Map Sheets Research Articles

Geology and Geochemistry of Aberma and Its Environ Sheet 54se Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria

The study area falls within the northwestern part of Nigeria and is underlain by crystalline rocks of the Basement Complex. Field mapping in Aberma and its environs were carried out using topographical map sheet of 54 SE Gusau on a scale 1: 25,000 with an area extends of about 30.8052km2. This field work was carried out using traverse method in conjunction with field equipment such as compass/clinometers, geologic hammer, sample bag and global positioning system. This study however, aims at producing a detail geological map, including the various rock geochemistry and petrography of the study area. The area is underlain by two major lithological rock type which is mica schist and granite gneiss. The granite gneiss is strongly foliated, caused by high temperature and pressure and the minerals observed in plane polarized light include quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, muscovite, opaque mineral and biotite. The mica schists in the study area are mostly weathered in ditches below the ground surface, the rock is moderately weathered and show schistocyte. The minerals observed in plane polarized light include quartz and muscovite. The dominant structures observed include; joints, Quartz veins, foliation and pegmatite dyke. Structural analysis shows that the rocks have been affected by the Pan African orogeny with the joint’s orientation trending dominantly NNE-SSW and Quartz vein trending in somewhat E-W direction. The microscopic studies revealed that the mineralogical composition of the rocks types of the study area contain varying percentages of quartz, muscovite, plagioclase, orthoclase, opaque mineral and biotite as the major minerals. The geochemical analysis revealed the major and minor elemental distribution of the rock types of the study area. The chemical assay revealed that the granite gneiss and mica schist rock type of the study area are super-saturated with respect to silica, silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) is the most abundant oxide with an average value of 78.12% in the rock sample. This implies that the rock analyzed is acidic in nature and must have formed from crystallization of an acidic magma because the silica content being greater than 65%.

Dataset of building locations in Poland in the 1970s and 1980s

The aim of this study was to create a dataset of building locations in Poland from the 1970s–1980s. The source information was the historical 1:10 000 Polish topographic map. Building footprints were detected and extracted from approximately 8,500 scanned map sheets using the Mask R-CNN model implemented in Esri ArcGIS Pro software, and converted to point building locations. The dataset of building locations covers the entire country and contains approximately 11 million points representing buildings. The accuracy of the dataset was assessed manually on randomly selected map sheets. The overall accuracy is 95% (F1 = 0.98). The dataset may be used in conjunction with various contemporary land use, land cover and cadastral datasets in a broad range of applications related to long-term changes in rural and urban areas, including urban sprawl and its environmental and social consequences. It can also serve as a highly reliable reference dataset for regional or global settlement products derived, e.g., from early Landsat data.

A new digital database of Ellen Louise Mertz’s 1924 ‘Overview of late- and postglacial elevation changes in Denmark’

Data from an important historic article on late- and postglacial land-level changes in Denmark and the accompanying map are presented here in a new digital format. The original data were compiled in 1924 by Ellen Louise Mertz and comprise field observations of the marine limit in Denmark made over the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The original tables have been transcribed and expanded into a digital database consisting of 658 entries. The original map sheet has been georeferenced and 392 mapped points have been assigned coordinates. The points are linked to their attributes in the digital data table, making them newly amenable to geospatial analysis in a Geographic Information System. To demonstrate, we briefly present one such application, namely a reproduction and verification of the isolines of raised beach elevation from the original 1924 map.

Sistem Informasi Geografis Tentang Pemetaan Jumlah Rumah Sakit Dan Poliklinik Dikota Semarang

Hospitals and polyclinics are professional health care institutions whose services are provided by doctors, nurses and other health experts. As the function of hospitals becomes increasingly vital, every community member is expected to know the locations of the hospitals and polyclinics closest to where they live to anticipate undesirable events. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a technology that is currently a very essential tool in storing, manipulating, analyzing and displaying natural conditions with the help of attribute data and spatial data. GIS can represent the real world on a computer monitor just as a map sheet can represent the real world on paper. Under these conditions, this system is very useful in making it easier for the health service to manage and review the location of hospitals in the city of Semarang, so that in the future it can be in line with programs from other agencies involved in managing city spatial planning. The aim of this research is to build a geographic information system with an integrated database, especially to find the locations of hospitals and polyclinics in the city of Semarang. So it can provide information to users who want to find hospital locations in the city of Semarang.

