Shelf Life Of Oil Research Articles

Improving the oxidative stability and lengthening the shelf life of DHA algae oil with composite antioxidants

Based on various antioxidant mechanisms, four kinds of antioxidants including ascorbyl palmitate (AP), vitamin E (VE), phytic acid (PA) and one of the polyphenols (antioxidant of bamboo leaves, tea polyphenol palmitate or tea polyphenols (TP)) were used in combination to improve oxidative stability of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) algae oil. To achieve the best effect, the formulations and mixture ratios of the antioxidant combinations were optimized. The effects were monitored by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, acid value, free radicals, Rancimat induction time and fatty acid composition of DHA algae oil undergoing accelerated storage. Finally, the DHA algae oil containing 80 mg/kg AP, 80 mg/kg VE, 40 mg/kg PA and 80 mg/kg TP had the highest oxidative stability. Furthermore, the shelf life of DHA algae oil containing the optimum composite antioxidant was predicted by using accelerated shelf life testing coupled with Arrhenius model, which was 3.80-fold longer than the control sample.

Could Defatted Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Mealworm Oil Be Used as Food Ingredients?

Before edible insects may be used as an alternative food, it is necessary to develop basic product forms and evaluate their characteristics. We made two basic commercial products (defatted powder and oil) from mealworm, a popular edible insect. The defatted mealworm powder possessed a sufficient amount of protein, and it had a savory taste due to plentiful free amino acids. Additionally, it had abundant minor nutrients and bioactive compounds. The physicochemical properties of mealworm oil were very similar to vegetable oil, and mealworm oil was also abundant in bioactive nutrients, especially γ-tocopherol. In addition, the predicted shelf life of mealworm oil was suitable for commercial use. Moreover, mealworm had high antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities, which may arise from functional peptides and glucosamine derivatives such as chitin and chitosan. In short, the defatted mealworm powder and mealworm oil could be successfully used as novel food ingredients.

Influence of headspace oxygen on quality and shelf life of extra virgin olive oil during storage

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of low O2 headspace in clear and dark containers at different storage temperatures (10 °C and 28 °C) on the quality and shelf life of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Bottle headspace was controlled at four different O2 concentrations 2, 5, 10, and 21%. Quality parameters were determined after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months storage: free fatty acids, peroxide value, absorption coefficients K270 and K230, total polyphenols, chlorophyll content, oxidative stability index, and color. Results show low headspace oxygen levels of 2 and 5%, significantly increased EVOO shelf life stored in dark and clear bottles at 10 °C. While the improvement in EVOO shelf-life was less when stored at 28 °C. No significant differences occurred between EVOO samples packaged at 10 and 21% headspace O2 concentrations in clear bottles stored at 28 °C while significant differences were observed with 2 and 5% headspace O2 concentrations. These results suggest that it is important to minimize headspace oxygen in packages of extra virgin olive oil.

Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Total Polyphenols Quantification in Extra Virgin Olive Oils

Phenolic compounds in olive oil are considered interesting, both for their effect on human wellness and for their role in the shelf life of olive oils. Many methods have been suggested for quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in extra virgin olive oil, which determine that results are not always comparable; therefore, it is necessary to have simple, inexpensive, robust, and validated methods for official routine analyses. In this work, solid phase extraction (SPE) was carried out to isolate polyphenols from olive oil and the traditional colorimetric assay (Folin-Ciocalteu method) was used to quantify them. SPE/colorimetric method was validated for total polyphenols official determinations in extra virgin oils. The proposed method was robust, precise, and accurate. Polyphenol recovery was excellent ≥ 95% in 100–500 ppm measuring range.

