (PMPI), a novel intumescent flame retardant, CS-PMPI-MPP, was synthesized. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) was reacted with polyol and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) to form a polyurethane containing silicon (Si-PU), into which the flame retardant was incorporated to produce a high-polymer composite through the sol-gel technology. The structure, thermal properties, flame retardancy, mechanical properties, toxicity, and char formation of the composites were analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, cone calorimeter, UL-94, thermogravimetric analysis with infrared spectroscopy, universal testing machine, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, and smoke density test analyses were performed. The thermogravimetric test results indicated an increase in char yield from 0.5 wt% in pristine polyurethane to 25.9 wt% upon the addition of CS-PMPI-MPP, signifying an enhancement in the thermal stability of pristine polyurethane. According to limiting oxygen index and UL-94 data, the incorporation of CS-PMPI-MPP improved the limiting oxygen index and UL-94 ratings from 18.2 % (Fail) to 26.5 % (V-1), demonstrating the exceptional flame-retardant property of CS-PMPI-MPP within the pristine polyurethane formulation.

A green route of antibacterial films production from shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shell waste biomass derived chitosan: Physicochemical, thermomechanical, morphological and antimicrobial activity analysis

As a result of the excessive dependency on synthetic polymer/plastic products, both industries and mankind have been generating a huge amount of hazardous plastic waste. That could be recognized as a breakneck tread on for total environment due to their nonbiodegradable nature. Thus, to solve this problem replacement of the hazardous synthetic fossil-based plastic with biopolymeric materials is very crucial. But, due to the deficiency of the most critical understanding, designing of the biopolymeric materials from natural resources have signified a big challenge. However, researchers are trying to develop a suitable route to solve this issue. By this study a green route of production of antibacterial films from the agro-waste biomass has been developed. Whereas the highly active chitosan were extracted from shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shells by conducting demineralization, de-proteinization, and deacetylation reaction. The chitosan-acetate films were fabricated by using the EIPS operation to enhance their overall properties. The samples were characterized by SEM, ATR-FTIR, 13C CPMAS NMR, TGA, TS, biodegradability, and antimicrobial activity exploration. The results advised that the newly fabricated biofilms are highly thermally stable, possessed several active binding sites with a uniform nonporous solid microstructure. Also exhibited a higher mechanical tensile strength (nearly 120.27 ± 0.091 N/mm2), elongation properties (around 43.98 ± 0.098 %), and a high antimicrobial activity. While the maximum zone of inhibition and MIC value were found around 45 mm and 5 µg for Staphylococcus aureus. Due to these outstanding properties, this biofilm would be beneficially used in several engineering, industrial, and bio-medical sectors for the green environmental protection.

From Waste to Wealth: Entrepreneurial Ventures in Chitosan Extraction for Environmental Sustainability

The degradation of water quality in the environment can be attributed to the discharge of wastewater from shrimp ponds. Conversely, solid waste in the form of shrimp shells presents an entrepreneurial opportunity through the extraction of chitosan, a substance with the potential to enhance water quality while contributing to environmental sustainability. Sampling for this study was conducted at the Vannamei Nusantara Gemilang pond, located in Tambakrejo Village, Malang Regency, East Java. The research employed an experimental methodology with a quantitative approach, supplemented by a literature review. Various doses of chitosan solutions were tested on shrimp pond wastewater. The optimal results were obtained at a dosage of 80 mg/L, significantly outperforming the untreated water. The test outcomes for the 80 mg/L dosage included: BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) at 4.62 mg/L, Nitrite concentration at 0.045 mg/L, turbidity at 3.55 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units), TSS (Total Suspended Solids) at 14.6 mg/L, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) at 2974 mg/L, pH level at 6.31, and temperature at 31.40°C. Notably, the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels did not meet quality standards, highlighting the need for further process optimization. These findings emphasize the potential of chitosan extraction as a sustainable solution, while also underscoring the importance of continued research into the economic feasibility of this waste-to-wealth approach. Further studies are necessary to refine the wastewater treatment process, quantify the economic benefits, and ensure the long-term viability of this entrepreneurial venture in environmental sustainability.

