Shear Blade Research Articles

Sharp edge cutting technology - a review of hand held and machine knives/blades and their sharp edge retention

The cutlery & Trades Research Association (CATRA) has recently concluded a two year research project, funded by the Department of Trade and Industry Focus Technology Programme, to review the sharp edge retention of hand held and machine knives and blades. Results for sharpness and wear performance of cutting edges, ranging from small thin razor blades to large paper shear blades, are reported and compared with those having undergone a variety of hard, wear resistant surface treatments, i.e. physical vapour deposition, plasma nitriding, case hardening, and electrodeposition processes.

Ecomorphological diversity among Paleogene hyracoids (Mammalia): a new cursorial browser from the Fayum, Egypt

ABSTRACT A new genus and species (Antilohyrax pectidens) of gazelle-sized hyracoid from the late Eocene, Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt, exhibits dental, cranial and postcranial specializations unique among hyracoids. The lower incisors are broad, hyper-pectinate teeth similar to those of the extant dermopteran genus Cynocephalus. Upper incisors are apparently absent, and the shape of the premaxilla suggests that the lower incisors occluded against an upper fibrous pad, as in Cynocephalus and ruminants. The cheek teeth are dominated by sharp-edged, crescentic shearing blades, suggesting a folivorous diet. The articulation between the astragalus and navicular is furrowed and condylar in shape, allowing notable midtarsal flexion and extension but limited lateral movement. The tibia and fibula are fused together throughout most of their length. In size and proportions, limb elements resemble those of the extant springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis, Bovidae). Functional inferences derived from these features suggest a cursorial browser, a Paleogene analog to the bovids that do not appear in Africa until the Miocene. The new genus and species adds another adaptive dimension to what was already an extremely diverse record of Tertiary hyracoids, and further underscores that hyracoids were the dominant terrestrial ungulates of the African Paleogene.

A new middle Eocene protocetid whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archaeoceti) and associated biota from Georgia

A shallow-marine fossil biota was recovered from the Blue Bluff unit (formerly part of the McBean Formation) in the Upper Coastal Plain of eastern Georgia. Biochronologically significant mollusks (e.g.,Turritella nasuta, Cubitostrea sellaeformis, Pteropsella lapidosa) and calcareous nannoplankton (e.g.,Chiasmolithus solitus, Reticulofenestra umbilica, Cribocentrum reticulatum) indicate a latest Lutetian-earliest Bartonian age, or about 40 to 41 Ma.Georgiacetus vogtlensisnew genus and species is described from a well-preserved, partial skeleton.Georgiacetusis the oldest known whale with a true pterygoid sinus fossa in its basicranium and a pelvis that did not articulate directly with the sacral vertebrae, two features whose acquisitions were important steps toward adaptation to a fully marine existence. The posterior four cheek teeth ofG. vogtlensisform a series of carnassial-like shearing blades. These teeth also bear small, blunt accessory cusps, which are regarded as being homologous with the larger, sharper accessory cusps of basilosaurid cheek teeth.

A stem cut and blade delivery method of herbicide application for weed control

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to investigate the responses of container-grown dogfennel, multiflora rose, and purple loosestrife to clopyralid or triclopyr applied to plants from a pruning shear blade. Clopyralid or triclopyr was diluted with water to various concentrations and placed on one side of a pruning shear blade in final volumes of either 1 or 5 μl. The shears were then used to sever and treat stems. Results indicated that 20% triclopyr concentrations in 5-μl total volume (360 μg active) gave ≥ 96% reductions of foliar regrowth in dogfennel, multiflora rose, and purple loosestrife 70, 42, and 56 days after treatment (DAT), respectively. The same delivery rate for clopyralid gave 96% dogfennel control 70 DAT. Subsequent visual ratings with multiflora rose (105 DAT) and purple loosestrife (260 DAT) confirmed that early reductions in biomass were good indicators of long-term control.

