Gastropod Shells Research Articles

The Inspirers of a Modernist Artist Identity: Le Corbusier’s Relationship with Naive and African Art

This study takes as its starting point a painting by André Bauchant, a naïve painter who inspired the modernists, most notably architect Le Corbusier. Bauchant’s Bouquet Le Corbusier (1927), which features a large vase and the figures of Le Corbusier and his wife shrunk to the size of ants, was given to Le Corbusier as a gift. Bauchant was a gardener who served on the front lines during the First World War, and he did not start painting until reaching old age. In addition to André Bauchant Le Corbusier’s other favorite painter was the indigenous, self-taught African artist Kalifala Sidibé. Le Corbusier bought many of his paintings and even wrote a book about him. We know from contemporary photographs that Le Corbusier was attracted not only to naïve paintings but also to artists who lived natural lifestyles. Indeed, Le Corbusier regularly painted and drew nude in his home. Le Corbusier was searching for a way to return to a more natural and ecological orientation that diverged from the path that European civilization seemed to be taking. In this quest, he drew inspiration from many sources, and his home was very much like a Kunst- und Wunderkammer room that gathered together the works of naïve and indigenous painters, as well as seashells, snail shells, and prehistoric sculptures. In this paper, I examine one of the sources of Le Corbusier’s inspiration: his relationship with naïve artists. I explore the modern European artist and star architect’s relationship to autodidactic and African art, as well as his socio– and mental–historical background.

Strontium isotopes in human mobility research: BASr proxies in an anthropologically modified landscape

Establishing a local 87Sr/86Sr range is a vital requirement for identifying non-locals in bioarchaeological mobility studies using strontium isotopes. In regions heavily influenced by modern human activities, however, the sampling of suitable materials that can be used to decipher the bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr range might be challenging. Here, we collected a wide range of samples representing different reference types of materials from the Nové Mlýny reservoirs area of South Moravia, Czech Republic, and discuss their suitability in human mobility research studies. This included 15 surface water samples, 15 homogenised plant samples, 12 tooth enamel and 1 dentine sample, 1 bone sample from archaeofauna, 6 snail shells and 6 human bones. The measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios revealed the major influence of strontium of non-local origin, carried by the Jihlava river, on the local waterscape. This influence is further enhanced by the changes to the waterscape during the 20th century and carried over to other sample libraries. The presented results demonstrate that special care is needed when selecting reference samples, to allow for a proper understanding of the prevailing conditions in the biologically available strontium (BASr) and to ensure a reliable BASr range estimation.

Shell abandonment by a hermit crab is an effective antipredator behavior against a portunid crab

AbstractWhen hermit crabs recognize the risk of predation, they generally hide inside their shells or flee from the area, and little is known about their escape behaviors after being captured by a predator. We discovered that the hermit crab Pagurus filholi abandons its shell and attempts to flee when captured by the predatory crab Charybdis japonica, and we examined the effectiveness of this behavior in laboratory experiments. We fed captive C. japonica with P. filholi occupying gastropod shells. When the C. japonica could not break the shell even a little, it gave up and the P. filholi neither abandoned its shell nor was eaten. However, when the predator succeeded in partially breaking the shell, the hermit crab often abandoned the shell, and when it did so, it often survived. Once the predator had completely broken the shell open (implying that the shell has been broken to the extent that it no longer has any structural integrity), all hermit crabs that remained back in the shell (22/22) were consumed, and those that abandoned the shell were also often consumed (3/5). Therefore, hermit crabs do not need to abandon their shells if a predator is unable to break the shell even slightly, but if a predator begins to break the shell, they have a better chance of survival if they abandon their shells at an early stage.

Frequency of Synoptic‐Scale Precipitation Events Recorded by Daily Resolved δ18O of Land Snail Shells

AbstractLand snails exhibit the potential for capturing synoptic‐scale precipitation events through the δ18O records of their shells (δ18Oshell), but the application is hindered by the absence of a practical methodology for tracking these events. Here, we developed a statistical methodology to track the synoptic‐scale precipitation events from daily resolved snail body fluid δ18O (δ18OBF) record. We further tested and verified our approach using daily resolved δ18Oshell records of modern Cathaica fasciola from the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The reconstructed 3‐day‐timescale precipitation events frequencies using first derivations of δ18OBF and δ18Oshell shows strong agreement with instrumental data (>85% detection accuracy). The strong correlation between precipitation days in snail‐growing‐season and annual precipitation amounts across the CLP also permits the reconstruction of synoptical precipitation frequency for investigating the interannual variability of precipitation. Our study paves the avenue in paleoweather study, enabling quantitative reconstructions of past synoptic‐scale precipitation events.

