Sheep Fat Research Articles

Modified selective non-catalytic reduction system to reduce NOx gas emission in biodiesel powered engines

Biodiesel fuels releases higher NOx emissions than fossil diesel. The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technique used in the OEM industry is not suitable for application in small engines due to back pressure and clogging problems. Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) is used in relatively large combustion operations. This study introduces a new design by combining SCR and SNCR systems, for use in low power density diesel engines. The system composed of injection-expansion pipe and swirl chamber. The working principle is maximum mixing of the injected fluid and exhaust gas in the expansion chamber, then creating a maximum turbulence in the swirl chamber. This way NOx emission can be reduced at relatively lower exhaust temperatures without using any catalyst. The CFD models of three design candidates were examined in terms of velocity magnitudes, turbulence intensity and particle residence time. The selected design was manufactured and tested. Distilled water and urea-water solution were injected separately at the same flow rate of 375 ml/min. Exhaust emissions of fossil diesel, sheep fat biodiesel – waste cooking oil biodiesel blend and chicken fat – cottonseed biodiesel blend were tested. No significant changes in CO2 and HC gases were observed. Distilled water injection reduced CO and NO emissions by about 10% and 6% for fossil diesel; and by about 9% and 7% for biodiesels operation respectively. The urea-water injection led to reductions in CO and NO emissions by about 60% and 13% for fossil diesel; and by about 45% and 15% for biodiesels respectively.

Identification of key genes in sheep fat tail evolution Based on RNA-seq.

Fat tail is one of the most important domesticated characteristics in sheep; however its molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here we took small-tailed F2 hybrid of wild Argali sheep and typical fat-tailed Bashby sheep as research object. First, histological analysis revealed that the mean diameter and area in tail and subcutaneous fat cells, and surface density in tail fat in Bashby sheep were significantly larger than that in F2 sheep, and surface density of fat in subcutaneous fat in Bashby sheep was significantly lower than that in F2 sheep. Second, 873 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of tail fat between Bashby and F2 sheep were identified by RNA-seq. Third, the tissue expression profile and relative expression difference between Bashby and F2 sheep of 7 of 873 DEGs were analyzed by RT-PCR. SCD, ESR1, EMR1, PHYH, STAT3 and GPAM genes were highly expressed in fat, muscle and liver, and ALDH1A1 were highly expressed in small intestine. In addition, the expressions of SCD, PHYH and CPAM genes in tail fat of F2 sheep were lower than that of Bashby sheep, while the expression patterns of ESR1 and EMR1 were reversed. Our findings will not only help understand molecular mechanism of fat tail, but also provide theoretical material in sheep evolution.

NIRS to assess chemical composition of sheep and goat cheese

NIRS to assess chemical composition of sheep and goat cheese

Effects of Roughage Quality and Particle Size on Rumen Parameters and Fatty Acid Profiles of Longissimus Dorsi Fat of Lambs Fed Complete Feed.

Simple SummaryRoughage type and particle size may play an important role in rumen volatile fatty acid levels and consequently affect fatty acid profile in meat and quality. Two roughage sources and two particles were used in this trial for growing lambs to study the effect in volatile fatty acids levels and fatty acids profile of longissimus dorsi (LD) fat. The results of this trial supported the hypothesis by confirming the effect of roughage type and particle size on meat quality and human health.The fatty acid composition for the longissimus dorsi (LD) fat of carcass sheep is a crucial factor impacting meat quality. We performed a 90-day feeding trial of 25 Naemi lambs to investigate the effects of roughage sources (alfalfa or wheat straw) of two sizes (regular and 1 cm chopped) when fed with pelleted total mixed ration (TMR) on the growth performance, fermentation patterns, and fatty acid (FA) composition of longissimus dorsi (LD) fat. Lambs were randomly assigned to individual pens with five treatment diets, as follows: C, control group with TMR; T1, TMR and regular alfalfa hay; T2, TMR and alfalfa hay chopped to 1 cm; T3, TMR and regular wheat straw; and T4, TMR and wheat straw chopped to 1 cm. Four lambs were randomly selected from each treatment (20 total) and sacrificed. LD fat of the carcass was extracted and analyzed for FA using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significantly increased feed intake was found in T1 and T2. The FA composition of LD fat in T2 had higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), omega-6 (n6), and omega-3 (n3) FA content. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and α-linoleic acid were highest in lambs fed T1 and T2. Feeding different types of roughage, especially alfalfa hay, either regular or chopped, with total pelleted mixed ration is crucial to improving feed intake and body weight gain, as it positively enhances the rumen microbial fermentation process by controlling rumen pH. The FA profiles of meat from lambs fed TMR with regular or 1 cm particle size alfalfa hay (T1 and T2) are recommended for human consumption as a source of healthy FAs.