Physiological characteristics of a stem cut and blade delivery method of application

Herbicide absorption and translocation patterns were determined following a wet blade method of application to dogfennel stems. Treatment consisted of severing stems with a pruning shear blade containing 5 μl of [14C]-triclopyr or [14C]-clopyralid solution. More than 73 or 82% of applied [14C]-triclopyr or [14C]-clopyralid was absorbed immediately, and uptake increased to more than 90%, 60 min after treatment. Both radiolabeled compounds appeared in the roots as soon as 12 h after treatment. By 48 h, 5 to 7% of the [14C] label was present in the roots, and 7 to 10% was exuded from the roots.

Effect of blade profile on sheet metal shear noise

Research has been carried out on the effect of different blade profiles on the radiated noise of an experimental high-speed sheet metal shear. The specimens being cut were roll formed sheet steel products of an approximately sinusoidal profile produced by BHP Building Products, Australia. For this product, five different shear blade profiles of varying blade angles were designed and produced. In the tests, three parameters, i.e., blade angle, speed of cutting and blades alignment, could be varied independently. A pressure transducer was used as a measure of cutting force, allowing an investigation of the relationship between radiated noise and the time history of the cutting force. Results show that the blade angle in shear cutting is of great significance for the reduction of the radiated noise. Speed of cutting was found to have a significant but lesser effect. Blade misalignment gave some advantage when the blade angle was less than 0.5 degrees. a)Currently at the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.[See NOISE-CON Proceedings for full paper.]

Deforestation, tillage and cropping systems effects on seepage and runoff water quality from a Nigerian Alfisol

Conversion of tropical forest ecosystems to agricultural land use can have drastic impact on quality of natural waters as related to temporal changes in the sediment load and concentrations of dissolved nutrients. Long-term experiments were conducted in two phases to assess seepage and runoff water quality changes from an Alfisol owing to changes in land use in a sub-humid region of southwestern Nigeria. Phase I, from 1978 to 1981, studied the impact of deforestation and tillage methods, and Phase II, from 1982 to 1987, evaluated the impact of cropping systems and soil restorative practices. The six treatments evaluated in Phase I, involving combination of deforestation and tillage methods, were: (1) manual clearing (MC) with no-till (NT); (2) MC with plow-till (PT), which involved plowing to about 20 cm depth followed by harrowing; (3) shear blade (SB) clearing with NT; (4) treepusher-rootrake (TP) clearing with NT; (5) TP clearing with PT; (6) traditional farming (TF) involving slash-and-burn agriculture without use of fertilizer and amendments. The TF treatment was discontinued during Phase II. Therefore, the five treatments evaluated in Phase II were: (1) alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit planted on the contour at 4 m interval; (2) restorative fallowing with mucuna ( Mucuna utilis Lam.) on severely degraded soil; (3) mucuna fallowing on moderately degraded watersheds; (4) ley farming, involving establishment of pastures and grazing, on severely degraded watersheds; (5) ley farming on moderately degraded watersheds. Pastures included a mixture of Guinea grass ( Panicum maximum Jacq.) and centro ( Centrosema pubescens Benth). All treatments were imposed on watersheds of 2–4 ha each, and were replicated twice. Each watershed was equipped with a rate measuring H-Flume, a water stage recorder, a runoff sampler and a storage tank. In addition, a single lysimeter was installed in each treatment to monitor crop water use and nutrient transport in seepage water. Sediment concentration in water runoff was measured for both phases whereas nutrient concentrations in runoff and seepage waters were measured in Phase II only. Land clearing and tillage methods affected sediment concentration in runoff water. Mean sediment concentration during the first season after deforestation was 5.5 gl −1 for MC and 9.7 gl −1 for TP. Within the NT system, mean sediment concentration was 4.0 gl −1 for MC, 3.9 gl −1 for SB, and 8.0 gl −1 for TP. Sediment concentration was also low for NT compared with PT, 5.3 gl −1 vs. 9.1 gl −1. Alley cropping decreased sediment concentration under maize ( Zea mays L.) from 2.5 gl −1 to 0.44 gl −1. Mean sediment concentration was 4.3 gl −1 under maize and 0.2 gl −1 under cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) with alley cropping, compared with 1.4 gl −1 under maize and 0.04 gl −1 under cowpea grown after pastures. There were seasonal and cropping system effects on sediment concentration. Both alley cropping and mucuna cover decreased sediment concentration. Nutrient concentration in runoff was influenced by cropping systems treatments, and was higher without than with alley cropping. Although the total runoff was less, nutrient concentration was greater in water runoff from pastures and mucuna fallow than from maize. The maximum nutrient concentrations were much higher in seepage water than in surface runoff. Manual clearing, no-till, alley cropping and use of cover crops decreased transport of sediments and dissolved elements in surface runoff and seepage water.