Enhancement and Thermal Performance Evaluation of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector With the Integration of Innovative Snail Porous Material

Abstract Parabolic trough collector (PTC) is prospective for energy storage compatibility, and its thermal performance is limited by weather dependence. Evaluating the performance of the parabolic trough collector is crucial. In this study, the snail shell porous biological material acts as an energy storage material integrated with the receiver. These porous materials could store heat and supply to enhance thermal performance by supplying heat energy to a working fluid during reduced radiation availability. Hence, the experimentation is conducted under two dissimilar flowrate conditions, such as 150 and 300 liters per hour (LPH), with and without the porous material receiver. The findings of this research demonstrate that receivers with porous material show superior thermal performance compared to those without porous material. The peak average outlet water's temperature, heat absorption, heat transfer coefficient (HTC), and thermal and exergy efficiencies are about 68.7 °C, 5312.3 W, 357.9 W/m2 K, 70.6%, and 49.5%, respectively, at 150 LPH. However, the snail shell porous material enhances heat absorption efficiency by storing and releasing more heat, thereby improving the PTC's overall performance.

Early development of the calcified exoskeleton of the polyplacophoran mollusk, with insight into the evolutionary history of shell plates and spicules.

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have raised two questions about the evolutionary history of the calcified exoskeleton of mollusks. The first question concerns the homology of the two types of skeleton: whether spicules and shell plates share an evolutionary origin. The second question is the homology of the shell plates between chitons and other mollusks, including gastropods and bivalves. To gain insight into these questions, we examined the early development of shell plates and spicules in chitons. We identified several developmental genes that are involved in both shell plates and spicules, suggesting that spicules and shell plates share a common evolutionary origin. We also found that subpopulations of the dorsal shell field (the ridge and the plate field) have specific gene expression profiles. The differential gene expression of the ridge and plate field is not identical to the profiles of the zones of the gastropod shell field. This observation may suggest an independent evolutionary origin of the shell plates in chitons and gastropods.

Studies on the Use of Snail Shells in the Treatment of Wastewater Effluent

Studies on the Use of Snail Shells in the Treatment of Wastewater Effluent

Coupling Infrared Isotopic Gas Analysis and Thermal Ramped Analysis to Characterise Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon

ABSTRACTStudying the soil organic and inorganic carbon (SOC and SIC) dynamics is essential to assess the carbon (C) sequestration potential of calcareous soils. Isotopic signatures (δ13C) are used to assess the C origin of SOC or SIC. However, as measuring SOC and SIC contents, measuring δ13CSOC and δ13CSIC on a non‐pretreated aliquot remains a challenge. Thermal analyses, like the Rock‐Eval (RE) analysis, are promising to quantify SOC and SIC in a single analysis, but, to our knowledge, no development was conducted to assess δ13CSOC and δ13CSIC. We coupled a RE device to an isotopic gas analyser (Picarro) to continuously measure δ13CCO2 and approach δ13CSOC and δ13CSIC. We hypothesised that different carbonate mineralogies and/or crystal sizes in SIC involve fluctuations of the δ13CCO2. Two calcareous soils, a lithogenic (calcite) and a biogenic (snail shell) carbonate, and five calcite/shell mixes were analysed with the RE‐Picarro setup. Two distinct δ13CCO2 values were obtained before and after 650°C and were consistent with the δ13CSOC and δ13CSIC obtained by EA‐IRMS. The fluctuations of δ13CCO2 above 650°C were higher with calcite/shell mixes than with pure carbonates. A δ13CCO2 fluctuation > ± 0.2‰ could be a pertinent indicator to detect mixes of carbonate with different δ13C in soils. The RE‐Picarro setup is promising to assess SOC and SIC contents, δ13CSOC and δ13CSIC and detect mixes of carbonate with different origin on a non‐pretreated aliquot. Development is needed (i) on more soil and carbonate samples and (ii) to improve the precision and accuracy of the RE‐Picarro setup.