Facile Green Production of Chitin Nanomaterials from Shrimp Shell Chitin Using Recyclable Maleic Acid and Microwave Irradiation

Facile Green Production of Chitin Nanomaterials from Shrimp Shell Chitin Using Recyclable Maleic Acid and Microwave Irradiation

The Effectiveness of Concentration of Chitosan Extracted from Tiger Shrimp Shells as a Natural Preservative of Kenyar Fish

A study to find the effectiveness of chitosan concentration as a natural preservative on Kenyan fish (Sarda orientalis) has been conducted. The chitosan powder used is extracted from tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) shells, and it is used in the form of a solution with a concentration of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%. Fresh kenyar fish of 500 g were soaked in those chitosan solutions and named A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively. Two sample groups were prepared as a comparison; they weren’t treated with any chitosan solution; they were A02, 500 g of kenyar fish soaked in 2% acetic acid, and A01, 500 g of kenyar fish without any treatment. The soaking times were varied as 20, 40, and 60 minutes. Storage is carried out at room temperature. The activity of chitosan as a fish preservative was analyzed using various methods, including pH, organoleptic, and antimicrobial tests. The measurements of pH and organoleptic test were made at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The antimicrobial tests were carried out after 24 hours of storage. The study concluded that the effective concentration of chitosan as a preservative agent of fresh kenyar fish is 2.5% (A4) with 40 minutes of soaking time, with the quality parameters are pH 5, an organoleptic score of 9, and the total number of microbes is 1.2 x 105 CFU/g.

Uji Efektivitas Beberapa Media Tumbuh Alternatif Limbah Organik dengan Penambahan Tepung Kulit Udang terhadap Pertumbuhan Cendawan Entomopatogen Lecanicillium lecanii

Alternative control uses the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium lecanii which is propagated using agro-industrial waste as a substrate for the production of locally available conidia. Propagation of L. lecanii was carried out on media supplemented with shrimp shell flour as additional nutrition. This research aims to provide the best alternative media for the growth of L. lecanii. The research was carried out at the Biological Agents Laboratory (BBPOPT), from March to May 2024. The method used was an experiment with a single factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This research consisted of 7 treatments in 4 repetitions: K (Corn Media); A (Sugar Bagasse); B (Tea Dregs); C (Sawdust); D (Sugar Bagasse + Shrimp Shell Flour); E (Tea Dregs + Shrimp Shell Flour); F (Sawdust + Shrimp Shell Flour). The results showed that L. Lecanii has a short incubation period, namely one hsi and alternative organic waste media with the addition of shrimp shell flour is more effectively used in the propagation of the L. lecanii fungus and has a significant effect on colony diameter (8.84 cm) in sawdust + shrimp shell flour. Alternative media with the addition of shrimp shell flour is recommended for the growth of the fungus L. lecanii.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of astaxanthin from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) shells using deep eutectic solvent and ethanol as a co-solvent

The study aimed to enhance the extraction of astaxanthin (ASX) from black tiger shrimp shells by combining Deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UADE). The DES used in the research consisted of choline chloride (Ch) and lactic acid (LA) in a 1:2 M ratio with 20% water. Response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the UADE conditions, considering ultrasound power (200–400 W), ethanol concentration in the DES (5–65 %), and extraction time (5–45 min). The optimal UADE parameters identified by BBD were 330 W ultrasound power, 35% ethanol content, and 33 min of extraction, resulting in the highest ASX content of 47.42 μg/g, closely matching the predicted value of 48.65 μg/g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed structural alterations in samples treated with DES-based UAE, setting it apart from soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ethanol-based DES extraction. The outcomes indicated that UADE outperformed traditional extraction methods like soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction (UAET) regarding ASX yield and antioxidant activity, while also needing shorter extraction durations. These results underscore UADE as a productive and eco-friendly approach for extracting ASX from shrimp shells.

