Shed Roof Research Articles

A city-scale roof shape classification using machine learning for solar energy applications

Abstract Solar energy deployment through PV installations in urban areas depends strongly on the shape, size, and orientation of available roofs. Here we use a machine learning approach, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification, to classify 10,085 building roofs in relation to their received solar energy in the city of Geneva in Switzerland. The SVM correctly identifies six types of roof shapes in 66% of cases, that is, flat & shed, gable, hip, gambrel & mansard, cross/corner gable & hip, and complex roofs. We classify the roofs based on their useful area for PV installations and potential for receiving solar energy. For most roof shapes, the ratio between useful roof area and building footprint area is close to one, suggesting that footprint is a good measure of useful PV roof area. The main exception is the gable where this ratio is 1.18. The flat and shed roofs have the second highest useful roof area for PV (complex roof being the highest) and the highest PV potential (in GWh). By contrast, hip roof has the lowest PV potential. Solar roof-shape classification provides basic information for designing new buildings, retrofitting interventions on the building roofs, and efficient solar integration on the roofs of buildings.

Memoria dell’antico e nuove funzioni museali compatibili Alcune riflessioni sul patrimonio industriale legato alla produzione di elettricità

Il patrimonio industriale legato all’energia elettrica è rappresentato da una serie di complessi architettonici fortemente stratificati, caratterizzati da diverse soluzioni tecniche, formali e distributive che si sono sovrapposte l'una all'altra, quando necessario, per ragioni legate all’innovazione tecnologia e ai cambiamenti nei processi produttivi. In realtà, sono proprio queste stratificazioni (aggiunte, cambiamenti d'uso, abbandoni momentanei e riusi, accompagnati da adeguamenti architettonici e tecnologici) che conferiscono ai complessi industriali particolare valore di memoria. Infatti, è proprio la continua trasformazione di funzioni e di elementi tecnologici a rappresentare “l'essenza” di questa particolare produzione edilizia. Dalla nascita delle prime fabbriche fino ad oggi, gli edifici industriali hanno cambiato rapidamente la loro forma architettonica e la loro consistenza sia materica sia formale assecondando le esigenze lavorative e produttive. Per questo motivo oggi abbiamo l'opportunità di leggere una "storia dell'architettura" rappresentata da una sequenza di tecnologie e materiali sostituiti di continuo o stratificatisi, in un abaco di elementi relativi alla sperimentazione del calcestruzzo armato, del ferro, della ghisa, dell’acciaio; oppure riguardanti l’utilizzo di grandi superfici di vetro o coperture a shed; o ancora relativi all'uso di fonti energetiche naturali e artificiali. Molte esperienze europee di restauro e riuso degli edifici industriali legati alla produzione di energia, hanno già considerato tale approccio come una delle migliori scelte volte a una conservazione che possa definirsi compatibile: la scelta delle nuove funzioni è dettata, infatti, non tanto dalle esigenze economiche e d’uso, ma dalla flessibilità dell'edificio ad accogliere sostanziali adeguamenti tecnici, energetici, funzionali. Ciò con l’obiettivo di raggiungere un giusto equilibrio tra il rispetto della memoria storica e la necessità di adattarsi alle normative riguardanti l’adeguamento energetico e le nuove funzioni richieste dalla popolazione, raggiungendo una sostenibilità sociale, culturale e ambientale.

3D-ETFE: Development and evaluation of a new printed and spatially transformed foil improving shading, light quality, thermal comfort and energy demand for membrane cushion structures

Standard membrane structures using ETFE foils have a very high solar transmission (a single layer of typical transparent ETFE foil ≈ 93%). Regarding façade and roof applications this can result in serious problems with overheating and also cause a high degree of thermal discomfort and high cooling loads. The presented new shading approach is inspired by the widely used architectural idea of the shed roof (saw-tooth roof). Different geometry variants of a new spatial transformed foil have been manufactured in lab scale with the aim to quantify the cooling energy saving potential and the thermal comfort compared to a conventional system by using dynamic thermal simulations.