Effects of Cream Hardener on Optimal Formulation of Snail Shell-Based Auto Body Filler

ABSTRACT Snails’ shells, which are byproducts of the dining industry from restaurants, cafes, and snail vendors, represent a considerable environmental challenge with minimal commercial value. Their effective utilization could lead to substantial economic benefits. This study aims to investigate the effects of cream hardener on optimal formulation of snail shell-based auto body filler for potential industrial applications. The formulation of auto body filler was carried out using constrained D-optimal mixture experimental design. The formulation yielding the highest desirability index of 0.363comprised12%snail shell, 80% unsaturated polyester resin, 2.96% toluene, 2.22% xylene,2.82% Cobalt Naphthanate (Accelerator), and a particle size of 106.5 μm, which was also combined with cream hardener designated as samples snail shell auto body filler (SSBdfA and SSBdfB) respectively. The findings indicated that samples SSBdfB exhibited a quicker drying time of 10 minutes, while samples SSBdfA had longer curing times starting from 16 minutes and above; additionally, sample SSBdfB showed good adhesion and flexibility on metal surfaces. The physical and mechanical properties of the SSBdfA and SSBdfB samples were also evaluated. The optimal product quality characteristics revealed that SSBdfA exhibited a density of 1.03 g/cm³, a hardness of 0.7316, and a tensile strength of 0.0459 MPa, while SSBdfB demonstrated superior physical properties with a density of 1.22 g/cm³, a hardness of 0.96, and a tensile strength of 0.0931 MPa. Validation testing results for the produced samples (SSBdfA and SSBdfB) indicated optimal product quality properties with conditions of 0.97 g/cm³ density, 0.8066 hardness, and 0.0459 MPa tensile strength for SSBdfA, compared to 1.20 g/cm³ density, 0.973 hardness, and 0.0962 MPa tensile strength for SSBdfB. The research outcomes suggest that cream hardener influences the properties of snail shell auto body filler, making it suitable for industrial applications such as fillers in the automotive sector. The analysis considered a 95% confidence level, which allows for a 5% margin of error and represents 99% of the population.

Can morphometrics and shell preference behaviour be a tool for hermit crab species identification?

The hermit crabs are 'ecosystem engineers' and are a critical link in the oceanic food web. Six species of genus Coenobita are reported in the group of Andaman and Nicobar Islands namely, Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, C. violascens, C. perlatus, C. cavipes and Birgus latro. In the present study, Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. violascens were chosen and handpicked randomly during low tides at two locations along the Port Blair Coast. During the study, important morphometric parameters viz, shield length (SL), carapace length (CL), cheliped propodus length (ChPL), cheliped dactylus length (ChDL), left third pereopod propodus(L3PL) and left third pereopod dactylus length(L3DL) were measured using a vernier calliper. Among the six parameters, shield length (SL), Cheliped Propodus length (ChPL) and cheliped dactylus length (ChDL) are important for species differentiation. Identification of hermit crabs belonging to the same or different genera becomes easier with the use of morphometric data along with the taxonomic keys in the absence of colour patterns. One-way ANOVA showed that there are significant differences in SL values among the three species. It was found that the mean values of SL varied significantly between males and females for C. rugosus (one-way ANOVA) and C. violascens, but there was no significant variation of SL values between males and females of C. brevimanus. The results showed that C. rugosus occupied variety of gastropod shells belonging to families Turbinidae, Muricidae, Trochidae, Strombidae, Buccinidae, Neritidae, Cerithidae, Cymatidae, Olividae and, plastic debris like discarded bottle caps. Whereas C. violascens preferred shells of Turbinidae and Muricidae but the C. brevimanus chose only the shells of Turbinidae at least during the present study period. The sex ratio was highest (1.58) in C. rugosus followed by C. violascens (1.14) and the lowest (0.39) in C. brevimanus. The individuals of C. brevimanus were significantly larger while C. rugosus were smaller based on the cheliped and carapace length and the body weight.