Developing a simultaneously antioxidant and pH-responsive κ-carrageenan/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose film blended with Prunus maackii extract

к-Carrageenan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were used as matrix materials in which the extract of Prunus maackii pomace (EPm) was added to prepare a simultaneously antioxidant and pH-responsive film. EPm effectively increased the flexibility, barrier properties, antioxidant activity and pH-responsiveness of the film. When EPm content was increased to 8%, the elongation at break, heat-sealing strength and oxygen permeability of the film could reach 43.20 ± 2.07%, 1096.39 ± 51.29 N/m and 2.23 ± 0.02 cm3 mm m−2 day−1 atm−1, respectively. Ultraviolet-visible spectra of EPm and the films color changed significantly in the range of pH 2.0–12.0. The κC/Hm/EPmy film obviously slowed the oxidation of lard compared with commercial PE film, and exhibited visible changes from red to purple when TVB-N in the pork reached 13.18 mg/100 g which was close to the freshness limit of 15.00 mg/100 g. Therefore, the κC/Hm/EPmy film can be promisingly used for extending oil shelf life and indicating the protein-rich food quality.

Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil Supplemented with Pod Coat Extracts of Cluster Bean

The aim of present work was to determine the potency of phenolic extracts from cluster bean pod coats in improving shelf life of soybean oil. Pod coats of cluster bean were extracted with three solvents (acetone, ethylacetate and chloroform). Crude soybean oil samples were stabilised by adding different extracts at 1000 and 2000 ppm concentration and effect of addition of these extracts on oxidative stability of crude soybean oil at 50°C was observed. Rate of oxidative degradation of crude soybean oil was lowest in the sample treated with acetone extract (2000 ppm). The value of various oxidative quality parameters of crude soybean oil supplemented with acetone extract (2000 ppm) after 28 days of incubation are peroxide value (26.77 meq/kg oil), free fatty acids content (2.637%), p-anisidine value (25.18), TOTOX value (78.72), conjugated dienes (28.47%), conjugated trienes (13.97%) and TBA value (31.59 meq malonaldehyde/g). Results of present study indicate that pod coat extracts of cluster bean possess remarkable antioxidant potential and considerably lowered the rate of oxidative deterioration of crude soybean oil.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA VIDA ÚTIL DE LOS ACEITES DE SACHA INCHI (Plukenetia huayllabambana y Plukenetia volubilis) MICROENCAPSULADOS

Los aceites de sacha inchi de los ecotipos Plukenetia huayllabambana y Plukenetia volubilis se microencapsularon para protegerlos de factores ambientales como el oxígeno, la luz, humedad y de las condiciones de los procesos durante la elaboración de los alimentos. El estudio de la vida útil del producto microencapsulado es muy importante a la hora de utilizarlo como materia prima en el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales. Por todo lo comentado anteriormente, el objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la vida útil de los aceites de sacha inchi microencapsulados con diferentes materiales de pared (Goma Arábiga (GA), Hi-Cap, Maltodextrina (MD) y proteína de suero de leche (WPI)), solos o en mezclas; empleando el método Rancimat® a las temperaturas de 70, 80, 90 y 100°C. Los resultados del tiempo de vida útil extrapolada a 25°C de los microencapsulados de los aceites de sacha inchi fue mucho mayor que el tiempo de vida de los aceites de sacha inchi sin microencapsular. La estabilidad oxidativa y el periodo de inducción (PI), también confirmaron que las microcápsulas obtenidas mostraron una mayor protección frente a la oxidación, siendo el material de pared Hi-cap el que mejor protegió.

Nitrogen Headspace Improves the Extra Virgin Olive Oil Shelf-Life, Preserving Its Functional Properties.

The functional foods field has recently evolved due to new research being carried out in the food area and greater regulations; these factors have contributed to the creation of health claims, and to the increasing attention that consumers give to health-promoting food products. The aim of this research was to improve the shelf-life of a typical functional food of the Mediterranean diet, the Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO). We focused our attention on the standardization and validation of a production process, starting from the cultivation and harvesting of the olives, which would guarantee a product of quality in terms of bioactive compound content. Furthermore, a methodology/procedure to preserve them in the best way over a long period of time, in order to guarantee the consumer receives a product that retains its functional and organoleptic native properties, was evaluated. The monitoring of biological cultivations, harvesting, milling process, and storage, as well as careful quality control of the analytical parameters (e.g., contents of polyphenols, α-tocopherol, fatty acids, acidity, peroxides, dienes, trienes, ΔK, and antioxidant power) showed that, under the same conditions, a nitrogen headspace is a discriminating factor for the maintenance of the functional properties of EVOO.