Effect of shed rooftype and babassu pie on the productive characteristics of meat quails

We aimed to evaluate the effects of shed roof(SR) typeand the inclusion of babassu pie (BP) in rations on the productive characteristics ofmeat quailsfrom days 14 to 28 and days14 to 40. We studied 896 meatquails. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 4x4 factorial arrangement, using four types of shedroofs (fiber cement, ceramic, straw, and painted fiber cement) and four rations (with 0, 5, 10, and 15% inclusion of babassu pie). The performance variables evaluated from 14 to 28 and 14 to 40 days included food intake (FI, g/bird), mean weight gain (WG, g/bird), food conversion (FC, g/g), mean live weight on day 28 (MW28, g/bird), mean live weight on day 40 (MW40, g/bird), and energy efficiency (EF; g Mcal). After slautherthe birds on day 40, we measured the carcass weight (CW) and the carcass yield (CY, %), obtained for the breast (BY), legs (LGY), and wings (WINGY). We also obtained the relative weight of the heart (HRW), liver (LRW), gizzard (GRW), and intestine (IRW). To compare the economic efficiency between the experimental rations, we analyzed the cost of ration per kg of carcass (CC) and determined the gross margin (GM). Between day 14 and day 28, we found that the use of SR influenced the FI28, WG28, and the MW28 of the quails (p < 0.05). BP did not affect FI28 (p > 0.05), but it linearly improved WG28, FC28, MW28, and EF28. Between days 14 and 40, we found that SR influenced the WG40, FC40, MW40, and EF40 of the quails (p < 0.05) and that a BP increased the FI40, WG40, and MW40 in a quadratic manner. SR and BP did not affect the CW, BY, WINGY, LGY, HRW, LRW,or IRW. However, BP influenced MGRW, which increased linearly with the inclusion of BP. We concluded that a ceramic roof provides better environmental conditions than do other shed roofs. The inclusion of BP improved the performance characteristics, and it was technically feasible to include up to 15% BP in the rations of meat quails. Based on the current cost analysis, however, the inclusion of BP is economically unfeasible.

Effect of Shelter Management on Lactating Crossbred Cows During Summer Under the Agro-Climatic Condition of Konkan Region of India

An experiment was carried out on nine lactating crossbred cows (Jersey x local) were randomly allotted into three housing system in switch over design. The treatments were asbestos (T1) roofing, paddy straw thatched roof (T2) white painted asbestos roof (T3) during hot and humid season of Konkan. The variation in rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate was recorded in the morning and evening through out the experiment. Temperature humidity index was more in microenvironment of thatched roof shed followed by white painted asbestos roof and asbestos roofing. Milk samples collected from experimental cows were analyzed for milk constituents. The use of paddy straw thatched roof shed significantly (P<0.05) reduced rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiration rate of cows. Thatched roof shed had significantly (P<0.05) incremental effect on the milk yield and milk composition of cows than the cows in white painted roof shed and asbestos roof shedding. The study revealed that paddy straw thatched roof shed effectively improves environmental temperature, humidity and during summer in the agro-climatic conditions of Konkan region of India.