Pyrolysis of Golden Snail Shells (Pomacea canaliculata L.) for Phosphorus Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Biochar derived from abundant waste biomass has emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional adsorbents. In this study, biochar produced from golden snail shells through a simple pyrolysis process was applied for phosphorus adsorption. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and time on adsorption capacity were investigated. The biochar pyrolyzed at 800 °C for 90 min (B800) exhibited the best adsorption performance. Optimal adsorption conditions were determined to be a pH of 4.0 and an adsorbent dose of 1.6 g L–1. The adsorption of phosphorus onto B800 could be well described by the Langmuir model and the pseudo-first-order model, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 63.5 mg g–1 and a rate constant of 0.029 min–1. This study highlights the potential of biochar derived from agricultural waste as a highly efficient and environmentally friendly adsorbent for phosphorus removal. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanism, driven by the electrostatic interaction occurring prior to Ca-P precipitation, was elucidated. The phosphorus adsorbed onto biochar can potentially be recycled as a soil fertilizer.

Hydroxyapatite-reinforced Al-Mg composites for corrosion resistance in hanks' balanced salt solution

Aluminum-Magnesium (Al-Mg) matrix composites were fabricated using powder metallurgy. Ceramic particles such as synthetic hydroxyapatite and snail shell hydroxyapatite were used as reinforcing particles. Snail shell hydroxyapatite often shows superior corrosion resistance over manufactured hydroxyapatite because of its distinct structural integrity, biological compatibility, and trace element concentration. Aluminummagnesium matrix composites are lightweight metals with advantageous mechanical, physical, and density properties, making them suitable for applications in the automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and sports industries. However, their limited corrosion resistance has restricted their broader development and application. This study characterizes corrosion behavior of Al-Mg composites reinforced with HAss and HA bioceramic. Given that plastic deformation can improve corrosion resistance, powder metallurgy is one of the most promising techniques for improving a material's mechanical properties. Following HAss reinforcement testing, Al-Mg composites were contrasted. A compression pressure of 650 MPa was used to produce the samples at room temperature. Corrosion was measured using the potentiodynamic polarization electrochemical test in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). Out of all the AlMg/HAss composites, the 0.55Al-0.05Mg/0.40HAss composite exhibited the maximum corrosion resistance (9.58×10-4 mmpy), per the test results. 7.72×10-6 mmpy was the Al-Mg/HA composite's ideal corrosion resistance when combined with the 0.80Al-0.05Mg/0.15HA composite. The application of powder metallurgy in the production of the composites significantly improved their corrosion resistance. The Al-Mg/HAss AMC can also be used in biomaterials.

Characterization and Performance of CA/Chitosan Membrane from Golden Snail Shell in the Application of Humic Acid Purification

The removal of humic acid from water is accomplished by a process known asultrafiltration membrane. This study investigates the simple method of preparing cellulose acetate (CA)-based ultrafiltration membranes by introducing chitosan into the dope solution. The result shows the positive effect of incorporating chitosan (1-3 wt%) as a membrane additive on their characteristics and performance. The membranes exhibit improved properties including increased bulk porosity and hydrophilicity. The pure water flux is significantly improved, reaching 100 L/m2.h with 3 wt% chitosan compared to 47 L/m2.h for the pure CA membrane. In particular, the 1% chitosan modification shows optimal performance, achieving high flux (82 L/m2.h) and humic acid rejection (80%). Furthermore, the modified CA membrane shows stability in both acidic and alkaline solutions over a 24 h exposure. These results suggest promising prospects for the application of chitosan-modified CA membranes in efficient water purification processes.