Maps of Quaternary sediments and features in Austria and neighbouring countries at the scales of 1:500 000 and 1:1 500 000

Abstract Today’s landscape and morphology of Austria is markedly affected by erosional and sedimentary processes active during the Quaternary. Particularly, large glaciers have shaped the landscape of the Eastern Alps. The presented maps at the scales of 1:500 000 and 1:1 500 000 aim to visualise areas, where deposition or erosion in different stages of the Quaternary prevailed. The maps (free download available) were generated with ArcGIS software using available map sheets at larger scales (1:50 000, 1:200 000). No additional field work has been conducted. The most obvious observation is that an extensive cover of Quaternary sediments predominantly occurs in the northern Alpine foreland, especially outside of Austria. The maps show that large glacier tongues of the Middle to Late Pleistocene glaciations (Günz, Mindel, Riss and Würm) existed in the northern and southeastern alpine foreland. In the east, hardly any signs of glacial coverage are visible due to later fluvial cannibalisation of features partly deposited in narrow valleys. Bordering terminal moraines, extensive, terraced fluvial deposits occur within and around the Alps showing that river courses partly changed during the Pleistocene. Aeolian sediments often accompany these sediments, but also cover huge areas in the Vienna and Tulln Basin and the Little Hungarian plain. The distribution of large rockslide events shows that they mainly formed in glacially covered areas as a result of rock destabilisation after glacier retreat. Additionally, the map shows that the alpine foreland is subject of inhomogeneous uplift since the Neogene. For example, between Salzburg and Munich, wide areas are covered by Pleistocene deposits, whereas to the west of Munich and in Upper Austria, recent rivers incised deeper into Neogene sediments.

A differentiated palynological record of the Eemian interglacial in two palaeolakes Niesadna and Parysów from the Garwolin Plain (Central Poland)

Two neighbouring Eemian (MIS 5e) palaeolakes, discovered during works on reambulation of the Garwolin sheet of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland (scale 1: 50 000), revealed differences in the palynological record of the succession of the Eemian interglacial. In the profile of Parysów WH-125, a very pronounced hiatus in the transition from the mesocratic to the telocreatic period, i.e. from the hornbeam to the spruce-fir zone, is visible. In the pollen diagram of Niesadna, the maximum percentages reached by Quercus, Corylus and Carpinus are very low, although this is undoubtedly an Eemian succession. The reasons for this should be sought in the presence of several sedimentary gaps probably caused by the different geological and geomorphological conditions of the Niesadna palaeolake located on a slope as opposed to the Parysów palaeolake, which was formed by the melting of a block of dead ice in the process of deglaciation of the area during the late Saalian (MIS 6). An additional rationale for the hypothesis of extremely unfavourable conditions for undisturbed sedimentation in Niesadna palaeolake is its geological-geomorphological situation that caused admixtures of mineral material in the organic sediment, including sand intercalations, indicating that erosion was taking place. The two developed pollen successions were presented against other published data on the Eemian interglacial in the Garwolin Plain, with particular emphasis on the continuity of the Eemian succession. The palynological results showed that the Parysów WH-125 profile joins several other profiles lacking representation of the upper part of the hornbeam zone and sometimes also the lower part of the spruce-fir zone (e.g. Żabieniec, Jagodne). On the other hand, the presence of distinct sedimentary gaps in the oak, hazel, and hornbeam zone, as is the case in the Niesadna profile, has not been recorded in any of the profiles in the Garwolin Plain examined to date. The Eemian pollen succession in the studied Niesadna and Parysów palaeolakes is presented against the broader background of the course of this interglacial in the European Lowlands.