측벽 개방유무에 따른 축사지붕면의 풍압계수 특성분석

축사는 비닐하우스 다음으로 자연재해에 취약한 농촌시설물이다. 축사의 경우 측벽 없이 지붕만 있는 형태가 가장 많이 사용되고 있는데, 태풍이 불면 지붕 전제가 날아가 많은 피해가 발생하는 실정이다. 그래서 농가에서는 태풍피해예방을 위한 측벽에 윈치 커튼설치하여 피해를 예방하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 측벽 개방에 따른 축사지붕에 위치별 풍압 계수 분포특성에 대해서 알아보고자 한다. 측벽유무에 관계없이 축사지붕면의 피크외압계수분포에서 풍향각 <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX>로 불어오는 방향에 대해서 불리하게 작용하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 측벽의 유무에 따라 피크외압계수가 풍향각과 처마의 길이에 영향을 받는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Livestock buildings are rural facilities as vulnerable to natural disasters as vinyl houses. Many of livestock buildings have a roof but without side walls. The roof of such structures is easily blown away by a typhoon and this results in a heavy loss. Therefore, farmers install winch curtains on the sides to prevent damages caused by typhoons. This study purposed to examine the distribution of wind pressure coefficient among different positions of livestock shed roof according to the opening of side walls. It was found that according to the distribution of peak external pressure coefficient on the roof surface of livestock shed, the wind blowing at wind angle <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX> was disadvantageous to roof surface regardless of the presence of side walls. However, it was confirmed that the peak external pressure coefficient was affected by wind angle and the length of eave depending on the presence of side walls.

Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion of guinea pig manure in low-cost tubular digesters at high altitude

Guinea pig is one of the most common livestock in rural communities of the Andes. The aim of this research was to study the anaerobic digestion of guinea pig manure in low-cost unheated tubular digesters at high altitude. To this end, the performance of two pilot digesters was monitored during 7 months; and two greenhouse designs were compared. In the dome roof digester the temperature and biogas production were significantly higher than in the shed roof digester. However, the biogas production rate was low (0.04 m biogas 3 m digester - 3 d −1), which is attributed to the low organic loading rate (0.6 kg VS m digester - 3 d −1) and temperature (23 °C) of the system, among other factors. In a preliminary fertilization study, the potato yield per hectare was increased by 100% using the effluent as biofertilizer. Improving manure management techniques, increasing the organic loading rate and co digesting other substrates may be considered to enhance the process.

Numerical analysis of natural convection in shed roofs with eave of buildings for cold climates

A numerical study has been carried out on partially heated triangular enclosures with eave. The eave and inclined wall has a cold temperature. The laminar, two-dimensional, steady governing equations of natural convection are solved in the streamfunction-vorticity form using a finite difference technique. Streamline, isotherm and Nusselt number are presented for different parameters such as aspect ratio A R = H / L from 0.25 to 1, ratio of eave length E = L / n where n changes from 3 to 7 and Rayleigh number from 10 3 to 10 6 . It is observed that the heat transfer decreases with increasing aspect ratio for small Rayleigh number but increases for higher Rayleigh number. Heat transfer also increases with decreasing eave length.

Laminar natural convection heat transfer in a shed roof with or without eave for summer season

Natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow have been examined numerically in a shed roof with or without eave for summer-day boundary condition. This boundary condition refers to hot isothermal inclined surface and eave, and cold isothermal bottom wall of roof due to air-conditioning of the room. Governing equations of natural convection are written in streamfunction–vorticity form and solved with the finite difference technique for laminar, two-dimensional, and steady-state regime. The successive under relaxation (SUR) method is used to solve linear algebraic equations. The numerical procedure adopted in the present study yields consistent performance over a wide range of parameters as AR = H/ L from 0.25 to 1, ratio of eave length E = L/ m, where m values are m = 3, 5 and 7, and Rayleigh numbers from 10 3–10 7. The value of E is considered as 0 (zero) for roof without eave. The obtained results show that eave length and aspect ratio are the most effective parameters on heat transfer for the same Rayleigh numbers.

台風0406号(DIANMU)による片流れ屋根飛散事故に関する風洞実験

台風0406号(DIANMU)による片流れ屋根飛散事故に関する風洞実験

Les bâtiments de l'Imprimerie nationale

"The buildings of the Imprimerie nationale", by Cécile Bertran-Humbert. At the end of the 19th century, the Imprimerie nationale was going through a crisis. Its manager Arthur Christian instituted its complete reorganization, laying the emphasis all at once on a rich tradition and a modernization of the printing process. Hence were erected the printing works in the rue de la Convention in Paris. The project was mainly designed by the chief architect, Alphonse Didelot, and his chief engineer, Léon Ribourt. The centre of the workshops consists of a large hall housing the rotary presses as a symbol of the modernization of the institution. Its metal works structure supporting shed roofs is surrounded by four workshop buildings. Brick facings form well-laid-out façades which are the visible part of the establishment. The Imprimerie nationale did not settle in its new premises until the 1920s, at the end of a lenghty yard which was widely discussed in the newspapers. The project remained uncompleted as the administrative premises which should have screened the factory had never been erected.