Sustainable colour, sulfate and phosphate removal from vegetable oil refinery wastewater using snail shell waste extracted-chitin-chitosan: Equilibrium studies and toxicity assessment of used adsorbents

Direct discharged of vegetable oil refinery wastewater without treatment can cause severe environmental pollution, corrosion and clogging of pipes. This work is aimed at investigating the use of snail shell extracted chitin and chitosan fortified with alum in removing colour, sulfate and phosphate from vegetable oil refinery waste water, monitoring the pH, and testing the toxicity of the used materials on the growth performance of maize. Chitin and chitosan with good adsorbent properties were produced from snail shells. The spent chitin/alum and chitosan/alum were recycled and their toxicities on the growth performance of maize tested. The studied wastewater had pH of 10.40, sulfate and phosphate concentrations of 3100 and 1561.3 mg/L respectively. Maximum removal capacities for sulfate and phosphate of 842.54 and 728.07 mg/g were respectively obtained for chitin, and respectively 934.97 and 728.00 mg/L for chitosan against colour removal of 0.96 and 0.95 Absorbance/g respectively on chitin and chitosan. Nearly 100% of colour and phosphate were removed by chitin and chitosan systems for all tested parameters against a maximum of 84% for sulfate by chitosan at pH 10 and 80% for chitin at pH 4. From Pseudo-second order kinetics, phosphate and sulfate removal were faster on chitin than chitosan while colour removal was faster on chitosan than chitin. Recycled adsorbents enhanced maize germination and survival than the control where they were absent. Tested adsorbents are effective in improving quality of studied effluent, requiring no electricity and can be used as fertilizers, ensuring clean environment and generation of more revenue

Recognition of Conus species using a combined approach of supervised learning and deep learning-based feature extraction.

Cone snails are venomous marine gastropods comprising more than 950 species widely distributed across different habitats. Their conical shells are remarkably similar to those of other invertebrates in terms of color, pattern, and size. For these reasons, assigning taxonomic signatures to cone snail shells is a challenging task. In this report, we propose an ensemble learning strategy based on the combination of Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost (XGB) methods. We used 47,600 cone shell images of uniform size (224 x 224 pixels), which were split into an 80:20 train-test ratio. Prior to performing subsequent operations, these images were subjected to pre-processing and transformation. After applying a deep learning approach (Visual Geometry Group with a 16-layer deep model architecture) for feature extraction, model specificity was further assessed by including multiple related and unrelated seashell images. Both classifiers demonstrated comparable recognition ability on random test samples. The evaluation results suggested that RF outperformed XGB due to its high accuracy in recognizing Conus species, with an average precision of 95.78%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.99, indicating the model's optimal performance. The learning and validation curves also demonstrated a robust fit, with the training score reaching 1 and the validation score gradually increasing to 95 as more data was provided. These values indicate a well-trained model that generalizes effectively to validation data without significant overfitting. The gradual improvement in the validation score curve is crucial for ensuring model reliability and minimizing the risk of overfitting. Our findings revealed an interactive visualization. The performance of our proposed model suggests its potential for use with datasets of other mollusks, and optimal results may be achieved for their categorization and taxonomical characterization.

Viability Test of Osteoblast Cells After Application of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle from Unam Snail’s Shells In-vitro Examination

The bone defect reconstruction process can use hydroxyapatite is osteoconductive and can retain the original biocompatible shape to enhance hydroxyapatite with osteogenic proteins. To analyze the most appropriate concentration of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using the MTT Assay method and to test the viability of osteoblast cells after being given hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (nHA) derived from unam snail shells. The fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from unam snail shells using a mechanical-chemical combination method. Osteoblast cells are obtained from Calvaria rats after being cultured in DMEM. Viability tests of osteoblast cells were done using the MTT Assay method and repeated three times, and then results were measured using an Elisa reader. Viability of osteoblast cells in nHA 1,25 mg/ml (164,60 % ± 0,096), nHA 1,5 mg/ml (151,72 % ± 0,176), nHA 1,75 mg/ml (90,55 % ± 0,243), nHA 2 mg/ml (74,23 % ± 0,301) respectively. ANOVA test shows p < 0,05. IC50 value of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle from the unam snail’s shells to viability osteoblast cells is 2,23 mg/ml. Less concentration of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles tends to increase the viability of osteoblast cells. 1,75 mg/ml and below hydroxyapatite nanoparticles derived from unam snail shells are not toxic to osteoblast cells.