The Nutraceutical Value of Olive Oil and Its Bioactive Constituents on the Cardiovascular System. Focusing on Main Strategies to Slow Down Its Quality Decay during Production and Storage.

Cardiovascular diseases represent the principal cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is well-known that oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are strongly implicated in their pathogenesis; therefore, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents can represent effective tools. In recent years a large number of scientific reports have pointed out the nutraceutical and nutritional value of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO), strongholds of the Mediterranean diet, endowed with a high nutritional quality and defined as functional foods. In regard to EVOO, it is a food composed of a major saponifiable fraction, represented by oleic acid, and a minor unsaponifiable fraction, including a high number of vitamins, polyphenols, and squalene. Several reports suggest that the beneficial effects of EVOO are linked to the minor components, but recently, further studies have shed light on the health effects of the fatty fraction and the other constituents of the unsaponifiable fraction. In the first part of this review, an analysis of the clinical and preclinical evidence of the cardiovascular beneficial effects of each constituent is carried out. The second part of this review is dedicated to the main operating conditions during production and/or storage that can directly influence the shelf life of olive oil in terms of both nutraceutical properties and sensory quality.

Effect of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) lycopene-rich extract on the kinetics of rancidity and shelf-life of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) oil

The effect of tomato lycopene-rich extract (TLE) addition on shelf-life of linseed oil was evaluated. Linseed oil was extracted by cold pressing and TLE by supercritical CO2. Linseed oils with and without TLE addition were characterized for moisture, color, refractive index, fatty acid composition and antioxidants. Adding TLE to 80 mg lycopene/kg oil improved linseed oil stability, showing the same induction time at 110 °C (by Rancimat) of control linseed oil with 200 mg/kg butylhydroxytoluene. The increase of free fatty acid, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, K232 and K268 at 40, 50, and 60 °C until 90 days followed first-order kinetics. Rancidity rate augmented with temperature. TLE addition slowed oil degradation without changing the mechanism since the Arrhenius lines were parallel. Mean Ea were respectively 38.2, 24.7, 38.0, 38.2, 41.5 kJ/mol. TLE addition increased linseed oil shelf-life by 31% (Rancimat) and by 42% (stability kinetics during storage).

Development of high oleic peanut lines through marker-assisted introgression of mutant ahFAD2 alleles and its fatty acid profiles under open-field and controlled conditions.

Peanut is one of the most important oilseed crops grown worldwide. In this study, the mutant ahFAD2 alleles conferring high oleic (HO) content are introgressed into an elite Indian cultivar GPBD4 which is also resistant to the foliar fungal diseases like rust and late leaf spot (LLS). The allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) assays were used for the marker-assisted backcross (MABC) approach and 64 HO introgression lines (ILs) were generated. These ILs were tested for the FA compositions under the glasshouse and field conditions. The oleic acid and linoleic acid contents in the ILs were recorded to be between 68.94-82.33% and 1.74-10.87%, respectively, under glasshouse and 67.04-81.71% and 2.00-15.66%, respectively, under field conditions. The increase in the oleic acid content of the ILs over its recurrent parent (RP) was recorded to the tune of 28.78-53.80% and 33.70-62.96% under glasshouse and field conditions, respectively, indicating the stable expression of ahFAD2B gene in two different environments. On the contrary, linoleic acid showed 56.47-93.03% and 40.02-92.34% reduction in the ILs over its RP under glasshouse and field conditions, respectively. These ILs with a healthy FA profile can meet not only the nutritional requirements of a health-conscious society but also the industrial demands for better shelf life of oil and its products.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL VALUE AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF WALNUT AND PUMPKIN-SEED OILS