DIY Foot: a further complication for diabetic patients

The combination of impaired vision, severe neuropathy and other factors make diabetic patients particularly prone to foot injury. 2 We present two patients who suffered penetrating foot injuries as a consequence of DIY projects. One patient was doing the work himself and the other was a victim of someone else’s work. The importance of continued patient education is addressed. Case report 1 JD, a male aged 55, presented with an infected left foot ulcer following a penetrating injury from a clout nail, whilst working on his garden shed roof. His daughter had noticed blood coming from his left boot. He had felt nothing. He was prescribed ciprofloxacin by his GP but the ulcer became worse and he was referred to the A&E department. He had had diabetes for approximately 18 years which had probably been poorly controlled by glibenclamide 15 mgs daily, metformin 500 mgs t.d.s. The diabetes was complicated by severe maculopathy treated by pan retinal photocoagulation, severe peripheral neuropathy with reduced sensation and claudication developing in both calves after 100 yards. Physical examination revealed a left heal ulcer approximately 2 cms x 0.5 cms with a necrotic centre discharging puss. X-ray of the left foot showed the tract of the penetrating nail impinging on the calcaneum (see figure 1). A later bone scan showed ‘hot spots’ compatible with osteomyelitis. After admission he received intravenous cefotaxime 1 gm t.d.s., and metronidazole 400 mgs q.d.s. for two months ‐ drug selection was restricted by the patient’s allergy to other antibiotics. His diabetes was stabilised on mixtard insulin b.d. The wound healed completely. Case report 2

A re-evaluation of the roof of the South Stoa at the Argive Heraion

The fifth-century BC South Stoa at the Argive Heraion was first excavated in the 1890s and was published in 1902 by E. Tilton. It was subsequently re-examined by J. J. Coulton, who clarified important aspects of the stoa's design. Ongoing investigations of the architecture of the Argive Heraion have now brought to light new evidence for the building which requires modification of the previous restorations of the roof. A series of slotted wall blocks assigned to the back wall of the building indicate that the stoa had a large shed roof instead of the saddle roof restored by Tilton and Coulton. This article presents the case for a new reconstruction of the roof and explains the appropriateness of the roof design to the specific conditions of the building site.