10.4314/sajas.v40i5.65268

Sheep fat contains relatively high levels of saturated fatty acids while poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are toxic to cellulolytic bacteria and are also saturated in the rumen. Stabilization of residual oil in sunflower oilcake by conversion into calcium salts would be advantageous. Alpha lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant to ameliorate the effects of oxidative stress caused by high dietary levels of PUFA. Residual oil (14%) in mechanically extracted (expeller) sunflower oilcake (SFOC) was saponified in situ and compared in a complete feedlot diet (100 g crude protein and 31 g extractable fat/kg feed) with commercially extracted oilcake containing 2.4% residual oil (control diet with 29 g fat and 123 g crude protein kg feed) fed to four groups of 10 SA Mutton Merino weaner lambs (ca. 23 kg) for nine weeks. Both diets were fed either with, or without a weekly oral dosing of 500 mg α-lipoic acid. Fatty acid composition was determined on back fat samples while thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were determined on samples of m. longissimus dorsi stored for zero and six months and displayed for six days. The back fat of the lambs on the saponified expeller SFOC diets contained significantly higher levels of saturated fatty acids and lower levels of mono-unsaturated fatty acids. PUFA were unaffected. High TBARS levels (>1.0) were found after six months storage. Non significant increases in TBARS were observed in the groups that received lipoic acid.

Effect of dietary nutrition on tail fat deposition and evaluation of tail-related genes in fat-tailed sheep

Abstract Background The effects of dietary nutrition on tail fat deposition and the correlation between production performance and the Hh signaling pathway and OXCT1 were investigated in fat-tailed sheep. Tan sheep were fed different nutritional diets and the variances in tail length, width, thickness and tail weight as well as the mRNA expression of fat-related genes (C/EBPα, FAS, LPL, and HSL) were determined in the tail fat of sheep at three different growth stages based on their body weight. Furthermore, the correlations between tail phenotypes and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway components (IHH, PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1) and OXCT1 were investigated. Results C/EBPα, FAS, LPL, and HSL were expressed with differences in tail fat of sheep fed different nutritional diets at three different growth stages. The results of the two-way ANOVA showed the significant effect of nutrition, stage, and interaction on gene expression, except the between C/EBPα and growth stage. C/EBPα, FAS, and LPL were considerably correlated with the tail phenotypes. Furthermore, the results of the correlation analysis demonstrated a close relationship between the tail phenotypes and Hh signaling pathway and OXCT1. Conclusions The present study demonstrated the gene-level role of dietary nutrition in promoting tail fat deposition and related tail fat-related genes. It provides a molecular basis by which nutritional balance and tail fat formation can be investigated and additional genes can be identified. The findings of the present study may help improve the production efficiency of fat-tailed sheep and identify crucial genes associated with tail fat deposition. How to cite: Zeng J, Zhou S, Yang Y, et al. Effect of dietary nutrition on tail fat deposition and evaluation of tail-related genes in fat-tailed sheep. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.05.004 .

Characterization of Four Alkyl-branched Fatty Acids as Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, and Butyl Esters Using Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry.