Practical Exploration of Eco-Geological Survey Mapping in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Framework, Standard and Preliminary Cost Estimation

It is a common responsibility of all countries to protect the ecological environment and promote sustainable development. Eco-geology, which provides a basic guarantee for the rational utilization of natural resources, ecological protection and restoration, has gradually become a new hot spot of geological survey institutions in various countries. Eco-geological survey in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau plays an important role in regional ecological protection and global change research. Setting up workable budgets symbolizes the competence of geological survey organizations in fulfilling their responsibilities, and unreliable cost estimates can cause economic and political complications. The unclear scope definition and scarcity of project information available at early stages make it hard to generate reliable preliminary cost estimates. Hence, based on historical data and the practical experience of scientists who have been engaged in eco-geological survey in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau for a long time, this research aimed to develop a cost estimation model using statistical learning methods for geological survey organizations to forecast preliminary costs during the early stages of an eco-geological survey project to fulfill different cost control and managerial functions. This research makes full use of modern remote sensing technology and reasonably arranges the input of ground survey, drilling, geophysical exploration and other workloads, supplemented by the existing ecological monitoring station data. It comprehensively sorts out the work means and workload of field and office work needed to complete the map work, and it puts forward a consistent index system and preliminary cost calculation framework. On this basis, based on the principle of matching quantity and price, a reasonable budget standard or market price is selected to calculate the budget estimate of a single map sheet, and then, through the regional adjustment coefficient, the budget estimate of a map sheet covering the whole Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is extended and calculated. The budget estimate will provide effective support for the declaration of eco-geological survey projects in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the calculation of the scale of project funds so as to ensure the smooth development of eco-geological surveying in the region.

Geologic Map of the Bedford 30- x 60-minute Quadrangle, Indiana

The Geologic Map of the Bedford 30- x 60-minute Quadrangle shows the Mississippian and lower Pennsylvanian bedrock units and the overlying Pleistocene and Holocene deposits distributed over eight counties. The mapped area includes five physiographic divisions of the Southern Hills and Lowlands Region in south-central Indiana. Bedrock units and unconsolidated deposits were characterized by outcrop field observations, and new and archived borehole data. Bedrock data was consolidated into a single mapping database, which was then processed using gridding and contouring tools in ArcGIS Pro, resulting in rock formation contact lines, mappable at 1:100,000 scale. Additional information used to delineate contacts for unconsolidated deposits was based upon Indiana Department of Natural Resources water well database and soils data from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) digital elevation models were also used to identify landforms and refine contacts between surficial units. The mapped bedrock units, from east to west, range in age from the Borden Group (lower Mississippian) to the Raccoon Creek Group (Lower Pennsylvanian) with the strike oriented generally from northwest to southeast. Quaternary deposits are found in river and stream valleys and filling the Wabash and Scottsburg lowlands with glacial deposits. Quaternary sediments were mostly deposited during the last two major advances of the Laurentide Ice Sheet into south-central Indiana. Brief summaries of all mapped bedrock units and unconsolidated deposits are listed on the map sheet, with more detailed descriptions in the accompanying pamphlet. Bedrock survey drill hole data points are also displayed on the map with corresponding links to expanded drill hole information for each of the survey drill holes listed in the pamphlet. In addition to the map and pamphlet, a composite spatial data set that conforms to the standardized database schema known as GeMS (Geologic Map Schema) is also available for download from this site. Both ESRI-licensed geodatabase and open shapefile versions of the spatial data set are available for download. Metadata records associated with each element within the spatial data set contain detailed descriptions of their purpose, constituent entities, and attributes. This geologic map was funded in part through the STATEMAP program supported by the U.S. Geological Survey under Cooperative Agreement No. G21AC10646.

ГЕОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ КАРТАЛАРДАҒЫ ГЕОДИНАМИКАЛЫҚ ПРОЦЕСТЕРДІҢ МӘНІН КӨРСЕТУ МӘСЕЛЕЛЕРІ

Abstract. In connection with the transition to a new paradigm in geology offered by "Lithospheric plate tectonics", it became known that it is difficult to show the geological features of complex dislocated layered structures on geological maps, because the geological significance of such structures is the result of the horizontal movement of matter (geological formations) in time and space and the attributes of these formations in the current erosion section. combination, and the map sheet itself is ultimately a static sheet of paper. This situation requires the development of qualitative new methods and methodology for mapping highly dislocated tectonic structures, a vivid example of which is called "Pre-Late Paleozoic Ophiolitic Zones of Kazakhstan". ", it turns out that it is difficult to display the geological features of complex folded structures on geological maps, since the geological essence of such structures is the result of the horizontal movement of matter (geological formations) in time and space with the subsequent combination of the attributes of these formations on the modern erosion section, while the sheet of the map itself It is, after all, a static sheet of paper. This circumstance requires the development of qualitatively new methods and methodologies for mapping highly dislocated tectonic structures, a striking example of which are the so-called "Late Precambrian-Paleozoic ophiolite zones of Kazakhstan".