The Impact of Drying Techniques on Stabilizing Microencapsulated Astaxanthin From Shrimp Shells: A Comparative Study of Spray Drying Versus Freeze Drying

ABSTRACTThe research aimed to study how different drying methods (spray and freeze drying) affect the release kinetics of microencapsulated astaxanthin in various environmental conditions. Shrimp shell extract containing astaxanthin was encapsulated using different wall components (maltodextrin with different dextrose equivalents and modified starch) via a simplex lattice mixture design. The encapsulated extract was then subjected to storage at different temperatures (25°C ± 2°C and 2°C ± 4°C) and humidity conditions (52% ± 2% and 75% ± 2%), as well as exposure to UV light (four 15 W lamps, 254 nm, for 10 h). The release kinetics of astaxanthin were analyzed using various models (page, Newton Korsmeyer–Peppas model, Modified Henderson and Pabis, Diffusion approach, and Two‐term exponential). The evaluation results of correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square deviation (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of different models showed that the astaxanthin degradation followed a two‐term exponential kinetics in both types of microcapsules. Astaxanthin degradation increased with higher temperatures, humidity, and UV light exposure. However, microcapsules with equal wall compound ratios exhibited better preservation of astaxanthin. The study also emphasized the significance of optimizing storage conditions and wall materials for microencapsulated astaxanthin, as well as the utility of the two‐term exponential model in enhancing stability and shelf life.

Structural and optical study of chitosan–graphene oxide composite through hydrothermal route

Chitosan (CS), a semi-crystalline biomolecule, has gained widespread attention due to its great synthesis flexibility and biological compatibility. In this study, chitosan was synthesized from chitin, a homopolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked by β–(1→4) bonds extracted from shrimp shell. Crystallinity of chitosan was always an issue while applying it in various applications. Graphene Oxide (GO) can be a very capable substitute for enhancing the crystallinity of chitosan due to its mechanical, thermal, optical, biomedical, and electronic properties. In this study, a chitosan–graphene oxide composite was synthesized by following the hydrothermal method. The characterization of chitosan–graphene oxide composite performed by different processes: x-ray diffraction revealed that the produced chitosan–graphene oxide composite has improved crystalline characteristics, with a smaller crystallite size of 6.2 nm when compared to GO and CS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups in GO, CS, and GO–CS. The Raman spectrum predicted the increased disorders originated from sp2 carbon hexagonal networks with strong covalent bonds. The relative quality and successful preparation of the GO–CS composite were evaluated and confirmed by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis pictured the morphology of the GO-CS composite. The novel aspect of this study was the incorporation of graphene oxide in order to boost the crystal structure of chitosan derived from raw shrimp shells.

Antibody titer after anti-idiotype rabies vaccination with nano-chitosan adjuvant

Background.The rabies virus neutralizing antibodies titers is a public health problem in the world, including Indonesia. Rabies is zoonotic and causes death in humans with a case fatality rate of 100%. Anti-idiotype antibody (Ab2) from chicken immunoglobulin (IgY) can be a substitute antigen for the rabies virus. This research aims to study the potential of rabies vaccine based on anti-idiotype antibody (Ab2) with nano-chitosan as an adjuvant.Materials and methods.The production of Ab2 is derived from purified and characterized chicken immunoglobulins. Nano-chitosan is made from chitosan from shrimp shell waste. Vaccination tests were carried out on rats compared with commercial vaccines as a positive control and physiological solutions as a negative control. The characterization results of IgY Ab2 were IgY rabies with BM ~180 kDa, heavy chains (BM ~60 kDa), and light chains (BM ~30 kDa) of IgY. Nano-chitosan is less than 100 nm in size, can dissolve well, and does not cause side effects in experimental animals.Results.The vaccine formula uses a concentration of 0.5%, where the ratio of nano-chitosan and Ab2 is 1:1. The Ab2 concentration used was about 1000 units per mL of the Ab2 suspension.Conclusion.This study concludes that anti-idiotype antibodies dissolved in nano-chitosan adjuvant can induce the formation of antibodies with titers that are not statistically different from the antibody titers induced by commercial rabies vaccines. Nano-chitosan has a potential vaccine adjuvant candidate, safe to use, and can enhance the immunogenicity of an antigen applied subcutaneously. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that post-vaccination antibody titers be measured regularly: for example, every one week for six weeks after vaccination. This measurement determines the time of the peak of the antibody titer so that the time for revaccination can be determined.