The work is devoted to the study of the biologically active components and the oxidation stability of oils made from non-traditional raw materials such as walnuts and pumpkin seeds. The characteristics that have been determined are the content of phospholipids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, tocopherols, and sterols, the composition of fatty acids and tocopherol homologues, the acidity and oxidation stability of walnut and pumpkin-seed oils. Walnut and pumpkin-seed oils contain a significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular, walnut oil contains linolenic acid and has the ratio ω-3:ω-6 of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is close to the recommended ratio. The linoleic (polyunsaturated, ω-6) and oleic (monounsaturated) fatty acids dominated in the fatty acid composition of pumpkin-seed oil, and the sum of saturated fatty acids was three times as high as that in walnut oil. An important property of walnut oil is a very high ratio of ω-3:ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 1:5, which is almost what is recommended by dietitians for the human diet. The difference in the total tocopherol content of the two oil samples was slight, but the composition of tocopherol homologues was very distinctive, i. e. β-tocopherol was the main homo;ogue in the walnut oil and α-tocopherol in the pumpkin-seed oil, respectively. The acidity of the oil samples increased quite rapidly, reaching the value close to 4 mg KOH/g of in 63 days for walnut oil, and in 70 days for pumpkin-seed oil. The oxidative stability of the two oil samples was estimated by changes of the peroxide value during 98 days of oil storage. It has been shown that the induction period of walnut oil oxidation, defined as the start of an increase of the peroxide index, was 56 days, in spite of a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly, linolenic acid. The duration of the induction period of pumpkin-seed oil oxidation and the shelf life of this oil were 70 and 98 days, respectively, while the shelf life of walnut oil was about 90 days. The higher resistance of pumpkin-seed oil to oxidative damage is primarily due to the fatty acid composition of this oil, namely to a high content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and almost twice as low a content of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to that of walnut oil. Both oils can be recommended as a valuable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamins for human nutrition.

Effect of Enzymatic Aqueous Extraction on Quality Characteristics of Maize Germ Oil During Storage

Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAAE) method is among the emerging technologies and eco-friendly process for oil extraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oil extraction methods and packaging material on shelf life of maize germ oil. Maize germ oil extraction was done by EAAE and solvent extraction method. HDPE and glass bottles were used as packaging materials. Quality characteristics evaluated were acid number, pH value, total phenolics content, colour change, unsaponifiable matter, saponification value, peroxide value and density at 15-day intervals for 90 days of storage period. The quality characteristics of oil changed with the passage of storage periods, and maximum change upto 190 % increase in peroxide value occurred when oil was solvent extracted and stored in HDPE bottle. The quality parameters of EAAE extracted oil were superior to solvent extracted oil. During storage acid number, pH, total phenolics, unsaponifiable matter and peroxide value of oil were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by packaging material, storage period and method of oil extraction.

The potential of lysine to extend the shelf life of soybean oil evidenced by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

The effect of 1% and 2% proportions of L-lysine on the oxidation process of soybean oil, performed at 70 °C under stirring conditions, has been studied by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. This technique allows one to monitor the generation and further evolution of a wide variety of oxidation products (hydroperoxides, epoxides, aldehydes, keto-dienes and hydroxy-derivatives), providing a comprehensive view of the oxidation process. The addition of lysine considerably delays the degradation of the oil acyl groups and the generation of both primary and secondary oxidation compounds, while preserving the oil content of γ-tocopherol for longer, especially at the highest enrichment level. A diminution in the maximum concentration reached by some types of secondary oxidation products is also observed in the lysine-enriched samples. This is particularly noticeable for aldehydes, whose concentration is markedly reduced, above all that of the toxic oxygenated α,β-unsaturated ones, probably due to their reaction with lysine. Therefore, the ability of lysine to extend the shelf life of soybean oil is proved in this work, as well as its feasibility as a potential antioxidant for use in lipidic foods. These findings could also contribute to a better understanding of the antioxidant effect of proteins.