A novel framework for road vectorization and classification from historical maps based on deep learning and symbol painting

Road networks in the past are imperative for understanding evolution of transportation infrastructure, urban sprawl, and route planning, etc. Various approaches have been developed for road extraction from historical maps, among which deep learning techniques stand out as the most effective ones. However, little attention has been paid to investigating road vectorization and classification from historical maps. Moreover, road classification via machine learning methods usually requires large amounts of dedicated training data. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel and comprehensive framework for road vectorization and classification on the basis of road segmentation from historical maps. First, deep learning is used to get pixel-wise raster road segmentation results, which are further skeletonized using morphological operations. Then, considering that each road class is represented with a certain symbol, a painting function is defined for each class able to paint the corresponding symbol. These painting functions are then used to draw road segments along the skeletons. Since the start and end points in each painting function are used to vectorise the segment, this method achieves vectorization and classification at the same time. Our method is validated on four Siegfried map sheets in Switzerland, and evaluated via both visual and quantitative assessments. The results indicate that the method is capable of classifying roads accurately. In particular, two evaluation metrics completeness and correctness achieve 90.69% and 72.71% respectively for road class 2 which accounts for the highest portion in the map. Moreover, the results of this method avoid the saw-toothed issue of vectorised road lines. This research is beneficial for creating complete vector road network datasets with class information to support decision-making in urban planning and transportation.

Unleashing the power of old maps: Extracting symbology from nineteenth century maps using convolutional neural networks to quantify modern land use on historic wetlands

Topographical maps from the nineteenth century hold significant historical and environmental value, providing insights into landscape changes over the past two centuries. These maps feature distinct symbols representing various land cover types, such as forests and wetlands, offering a unique historical perspective on land-use changes. For example, there has been a significant reduction in wetlands because of agricultural expansion and intensification which lead to biodiversity loss and increased greenhouse gas emissions globally. Our study uses U-net CNN to automatically segment wetland symbols from nineteenth century maps from hundreds of map sheets for an area of interest a large river catchment in Ireland. Extracted wetland extents were intersected with digital land cover datasets to estimate current land cover on former wetland (on both organic and mineral soils). Utilizing U-Net, we successfully automated the segmentation of wetland symbols from hundreds of nineteenth-century map sheets, focusing on a large river catchment area in Ireland. Our analysis achieved a very high F1 score of 98.2% and a Kappa of 89%. While it is challenging to verify the veracity of historical map content, the largely untapped information contained within these maps are important for understanding landscape change over time, and especially before the era of Earth observation & remote sensing. The data extracted from these sources can inform modern environmental management strategies, for example, in targeted rewetting of peatlands, or in habitat restoration.

GIS-based flash flooding susceptibility analysis and water management in arid mountain ranges: Safaga Region, Red Sea Mountains, Egypt

The Safaga Region (SR) is part of the Red Sea mountain range in Egypt. Catastrophic flash flooding is now an inescapable event, wreaking havoc and causing massive loss of life and property. The majority of the floodwater, however, has been wasted as runoff to the Red Sea, which, if used wisely, could meet a fraction of the water demands for a variety of applications in this area. The current work aims to use GIS techniques to integrate remote sensing data for evaluating, mitigating, and managing flash floods in SR. The data set comprised Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) thematic rainfall data, 1:50,000 scale topographical map sheets, geological maps, the ASTER Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper” (ETM7+), and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager. The flash flood risk model of SR is developed using ArcGIS-10.3 geoprocessing tools integrating all the causal factors thematic maps. The final flood risk model for the SR suggests that 57% of the total basins in the SR are at high risk of flooding. Almost 38% of all basins are at moderate flood risk. The remaining 5% of basins are less prone to flooding. Flood-prone zones were identified, suitable dam-building sites were located, and extremely probable areas for water recharge were recognized. On the basis of reliable scientific data, structural and non-structural mitigation strategies that might reduce the damage susceptibility, alleviate the sensitivity of the flash flood, and best utilize its water supply were recommended.