Double-spiral as a bio-inspired functional element in engineering design

Spiral, one of the most well-known functional patterns in nature that can be observed in structures such as the proboscis of lepidoptera and snail shells or as vortices forming in flowing fluids, has long served as a source of inspiration for humans in the creation of numerous spiral-based designs. Double-spiral is a design derived from spirals, which has been previously presented and utilized as a compliant joint. Advantageous properties of double-spirals, such as easily adjustable design, multiple degrees of freedom, reversible extensibility, and tunable deformability make them promising candidates for the development of mechanically intelligent structures that exhibit unique behavior and reach desired functions, such as soft grippers, continuum manipulators, energy-dissipative structures, and foldable metamaterials. In this article, we first develop the Double-Spiral Design software to facilitate the design and modeling of double-spirals. We then design and manufacture five different spiral-based structures using three-dimensional (3D) printing, including (1) a freeform passive gripper, (2) a highly extensible enveloping gripper, (3) a mechanical interlocking structure, (4) an adaptive energy-dissipative structure, and (5) a compliant planar joint. Through practical experimentation, we test the functionality of the developed structures and showcase the potential of double-spirals for being used in various technical applications. This study represents a significant step towards a better understanding of double-spirals and demonstrates their broad but unexplored potential in engineering design.

A Starting Point on Recycling Land and Sea Snail Shell Wastes to Manufacture Quicklime, Milk of Lime, and Hydrated Lime.

The valorization of gastropod shell wastes in the production of lime is the topic of this study. First, shells from land snail and sea snail were characterized for their mineralogical, chemical, and thermal properties. Then, the shells were calcined at 1000 °C, and the obtained quicklimes were characterized for their specific surface area, pore diameter, and particle morphology, followed by evaluation of their reactivity in wet slaking tests. Comparisons were made with lime from limestone. It was found that both gastropod shell wastes were composed of aragonite as the dominant crystalline phase. The quicklime from land snail belonged to the most reactive class (R5) of the wet slaking reactivity, reaching 60 °C in about 5 min, whereas the quicklime from the sea snail belonged to the R4 class, reaching 60 °C in about 14 min. However, both were much less reactive than the lime from limestone (60 °C in 25 s). The lower reactivity of quicklime from sea snail shells compared to quicklime from land snail shells could be related to its higher sulfur content (as contaminant), lower pore diameter, and the presence of particles with rounder surfaces. The reference quicklime from limestone was more reactive, mainly due to the much higher specific surface area and lower particle size. It was concluded that the gastropod shell wastes can be used in lime manufacturing.

Performance evaluation of lime-improved lateritic soil with the addition of pulverised snail shell and sawdust ash for sustainable highway infrastructure

This research investigated the effects of lime, Pulverized snail shell (PSS), and sawdust ash on the mechanical properties of lateritic soil for soil stabilization in construction. The use of this waste materials aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 12 on responsible consumption and production and Goal 9 on sustainable infrastructure development. Reusing waste materials for soil stabilization supports a circular economy approach, diverting these materials from landfills and promoting their sustainable use as valuable resources. Various tests, including maximum dry density, moisture content, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), triaxial, permeability, compressibility, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, were conducted on soil samples with different proportions of additives. The results show that the addition of additives reduced maximum dry density and increased moisture content. The sample with 6% lime and 7.5% PSS exhibited the highest UCS of 302 kPa after 28 days of curing, while the untreated sample had a UCS of 121 kPa. Triaxial tests revealed reduced cohesion and increased angle of internal friction with higher additive content. The 6% lime and 7.5% PSS sample displayed the highest shear strength of 60.6 kPa and elastic modulus of 181.8 MPa. Permeability tests demonstrated that the 6% lime and 6% sawdust ash sample had the lowest permeability (6.67 × 10–7 m/s) among the stabilized samples. The untreated soil exhibited high compressibility, whereas the 6% lime and 7.5% PSS sample exhibited the highest resistance to compression and deformation. The untreated soil had a soaked CBR value of 8%, while the 6% lime and 7.5% PSS sample achieved the highest soaked CBR value of 38%, making it suitable as a sub-base material. These findings highlight the effectiveness of lime, PSS, and sawdust ash in enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic soil and offer valuable insights for soil stabilization in construction of Sustainable Highway Infrastructure.

Assessment of Ocean Acidification Impact on Gastropod Shells Using Geometric Morphometrics

Assessment of Ocean Acidification Impact on Gastropod Shells Using Geometric Morphometrics