Effect of Enzymatic Aqueous Extraction on Quality Characteristics of Maize Germ Oil During Storage

Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAAE) method is among the emerging technologies and eco-friendly process for oil extraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oil extraction methods and packaging material on shelf life of maize germ oil. Maize germ oil extraction was done by EAAE and solvent extraction method. HDPE and glass bottles were used as packaging materials. Quality characteristics evaluated were acid number, pH value, total phenolics content, colour change, unsaponifiable matter, saponification value, peroxide value and density at 15-day intervals for 90 days of storage period. The quality characteristics of oil changed with the passage of storage periods, and maximum change upto 190 % increase in peroxide value occurred when oil was solvent extracted and stored in HDPE bottle. The quality parameters of EAAE extracted oil were superior to solvent extracted oil. During storage acid number, pH, total phenolics, unsaponifiable matter and peroxide value of oil were significantly affected (P< 0.05) by packaging material, storage period and method of oil extraction.

Investigation of peroxidation kinetics in oil-in-water emulsions induced by Cu(II)

In this study, peroxidation of olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil, argan oil, rosehip oil emulsions was carried out in the presence of copper (II) ion at 37 ° C and pH 7 in a ventilated incubation environment. Primer products (hydroperoxides) were monitored by Fe (III) SCN method and secondary products (malondialdehyde) were analyzed by TBARS analytical methods. In addition, GC-MS analysis were performed on the oils studied to identify compounds that behave as free radical scavengers or hydrogen donors. Before preparation of the oil emulsions in water, iodine index determinations of the degrees of unsaturation in the oils were made and found to be 86.28, 128.12, 140.22, 164.97, 97.29 and 183.58 gI2 / 100g for olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil, argan oil and rosehip oil respectively. The rate constants were calculated kwalnut oil > kargan oil > krosehip oil > ksunflower oil > kcorn oil > kolive oil for FeSCN method and krosehip oil > kwalnut oil > kargan oil > kolive oil > ksunflower oil > kcorn oil for TBARS method, respectively. As a result, pseudo first order kinetics of hydroperoxides and aldehydes were observed in copper-catalyzed oil emulsions at 37 ° C and pH 7, and the absorbance values obtained as a function of the incubation period gave sigmoidal curves. This study showed that the oxidation rates of fats are closely related to the conjugated fatty acids. It was thought that the kinetic data obtained could be used to accurately calculate the shelf life of oils used as food components.

The Environmental effects on fortified palm olein in the Anthropocene

Until now, no literature exists to explain about the impact of time, and environmental parameters, when using typical commercial grade transparent linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) packaging for protecting vegetable cooking oil during typical shelf-life conditions. We tested long-term impact of temperature and illuminance (light: 100 to 150 lux and darkness <1 lux) on refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDPOL), fortified with vitamin A. Results showed degradation of fortified RBDPOL with 70 ppm vitamin A was approximately 15% at 18-22oC in Light, 10% at 18-22oC in Darkness, 19% at 32-33oC in light and 17% 32-33oC in darkness. Similar trend was observed at 45 ppm vitamin A. Exposure to heat and light impacted vitamin A degradation, but is primarily attributed to temperature, irrespective of packaging. This investigation builds on our previous work (Silalahi et al., 2017), and confirms the impact of challenging environmental conditions on vegetable cooking oil shelf-life over long time periods.