Release note for the BSCD2000 height transformation grid

A unified Chart Datum for the whole Baltic Sea is required for the use of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in accurate 3-D bathymetric surveying and navigation, enabling for automated shipping with increased efficiency and improved maritime safety. So far, the zero levels of nautical maps were derived from the mean sea level (MSL) of different local tide gauges. The inherent height datum differences between neighboring map sheets are a fundamental infrastructural obstacle for implementing and using new cross-border navigation services based on electronic nautical maps. The Baltic Sea Hydrographic Commission, with its Chart Datum, Water Level and Currents Working Group (CDWCWG), has therefore decided to implement a harmonized vertical reference in the Baltic Sea (BSHC18 conference, 2013; Schwabe et al., 2020) called the Baltic Sea Chart Datum 2000 (BSCD2000). The first milestone was the agreement between the Baltic Sea countries on the fundamental standards of the BSCD2000, the general features of its practical realization, and the roadmap for the transition and implementation of the new chart datum (CDWG8, 2016).

Distinguishing of areas for conducting the GDP (GMM)-200 for gold, based on the compilation and analysis of the distribution regularities and forecast maps for the black-shale and epithermal type large-volume gold deposits of the Russian Federation at scale 1:2 500 000

The article is devoted to problems of distinguishing the areas for conducting the GDP (GMM)-200 oriented for the black-shale and epithermal type large-volume gold deposits. The approach is based on compilation of the distribution regularity and forecast maps of the Russian Federation at a scale of 1:2 500 000, specialized for these gold deposits, and their analysis. Regional forecast criteria of the gold ore objects and the character of their manifestation over the territory of the Russian Federation are considered. Recommendations are given for setting up the GDP (GMM)-200 programs for map sheets favorable for localization of areas promising for revealing the large-volume black shale and epithermal gold deposits. The forecasted resources of gold and silver of the Far Eastern Federal District and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are presented.

The Correlation of Geothermal Energy Potential Deduced from Aeromagnetic and Aeroradiometric Data of Akiri and Environs, North-Central Nigeria

The aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric data were combined to investigate the geothermal energy potential of Akiri and Environs, North-Central Nigeria. The aeromagnetic and aeroradiometric data were obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), Abuja. The data consists of nine square map sheets of Wamba, Kwolla, Shendam, Lafia, Akiri, Ibi, Makurdi, Akwana and Wukari. The LANDSAT imagery data of the study area was obtained from the National Centre for Remote Sensing, Jos. The spectral analysis method was applied to aeromagnetic data to obtain the geothermal parameters of the magnetic sources. The results show that the depth-to-top of magnetic sources in the study area ranges between 0.76 and 4.46 km; while the depth-to-centroid ranges between 7.29 and 19.6 km. The depth-to-bottom of magnetic sources corresponds to the Curie point depth (CPD) in the study area which is the depth at which magnetic rocks lose their magnetism. The results show that the CPD varies between 12.70 and 37.22 km, the geothermal gradient varies between 15.58 and 45.67 ◦C/km, and the geothermal heat flow varies between 38.9 and 114.17 mW/m2. Two dimensional structural models were constructed to show the estimated depths at each profile taken. The models show uplifted crust and mantle in some areas due to magmatic intrusions which gave rise to low CPDs (12 to 28 km) which resulted to high geothermal heat flow values (60 to 115 mW/m2). The results show that there are low values of CPD in some areas which indicates that the study area has geothermal energy potential. The study shows that the geothermal energy potential deduced from aeromagnetic data correlates well with the geothermal energy potential deduced from aeroradiometric data.

Parametrization of the Hungarian Stereographic Map Sheets

Abstract. A topographic map series of Northern Transylvania was drawn in the 1940s. Georeferencing them needs information about their coordinate systems. These maps used two reference systems known as the Budapest and the Marosvásárhely Stereographic projections. The datum transformation parameters of the former had already been determined in previous studies, but they had to be adjusted slightly to use a common Ferro–Greenwich difference for both systems. Parameters of the Marosvásárhely system were only available as a Molodenskiy transformation determined with insufficient accuracy. In this study, we recalculate the Molodenskiy parameters with higher accuracy and determine six parameters from the usual 7-parameter Helmert (aka. Burša–Wolf) transformation. The ideas given in this paper can be useful in other similar cases when the information about base point coordinates on the old system is very limited: We had access only to the ellipsoidal coordinates of the origin and the projected coordinates of one single point. The accuracy of the resulting transformation was evaluated by aligning the old map sheets with recent base maps.