Branched fatty chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are associated with the "mutton flavor" found with the aroma resulting from cooked older sheep meat with three BCFAs, 4-methyloctanoic (MOA), 4-ethyloctanoic (EOA) and 4-methylnonanoic (MNA) acids as the main compounds responsible for "mutton flavor". Usually, BCFA analysis is done by gas chromatography (GC) with the use of quadrupole mass spectrometry (qMS) becoming predominant. 2-Butyloctanoic acid (2BO) has been used in this facility using as an internal standard to determine BCFA content in sheep fat. In this present work, GC-qMS, along with GC-quadrupole-time of flight MS (GC-QTOF-MS), have been deployed to characterize alkyl esters (as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) for MOA, EOA, MNA, and 2BO. This work presents, for the first time, the mass spectral characterization of 2BO for these alkyl esters using GC-qMS and GC-QTOF-MS.

Nano-sulfated zirconia catalyzed biodiesel production from tannery waste sheep fat.

This study makes use of tannery waste to produce biodiesel using a nano-sulfated zirconia catalyst (ferric-manganese-doped sulfated zirconia). It was through a modified wetness impregnation method that the catalyst was prepared which was then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalytic property of the synthesized catalyst was determined by using it to produce biodiesel from tannery waste sheep fat. A study was carried out to find the effect of the different parameters affecting the process. Optimized conditions of 15:1 methanol to fat molar ratio and catalytic loading of 8wt% at 65°C with a stirring rate of 400rpm for a reaction duration of 300min gave a maximum yield of 98.7wt%. The performance of the catalyst during recycling was analyzed by conducting reusability study. The reused catalyst gives a maximum yield above 90wt% up to five cycles with a catalyst recovery of 88wt%. ASTM D6751 standard was used to compare the analyzed fuel properties of the biodiesel.

An influence of the feed additives on sheep fat tissue composition and properties

The aim of the study was to undertake comparative evaluation of chemical composition and physical properties of the fat tissue of the Romanov sheep breed on condition of separate and joint use of natural additives Glaukonit and probiotic Biogumitel. A positive effect of their use has been established. The young stock consuming the tested additives at the dose of 0,1 g per 1 kg of live weight surpassed on weight of internal fat and carcass fat of control analogs by 0,04-0,21 kg (9,09-47,73%) and 0,12-0,29 kg (6,38-15,44%). The content of dry matter and chemically pure fat was higher in the fat tissue of the ram hogs of experimental groups in internal fat by 0,03-0,72% and 0,20-0,60%, subcutaneous fat by 0,02-0,08% and 0,04-0,15%; intermuscular fat by 0,09-0,22% and 0,05-0,13%, respectively. Internal fat had the greatest energy value, intermuscular fat had the lowest energy value, and subcutaneous fat took an intermediate position. In all cases, the ram hogs of experimental groups were in the lead and surpassed the control on the energy value of internal fat by 0,08-0,25 mJ (0,23-0,70%); intermuscular fat by 0,01-0,04 mJ (0,03-0,12%); subcutaneous fat by 0,02-0,06 mJ (0,06-0,18%). An increase in the iodine value in the fat samples of the experimental groups was established. All changes occurring in the fat tissue of young sheep were within the regulatory limits and corresponded to the breed characteristics. At all stages of research the maximum effect was achieved due to by joint use of tested additives.

The formation of adipose tissue and its qualitative parameters in rams of edilbay breed on the level of milk yield of their mothers

The article presents data on the localization of various types of adipose tissue in the body of sheep and presents a comparative characteristic of physical and chemical parameters of broad tail and perinephric fat of sheep of the edilbay breed of 4 and 7 months of age.

Evaluation of confirmatory data following the Article 12 MRL review for bentazone.