Sanctuaries of Spanish New Mexico by Marc Treib

96 BOOK REVIEWS an attempt to deal with the problem presented by his friendship with Ms. Swan. In an epilogue, "Teilhard and the Feminine," Father King rehearses (as he did in pp. 158-174 of his 1988 book, Teilhard de Chardin) the role played both by the idealized view of women and the friendship of specific women in Teilhard's life and thought. This handsome and useful compilation would have been enhanced by the inclusion of an index of topics as well as that of names. Joseph M. McCarthy Suffolk University American Sanctuaries ofSpanish New Mexico. By Marc Treib. (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1993. Pp. xviii, 352. 855.00.) A big, handsome production designed by the author, this volume brings California to New Mexico. Even though Marc Treib earned degrees in architecture and design in the late 1 960's at the University of California, Berkeley, where today he is professor of architecture, and the University of California Press published the study, the subject is not California missions, but, surprisingly , New Mexico missions. It began as a guide book. Treib then perceived the need "for an architectural history that synthesized material from these [i.e., previous] studies and bolstered them with fieldwork and formal analysis" (p. xii). To that end, he achieves a neat balance of words and pictures. Still, it is the latter initially that stand out—dozens and dozens of crisply reproduced black-and-white photographs, period shots interspersed with the author's; a rich color section of his prints (featuring in plates 16 and 17 a creative juxtaposition of natural lighting in church and kiva); and an impressive series of floor plans all to the same scale, allowing easy comparison (as with distinct seventeenth) and eighteenth-century structures at Pecos on facing pp. 212— 213). Accessibility determined Treib's selection of churches; because the pueblo ofSanta Ana is rarely open to visitors, the eighteenth-century monument there gets left out. His choice of the word "sanctuaries" allows him to add to the usual canon of roofed or ruined New Mexico mission churches a number of non-mission buildings that served the Hispanic population of the colony. Part I sets the scene physically and culturally. Treib is at his best discussing continuities, discontinuities, and accommodations between Pueblo Indian and Spanish building traditions, as well as the architectural tides that washed over New Mexico after U.S. occupation in the mid-nineteenth century. In Part II, BOOK REVIEWS97 the author offers well-crafted compilations detailing the often-confusing successions of churches that occupied at least twenty-nine different sites. Here, he utilizes almost every pertinent published primary source, numerous specific secondary studies, along with the standard general ones: Prince (1915), Forrest (1929), Kubier ( 1940), Hewett and Fisher ( 1943), and Kessell (1980). To see the evolution of these historic monuments through a modern architect 's eye is delightful. "The play of curvilinear and planar forms in adobe" (caption 15—3), referring to the famous buttresses and apse of Ranchos de Taos, or Las Trampas, with "the most poised facade of the New Mexican churches, a composition pitting the strong verticals of the towers against the lighter wooden balcony" (caption 13-1)—who but an architect? Typical is this description ofthe same church inside: "Fortunately, SanJosé is not covered by the tin shed roofs that now protect many of the adobe churches, and as a result the light quality from the windows—however enlarged—and the clerestory reveal an interior characterized by softness and repose. The wash of light over the white plastered walls and the soft rendering of the prismatic masses create a spacial impression that complements the cubic forms of the exterior towers" (p. 176). Even we who fret about the Californication of New Mexico can celebrate Marc Treib's welcome contribution of this beautiful guide-book-turnedarchitectural -exposition. John L. Kessell University ofNew Mexico Cultivating a Landscape of Peace: Iroquois-European Encounters in Seventeenth-Century America By Matthew Dennis. (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 1993. Pp. xiv, 280. 837.95.) Cultivating aLandscape ofPeace deals with relations between the Iroquois, Dutch, and French in the seventeenth century, prior to the British conquest ofNew York and the development...

Aerodynamic efficiency of smoke ventilators in light streets and shed-type roofs

Low-rise industrial buildings in continental Europe have usually no or very little window area in the sidewalls. To provide the necessary daylight, translucent surfaces are fitted in the roof. Well known examples are shed roofs or curved and shed-type light streets in flat roofs. For economic reasons smoke ventilators are then integrated into the light surfaces. This paper gives typical examples of smoke ventilators installed in shed roofs and in curved or shed-type light streets. The measurement of the aerodynamic free areas on full scale apparatus is not possible due to the large dimensions of the relevant roof surfaces. Therefore, tests have to be conducted in model scale. The relevant similarity considerations for such model tests are discussed and the applicability of model scale tests is demonstrated. Finally, the most important parameters influencing the aerodynamic efficiency of typical ventilator installations in shed-roofs and curved or shed-type light streets are described for the cases without and with side wind.