Assessment of the quality of colour scales: a case study "Landscape Atlas of Czech Republic"

Abstract. The atlas, as a typical product of thematic cartography, is characterized by cohesive approaches in the procedures of atlas compilation. One of the results of these cohesive approaches is the uniform setting of colour scales in choropleth maps. The paper aims to evaluate the quality of colour scales in choropleth maps in an atlas from the point of view of systematic visualization, using the example of the electronic version of the Landscape Atlas of the Czech Republic. A total of 56 sequential and 6 divergent colour scales were selected from the Atlas. Seven hypotheses related to colours were formulated and then tested. The paper assumes that the colour scales in the atlas are not uniformly constructed. The authors hypothesise the approach by which the creators of the atlas chose these colours. In the CIELAB colour model, the colour distances between the colours of the intervals were measured, calculated, statistically evaluated and graphically expressed. The colour scales were also evaluated against the background of the map sheets. The results revealed the nature of the approach of the authors of the Atlas when compiling colour scales of choropleth maps. The aim of the paper was also to define the criteria for evaluating the quality of colour scales and to formulate recommendations for the compilation of colour scales. These recommendations should help map makers to create high-quality atlas maps and users to get more accurate and faster information from maps.

THE RISK OF CONTAMINATION OF THE FIRST AQUIFER IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE VOIVODSHIP (MHP-814 PIEKOSZÓW)

The purpose of this study is to assess the local variation in the first aquifer’s intrinsic vulnerability to pollution and identify potential sources of pollution that can affect groundwater quality. The analysis included 29 representative groundwater intakes from the map sheet MHP-814 Piekoszów (Świętokrzyskie Voivodship). A map was created with the marked intakes, the degree of their intrinsic vulnerability to pollution and existing hazards. Intakes potentially threatened by anthropogenic pollution were indicated. The compiled study has an informative function and can be used to make land use maps in municipalities, design protection zones, and create scenarios of threats to the groundwater intakes from specific pollution.

Challenges of Current National Reference Frame (NRF) and Map Sheet Layout in Nepal Cadastral Mapping

Systematic Cadastral mapping in Nepal used to be carried out using local coordinates. Later National Reference Frame (NRF) and a map sheet layout is being used to improve the situation. Current trend of use of GNSS in establishing control points demands a set of transformation parameters. The coordinates in NRF which are obtained by transforming the GNSS results, does not give expected accuracy to be used for large scale mapping. In addition, map sheet layout is being used not in line with the guidelines due to complications at the margins of projection zones. The conclusion is the current NRF and map sheet layout is not appropriate to use further for large scale mapping – which demands improvements in reference frame as well as projection system.

The first mapping of the Moine Thrust Belt, NW Scotland: the progress of Peach, Horne and colleagues (1883–1936)

Abstract The Moine Thrust Belt in NW Scotland is fundamental for developing an understanding of complex fault systems and continental tectonics. The high-quality geological mapping, exceptional structural interpretation and insight of the late nineteenth century that underpins this is chronicled here. The Geological Survey of Great Britain mapped the thrust belt over a 14 year period, at 1:10 560, but it took five decades for the individual 1:63 360 map sheets to be published. The mapping itself was hampered by access problems, illness and prevailing weather. The deployment of expert staff to this region of few apparent economic resources threatened the status of the Geological Survey. Map publication was hindered by the transition from hand-coloured to full-colour printing, together with the restrictions of publishing to a strict grid that incorporated complex geology outside the thrust belt itself. This history of fieldwork, publication and outreach by the Geological Survey is placed in an environmental and logistical context to identify the challenges not only for the mapping itself but also in sharing the results in publication. The execution of these activities provides lessons for developing coherent interpretation in complex geology and the challenges in charting their uncertainties and alternative explanations.