The study of the properties of sweet cream butter with flavoring components

The technology of sweet-sour dessert oil with maple syrup has been developed. It is of scientific interest to study its quality indices when stored. The organoleptic characteristics of the butter of the sweetener with flavor components were determined in the scores. The score of the ball was 20 points. The chemical parameters of sweet dessert oil with maple syrup are found: mass fraction of fat, not less than – 62%, mass fraction of dry substances, not less – 9,5%, mass fraction of moisture, not more than – 28,5%. The conformity of oil indicators with the norms specified in TP TS 033/2013 for cream butter with the components is established: mass fraction of fat – 50 to 69%, mass fraction of moisture – 16 to 45%. The thermostability of butter of sweet-dessert dessert oil with maple syrup has been determined – 0,7, i.e. the indicator is characterized as satisfactory. A good consistency of sweet dessert oil with maple syrup is found on the slice – the plate has a dense, even surface and edges, with slight pressure bending. The shelf life of sweet dessert oil with maple syrup is 15 days. Acidity of the fat phase was determined over a period of 21 days (taking into account the time reserve). The index of acidity of the analyzed sample for 15 days was – 2.7 °C, which corresponds to the norm. Estimation of the acidity of the fatty phase and the acidity of the plasma of the oil showed an insignificant increase during the warranty period of shelf life. The stability of fatty oil of sweet-dessert dessert with maple syrup has been determined. During the experiment, the color became yellow, the smell is sweet, creamy, pleasant, the aroma of maple syrup is pronounced. The specimen withstood the test for 8 hours, no damage to the fat is noted. The microbiological parameters of the oil have been determined. The conformity of oil with the requirements of State standard 32899–2014 and TP TS 033/2013 during storage is established.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT ANTIOXIDANTS ON OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SOYBEAN OIL IN PET BOTTLES EFEITOS DE DIFERENTES ANTIOXIDANTES NA ESTABILIDADE OXIDATIVA DO ÓLEO DE SOJA EM GARRAFAS PET

Lipid oxidation is responsible for physicochemical and organoleptic changes which reduce not only the food shelf life but also its acceptability. However, this deterioration process can be delayed or prevented by the addition of antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different antioxidants, pure and in combination (ascorbyl palmitate, rosemary extract and mix of tocopherols) compared to TBHQ (tert-butylhydroquinone) on oxidative stability index (OSI) of soybean oil stored in PET bottles by Rancimat at 120°C. The rancimat method is included in the AOCS Cd 12b-92 standard, due to the ease of use and reproducibility that allows the OSI evaluation in a relatively short period. Therefore, an accelerated shelf life study was performed at 60°C for 30 days. The results showed that all evaluated antioxidants and their combinations delayed the lipid oxidation of soybean oil. However, a mix containing ascorbyl palmitate and rosemary extract presented OSI (Oxidative Stability Index) similar to TBHQ. At the end of the 30th day, this referred blend of antioxidants had OSI of 4.83 hours at 120 °C, while treatment with TBHQ showed 5.90 hours at the same temperature. Thus, it was concluded that the evaluated concentration of the ascorbyl palmitate and rosemary extract blend may be an excellent alternative to TBHQ during the maintenance of the soybean oil shelf life in PET bottles.

Physical and chemical stability of sweet walnut oil emulsion: Influence of homogenization conditions and stabilizer ratio

AbstractIn the present study, the effect of homogenization conditions (homogenization rate: 10,000–17,500 rpm; homogenization time: 5–10 min) and stabilizer (polyglycerol polyricinoleate [PGPR]: 1–3% oil content) ratio on the physical and chemical stability of walnut oil in water emulsions was investigated based on CCRD experimental design. Results showed that the incorporation of PGPR led to a decrease in the yield stress, viscosity, centrifuge, and kinetic stabilities up to center point (~2% oil content) and increased after that. The increase in homogenization rate and time, on the other side, brought about an increase in parameters as mentioned above. The induction time of refined walnut oil was 5.46 ± 0.37 hr, while the induction time of prepared emulsions ranged between 6.45 ± 0.29 and 8.29 ± 0.05 hr, which implicitly demonstrated that emulsification led to an outstanding increase in oxidative stability of the emulsion. General acceptance in terms of homogenization rate and time, increased up to center point (~13,750 rpm/7.5 min).Practical applicationsWalnut oil is valuable by‐product of the food industry. It is also a functional food ingredient with its minor bioactive components including tocopherols and phytosterols. However, walnut oil is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well. In this sense, extreme care needs to be taken in order to prevent walnut oil oxidation. In order to meet this challenge, walnut oil was incorporated into o/w emulsion formulation within the present study to retard lipid oxidation and prolong the shelf life of walnut oil by increasing its overall stability. Therefore, the effect of the independent variables selected as homogenization rate, time and stabilizer (PGPR) ratio on physical and chemical properties of the emulsion were investigated.