The Effect of Some Biological Fungicides and Liquid Organic Fertilizers on Sigatoka Disease on ‘Mas’ Banana Plants (Musa acuminata Colla)

Banana (Musa acuminata Colla) is a tropical fruit with great economic potential and export prospects. According to the Directorate General of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, banana production from 2009 to 2014 fluctuated due to attacks by Plant Destruction Organisms (PDO), particularly Sigatoka disease caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella musciola. This study investigated biological agents like Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp., along with liquid organic fertilizers, to control the disease without synthetic fungicides.The research, conducted at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, used a split-plot design with two factors: biological pesticides (Tricogreen, Natural Glio, Trico-G) and liquid organic fertilizers (rabbit urine POC, shrimp shell MOL, banana hump MOL). The experiment had nine treatment combinations with three plant samples each. Results showed that biological pesticides significantly reduced Sigatoka disease intensity, with the J3P3 treatment (Trico-G and Banana Hump MOL) achieving the lowest infection rate of 29.55%, reducing disease intensity by 70.45%. Liquid organic fertilizers also improved plant growth, increasing leaf number and leaf area. This indicates that biological agents and organic fertilizers effectively manage Sigatoka disease and promote healthy banana plant growth.

 Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Based Schiff Base and Cu(II) Complex from Shrimp Shells and its Application on Catalysis and Bio-sorption

In recent years, metal complexes and biopolymers have gained significant attention in environmental applications such as catalysis and heavy metal removal. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, is well-known for its biodegradability, non-toxicity, and strong metal ion affinity, which can be further enhanced through Schiff bases to improve its catalytic and adsorption capabilities. The primary objectives of this study were to investigate whether Cu(II) complex of Chitosan Salicylaldehyde Schiff Base CSSB-Cu(II) can act as an efficient catalyst in hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction and to find out the raw absorbent which has the highest Cadmium ion removal efficiency from among the absorbents Chitin (CT), Chitosan (CS) and Chitosan Salicylaldehyde Schiff Base (CSSB). CSSB was synthesized using the Schiff condensation reaction between the amino group of CS and the carbonyl compound of salicylaldehyde with the elimination of water molecules and it was complexed with Cu(II) ion to produce CSSB-Cu(II) complex. The catalytic effect of the CSSB-Cu(II) complex on the kinetics of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was investigated and compared with CSSB. CSSB-Cu(II) showed a better catalytic effect than CSSB and has a pseudo-first-order catalytic decomposition for H2 O2 . CT, CS, and CSSB were investigated as adsorbents for the Cd(II) removal to determine their cadmium removal efficiencies. This study concludes that the removal efficiency of CSSB was greater than that of CS and CT. The equilibrium data agreed more with the Langmuir model than with the Freundlich model. The IR and electronic spectral data confirm the presence of an imine bond and the existence of the complex in square planar geometry.

Upcycling of Chitin to Cross-Coupling Catalysts: Tailored Supports and Opportunities in Mechanochemistry.

In this study chitin derived from shrimp shells was used in the design of heterogeneous Pd-based catalysts for Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The synthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on N-doped carbons was performed through different approaches, including a sustainable mechanochemical approach, by using a twin-screw extruder. All catalytic systems were characterized by a multitechnique approach and the effect of nanoparticles size, N-doping on the support, and their synergistic interactions were elucidated. Specifically, Kelvin Probe Atomic Force Microscopy provided valuable insights on charge transfer and metal-support interactions. The catalytic behaviour of the samples was investigated in cross-coupling reactions under batch conditions and under semi-continuous flow solvent-free conditions, respectively obtaining a quantitative yield and a noteworthy productivity of 8.7 mol/(gPdh).