Predicting Roof Snow Loads on Gabled Structures

Probabilistic models are developed from laboratory and field data to predict roof snow loads for cold slippery gabled roofs. The models account for the frequency and amount of snow sliding during an event by using actual measured probabilities. One model is based on temperature and precipitation and the other on degree-hours and precipitation. Field data are obtained from three gabled roof structures with slopes of 10°, 30°, and 45° during the winter of 1986–1987. Additionally, artificial snow is deposited on small, gabled model roofs in the laboratory. Measured laboratory roof loads are related to prototype snow loads through similitude. Using simulation techniques, with the probabilistic models and 35 yr of meteorological data from the field site, 50-yr mean recurrence-interval roof snow loads are calculated and compared to published design standards. The simulated design roof snow loads for gabled structures are larger than those for comparable shed roofs. The standard-specified design roof snow loads are conservative for the 30° and 45° roofs, and reasonable for 10° roofs.

Medical design for a total animal health care system

The design of calf hutches which are exposed to environmental temperatures, and provide the animal with semi-isolation, and hence reduction of exposure to infectious diseases, is discussed with illustration of the construction details. Two weeks after weaning calves are put in groups of 8 into a hutch consisting of a 12 × 9 ft semi-portable unit built on skids, with a frame construction, covered with plywood and a shed roof. A restraint unit is also built into the design for processing procedures and safe, efficient handling of the animals. Calves of 4-5 months are transferred to a larger heifer/dry cow facility with natural ventilation and slatted floors. Exhaust air is conducted through an unobstructed open ridge in the 'stack effect'; this system reduces aerosol transmission between pens. Aspects of building design that enhance disease control methods are emphasized.

The Relation of High Environmental Temperature to Feather and Skin Temperatures of Laying Pullets

THE high insulating value of chicken feathers is well known. The effect of feathers as a deterrent to heat loss from the chicken’s body in warm weather has not been thoroughly investigated. Feathers which form a loose covering over the body are apparently not adapted to radiation of body heat but instead help to impede its loss.The purpose of this study of the skin and feather temperature was to shed light on the manner in which heat is lost from the chicken’s body. Such a study may suggest practical methods of alleviating some of the effects of high summer temperatures.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe laying pullets used in these tests were S. C. White Leghorn and New Hampshire pullets approximately 8 months old. They were kept in a triple deck hen battery housed in a shed roof house. The birds were allowed access to food and water throughout the .

3) 積雪荷重について

1. Snow loads should be selected considering the location, the maximum snow height, its specific gravity and the conditions of its structure. 2. The maximum snow height on flat ground and its specific gravity are given in Table A.[table]3. Temporary snow load should be calculated by the product of maximum height and its specificgravity. But in localities where snow lies long, sustairned snaw load should be given, which corresponds to 70% of the temporary snow loads. 4. Snow loads combined with wind load, or earthquake load correspond to 35% of temporary snow loads, 5. Snow loads on the horizontal projection of roofs are given in Table B.[table]c.f. If snow-guards, or roof materials which interrupt snow sliding are used on the roof, loads shoud be considered otherwise. A Due to the effect of wind, snow loads will be reduced by the multiplying factors given in Table C.[table]B. Due to the effect of severe solar radiation, snow loads will be reduced by the multiplying factors given in Table D.[table]C. Less than 25% of snow loads will be reduced by heating. D. Eaves, valleys, shed roofs and other parts of roofs which'are apt to accumulate much snow, should be given larger snow load. E. Take care of unequal snow load on each side of the roof. 6. By removing the roof snow, snow load on the roof will be partially reduced. 7. Large accumulation of snow will sometimes show strong side pressure.

Poultry Housing in Florida

Florida hens need protection from the mid-noon hours of sunshine, in winter, as well as shelter during the sudden showers of the three mid-summer months. The usual conditions of two thirds of the state, call for a southern or southeastern frontage. Unless a cement floor and foundation wall can be had it is better to build on wooden or brick posts, with a wooden floor, above the ground enough to get thorough ventilation under the house. The roof pitched high enough to shed water, with a wide overhang to lessen the amount of sunshine and water reaching the walls of the building.The bungalow—sleeping porch—idea is applied as well to hens as to humans in Florida. The poultry department advises against large houses, high studding, costly construction. The shed roof is recommended for the smaller houses and the double pitch roof for the larger ones. The height within .