The applicant BASF SE submitted a request to the competent national authority in the Netherlands to evaluate the confirmatory data that were identified for bentazone in the framework of the maximum residue level (MRL) review under Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 as not available. To address the data gaps, a new livestock feeding study and storage stability data for bentazone and 6‐hydroxy bentazone in animal matrices were submitted. To address the data gap for potatoes, adjusted less critical good agricultural practices (GAPs) were reported and supporting residue data were provided. The data gap related to analytical methods in fat and herbal infusions were addressed in the framework of the peer review. The data gap for residue trials on leek has not been addressed. Further confirmation from the applicant/Member States are needed for the clarification of the GAP for herbal infusions. Based on the information submitted in support of the confirmatory data request, the existing EU MRLs for bentazone need to be modified for potato and leek, for swine fat and kidney and for bovine, equine, goat and sheep fat, liver and milk. The consumer risk assessment performed in the MRL review was updated, using new toxicological reference values derived by the peer review. No consumer intake concerns were identified.

Analysis of fatty acid profile in milk fat of Wallachian sheep during lactation.

In this Research Communication we evaluate the fatty acid (FA) profile of Wallachian sheep milk. The study was performed on 38 ewes in Beskydy Mountains. Samples were collected 4 times during the lactation, at monthly intervals. FA profile as well as groups of saturated, monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) FAs were investigated. Considerable increase over the lactation was detected for lauric, myristic, myristoleic and palmitic acids, while stearic acid showed the opposed tendency. Variability, supported by significant differences among particular days of milk collection, was demonstrated for oleic acid; its highest distribution occurred at the beginning and at the end of the trial. The highest distribution of CLA was at the second sample day. Milk of Wallachian sheep naturally grazed at permanent pasture areas showed higher content of PUFA and MUFA in contrast with intensive or semi-intensive sheep breeds reported in the literature.

Sheep zinc finger proteins 395 (ZNF395): insertion/deletion variations, associations with growth traits, and mRNA expression

Zinc finger protein 395 (ZNF395), belonging to the Krüppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family, is a common transcription factor, which is involved in several cellular responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and immunity, especially in the process of adipogenesis. In order to explore the insertion/deletion (indel) genetic variations of ZNF395 and evaluate their effects on sheep growth traits, a total of 1934 samples from five Chinese and two Mongolian sheep breeds were investigated. Genetic variation analysis of ZNF395 revealed a novel 23 bp indel at the intron 3 with three genotypes. Association analysis results showed that this locus was significantly associated with 10 different growth traits, especially chest width (p = 0.003) and chest circumference (p = 0.003) of Small Tail Han sheep and cannon circumference (p = 0.007) of Hu sheep. In addition, the mRNA expression of ZNF395 was investigated in two sheep breeds of different tail types. The result indicated that the expression was significantly different between the tail fat of Lanzhou Fat-Tail sheep and Small Tail Han sheep (p < 0.05). This study showed that the 23 bp indel locus in the ZNF395 gene were associated with sheep growth traits, which could be beneficial for animal breeding.

Chemical characteristic and cholesterol level of local sheep with intensive fattening

Red meat is a livestock product with high nutrition. Red meat obtained from sheep had high fat and cholesterol content. Fat and cholesterol in the body of livestock could be reduced by feed manipulation through the gastrointestinal system approach. This research was aimed to examine the effect of feed containing shrimp waste on unsaturated fat and fatty acids, blood cholesterol, internal fat, and subcutaneous fat of local sheep in Bogor. The research was designed using Completely Randomized Design with four feed formulas as the treatments of four replicates. Sheep were slaughtered after being kept in individual cages for 3 months. Further, the percentage of internal fat, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL in the blood were analyzed. The parameters measured were the percentage of internal fat and the iodine number of subcutaneous fat, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL level in the blood. The results showed that the higher percentage of shrimp waste reduced blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level and increased blood HDL level and iodine number (unsaturated fat) of lamb meat.

Heptadecanoic acid as an indicator of BCFA content in sheep fat

Branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are associated with ‘mutton flavour’ found in cooked sheep meat aroma. Three BCFAs, 4-methyloctanoic (MOA), 4-ethyloctanoic (EOA) and 4-methylnonanoic (MNA) acids, have been implicated as the main compounds responsible for ‘mutton flavour’. Animal age can also contribute to increasing BCFA concentration. Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0 FA) also increases with animal age in sheep. Using published data, a linear association has been found to exist between C17:0 FA with MOA and MNA in sheep fat, with C17:0 FA increasing proportionally with these two compounds. No association was found between C17:0 FA and EOA. As C17:0 FA is present in sheep fat in relatively higher proportions compared to BCFAs, it has potential to be used as a proxy for MOA and MOA as well as ‘mutton flavour’.