Bio synthesis of chitosan from shrimp shell chitin using Streptomyces griseoincarnatus RB7AG:Characterization and application as coating material to enhance shelf life of tomatoes (var. Ruby pusa) in post-harvest storgae condition

In this investigation, chitosan was successfully obtained from shrimp shell chitin through microbial degradation by Streptomyces griseoincarnatus RB7AG. The resulting chitosan showcased remarkable characteristics, including high solubility, a high degree of deacetylation, a well-defined crystalline structure, and a rough surface with minimal pores. The application of chitosan as a coating material for tomatoes demonstrated significant preservation benefits compared to commercially available chitosan. The chitosan coating proved effective in minimizing weight loss, reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and preserving essential compounds such as anthocyanin content and antioxidant enzymes in tomatoes. Firstly, the chitosan coating served as a physical barrier, preventing moisture loss and maintaining the tomatoes' structural integrity. Secondly, the antimicrobial properties of chitosan hindered the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms, extending the shelf life of the tomatoes. Additionally, the chitosan coating exhibited antioxidant properties, scavenging ROS and preserving the natural antioxidants in tomatoes. Furthermore, the chitosan coating facilitated controlled gas exchange, allowing optimal levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to maintain the freshness of the tomatoes without accelerating the ripening process. With the help of the above-mentioned mechanisms, the potential of the microbially synthesized chitosan to enhance the shelf life of the tomatoes can be explained which was found better than the commercially synthesized chitosan coating. This research underscores the potential of microbially synthesized chitosan as an effective coating material but also provides insights into the intricate mechanisms involved in preserving tomatoes. The findings pave the way for innovative applications of chitosan-based coatings in the food industry, ensuring prolonged freshness and nutritional quality of perishable fruits and vegetables.

Scaling Up Chitin Extraction from Shrimp Shell Using Symbiotic Co-Lactic Acid Fermentation and Proteolytic Fungal Fermentation in Stirred Tank Bioreactor

Scaling Up Chitin Extraction from Shrimp Shell Using Symbiotic Co-Lactic Acid Fermentation and Proteolytic Fungal Fermentation in Stirred Tank Bioreactor

Natural Feed Supplements From Crustacean Processing Side Streams for Improved Growth of Finfishes and Crustaceans: A Review.

Natural feed additives of plant/animal/microbial origin are researched as supplements in aquaculture to improve the properties of feed, minimize the usage of chemical alternatives, reduce food safety risks and ensure sustainability to combat global food and nutritional security. Side streams generated during shellfish processing possess valuable ingredients: protein, lipids, carotenoids, minerals and chitins. Considering the current trend of organic farming and antibiotic-free fish and shellfish, crustacean processing side streams and their derivatives seem promising and emerging resources as natural additives/supplements for formulating high-quality feeds with superior benefits. Lower concentrations of chitin and chitosan in diets are reported to stimulate the growth of shellfish and finfish under controlled conditions. Oligomers of chitosan and nano-chitosan are also the other potential derivatives as natural supplements in feed for better growth performance of aquaculture varieties. This review focuses on the significance of crustacean processing side streams and their derivatives, especially shrimp head meal, chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides as potential natural additives in aquafeeds for promoting the growth performance of cultured fin fishes and shell fishes. Utilization in aquafeeds and the development of natural value-added supplements from crustacean processing side streams, especially shrimp head and shell leftover, offer an answer to the negative environmental impact due to its dumping; reduce the dependency on food fish for fish meal production & fishmeal for aquafeeds; solution to maintain the economic viability of the fish farmers & industry as well as to ensure the supply of safer and healthy aquatic foods to meet the objectives of sustainable development goals.