Experimental investigation on using a novel phase change material (PCM) in micro structure photovoltaic cooling system

This work focused on experimental investigation of using a novel phase change material (PCM) in a PV module to enhance its cooling performance. Phase change material by absorbing a lot of heat from the surface of the PV module and control the heat capacitance of the system causes to raising its overall efficiency. In order to postpone the melting of the PCM material, copper microchannel tubes in which cold water is flowing is used and located in a chamber at the backside of the PV module. At first step of experiments, sheep fat has been used as a novel PCM and secondly; in order to increase the cooling efficiency of the sheep fat, CuO nanoparticles (0.004 (w/v)) have added to it. The results of the pure sheep fat and sheep fat+CuO nanoparticels have been compared with the layout of using paraffin wax as a conventional PCM. The obtained results of surface temperature, maximum power increase and electrical efficiency of the PV module for using each PCM materials have been compared. Results show that using both PCMs (sheep fat and paraffin wax) can enhance the cooling performance of the studied PV module; however, sheep fat is more efficient rather than the paraffin wax. In addition, results depicted that adding CuO nanoparticels in the sheep fat causes to significantly decrease in the average temperature of PV module surface. The research experiments of using sheep fat+CuO nanoparticels confirm that the maximum generated power is increased about 24.6% to 26.2% compared with the layout of no cooling system and 5.3% to 12% compared to paraffin wax.

A Miniaturized UHF-Band Rectenna for Power Transmission to Deep-Body Implantable Devices.

This paper presents the design, simulation, and fabrication of a 50 Ohm miniaturized rectenna for wireless energy harvesting for leadless pacemakers. The paper evaluates the performance of each section separately and also while cascaded. The system is designed to work at ultra-low RF input power. When the rectenna is placed 5 cm away from the body surface in simulations, the amount of received power is approximately −20 dBm. The proposed antenna is a miniature spiral PIFA with circular polarization at 673 MHz. The measured results, in and outside sheep’s fat tissue, show that about 15 MHz bandwidth can be realized with n}{}vert S 11vert n below −10 dB and an axial ratio below 3 dB. Two types of rectifiers are fabricated and compared to choose the best one for such a system. Then, unlike most other researches which selected the doubler rectifier structure, this paper uses a single-diode rectifier structure at this power level. The rectenna can be encapsulated in a cylinder with a radius of 5 mm and a height of 3.2 mm. The efficiency of the rectenna reaches 40% at −20 dBm input power.

Utilization from lemongrass and red sorghum bran as natural antioxidant and alternative for fat to improving quality and oxidative stability of beef burger

This study was carried out to evaluatebeef burger prepared from lemongrass and red sorghum bran as a natural antioxidant and alternative for fat at level 10, 20, 30 and 40% from sheep fat to produce four beef burger formulae. Control beef burger was prepared without any addition. Chemical analyses (moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber and total carbohydrates) were carried out in raw materials (lemongrass and red sorghum bran), beef burger and their formulae during storage period (3 month). Thiobarbituric acid, water holding capacity, plasticity cooking loss, shrinkage, and texture profile analyses (TPA) and total bacterial count were determined in beef burger and their formulae during storage period for 3 months at -4oC. Moreover organoleptic characteristics were determined in fresh beef burger and their formulae. The results showed that the moisture and protein were decreased by increasing storage period as well as total lipids; total ash, crude fiber and total carbohydrates were increased. Plasticity and water holding capacity (WHC) shrinkage and cooking loss were increased during storage period. As the storage period increased, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased for all beef burger and their formulae. During the storage period, the control beef burger showed the highest of total bacterial count, while, the formulae were observed the lowest one when lemongrass and red sorghum bran increased where they are rich in their natural antioxidant which protective the sheep fat in the formulae from oxidative. The organoleptic evaluations showed that the beef burger formula replacement sheep fat at level 10, 20 and 30%, respectively had higher acceptability (45.0, 40.0 and 37.5) and nearly control beef burger (45.0). Whereas, the beef burger formula replacement fat at level 40% had the lowest acceptability (30.0). It can be recommended that the lemongrass and red sorghum bran can play an important role as antioxidant, reduce oxidative sheep fat and antibacterial agents in refrigerated beef burger and their formulae.

Anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant properties of prickly pear nopalitos in type 2 diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica (OFI)) nopalitos on body weight, food consumption, arterial blood pressure, glucidic homeostasis, cholesterol metabolic pathway and tissues redox status in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD).Design/methodology/approachRats were fed by a HFD containing 30 per cent sheep fat for 10 weeks, after which they were rendered diabetic by an injection of a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg). The diabetic rats were then divided into two groups. The first group consumed the HFD supplemented with 5 per cent (g/100 g diet) of freeze-dried OFI nopalitos (HFD-OFI), and the second group received the HFD without supplementation (HFD).FindingsOFI nopalitos treatment decreased significantly arterial diastolic (−20%; p = 0.0001) and systolic (−16%; p = 0.0001) pressures, glycemia (−14%; p = 0.03), insulinemia (−50%; p = 0.04), glycated hemoglobin (−49%; p = 0.003), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (−67%; p = 0.03), cholesterolemia (−31%; p = 0.003), very-low and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−38%; p = 0.002 and −63% p = 0.0002, respectively); thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxide contents, respectively, in liver (−26% p = 0.02, −20% p = 0.02), adipose tissue (−30% p = 0.002, −25% p = 0.001), muscle (−29% p = 0.003, −25% p = 0.008) and kidney (lipid hydroperoxides only (−28%; p = 0.001) but increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL2) cholesteryl esters (+61%; p = 0.0001), serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity (+21%; p = 0.006) and antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) of some tissues (liver, adipose tissue, muscle and kidney).Originality/valueFreeze-dried OFI nopalitos improves arterial blood pressure, glycemic control, metabolic pathway of cholesterol and redox status in T2D rats.

THE USE OF CASSAVA PEEL (Manihot utilisima) FERMENTATION IN THE RATION ON THE FAT OF MALE LOCAL SHEEP

ARI ANDANI NASUTION, 2018: The Use Of Cassava Peel (Manihot Utilisima) Fermentation In The Ration On The Fat Of Male Local Sheep Under supervised by HASNUDI and NURZAINAH GINTING. This study aims to determine how much influence the use of cassava peel (Manihot utilisima) fermentation in the rations on fat percentage of male local sheep. The research was conducted at the farm of Mr. Praditya located in Medan, in September-December 2017. The treatmen design used Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Using 20 local rams with an average of 10.18 ± 1 kg. The treatment provided is P0 (Cassava peel Non Fermentation), P1 (Cassava peel Fermentation 20%), P2 (Cassava peel Fermentation 40%), and P3 (Cassava peel Fermentation60%). The results showed that the average the percentage of subcutaneous fat of sheep of highest P3= 2.04 dan low P0= 1.10 (kg/head). Average percentage of abdomen fat of highest P0= 2.364 and low P3= 2.148 (kg/head). Average percentage of heart of highest P0P2P3= 0.204 and low P1= 0.198 (kg/head). Average percentage of kidneys fat of highest P2= 0.300 and low P0= 0.24 (kg/head). Average percentage of pelvis fat of highest P3= 0.284 and low P0= 0.262 (kg/head). The conclusion of this research is the high use of fermented cassava peel in the ration can increase the percentage of subcutaneous fat and percentage of pelvis fat, butcauses the percentage of abdo men fat percentage of heart, and percentage of kidneys fat.