Comparison of instrumental and sensory evaluation of texture of cured and cooked beef meat

AbstractThe instrumental and sensory texture attributes of beef muscles (M. longissimus dorsi and M. semimembranosus) were compared after curing and thermal treatments. Shear, compression and puncture tests were carried out with an UTM Instron 4301 and the sensory evaluation was made with the score method. The force values obtained for puncture test gave a greater degree of correlation with the sensory tenderness, hardness and elasticity than the shear test forces. The shear test forces were found to significantly correlate with sensory tenderness only for muscles with perpendicular orientation of fibres to the direction of shear blade movement. The evaluation of beef texture with compression test was dependent on the level of sample deformation degree. The force values of compression were found to correlate significantly with elasticity and juiciness of meat up to 60% deformation levels, but at deformation levels higher than 60% appeared significant correlation with tenderness and hardness. The obtained results showed the usefulness of puncture test with proposed parameters for the instrumental measurements of beef texture.

An Experimental Study-Repair and Maintenance Welding of Billet Shear Blades

In olden days the concept of repairing and reclaiming the engineering components was a sensitive issue whereas in the present days due to the development of welding technology and its consumables calls for adaption of maintenance welding wherever possible. With this view in mind, the used and damaged cold billet shear blades of Seamless Steel Tube Plant (SSTP) was reconditioned by maintenance welding or hard lacing. This paper deals with the selection of welding process, consumables, preparation of specimens for conducting various experiments for its mechanical properties, test results, maintenance welding and usage of shear blades, etc.

Texture Evaluations of Cooked, Diced Broiler Breast Samples by Sensory and Mechanical Methods

The texture of cooked chicken breast is usually determined on intact pieces or strips that are representative of the muscle. Researchers emphasize the importance of uniformity of sample size and orientation of fibers to the shearing blades to ensure consistent data from instruments such as shear devices. For sensory evaluations, sample pieces of chicken breasts presented to panelists are often sized as single 2-cm2 or several 1-cm2 pieces. In this study, two sensory and two mechanical procedures were evaluated for efficacy in discerning texture differences in 1-cm2 pieces of cooked chicken. Three postmortem deboning times (2, 6, and 24 h) provided a texture quality spectrum. Sensory characteristics were evaluated by descriptive analysis-trained panel (DA-TP) and by category scales-untrained panel (CS-UP). Twenty-gram breast portions of 1-cm2 pieces were evaluated using a multi-blade Allo-Kramer (AK) shear blade. Warner-Bratzler (WB) shear values of intact 1.9-cm-wide strips were also recorded. Discriminant analysis classification based on CS-UP gave higher error rates (probabilities of misclassification) than classification based on DA-TP. The CS-UP error rates were 0.36 (tender) and 0.65 (juiciness). The error rate of classification by DA-TP was 0.21. Error rates for classification by mechanical devices were 0.30 for WB and 0.21 for AK. Sample size is a consideration in texture evaluation protocols. Smaller sample pieces appear to mask differences in initial chew characteristics and in juiciness that are due to deboning time.

Deforestation and land-use effects on soil degradation and rehabilitation in western Nigeria. III. Runoff, soil erosion and nutrient loss

Runoff and soil erosion were measured in a two-phase experiment for seven consecutive years from 1979 through 1986 on a 44·3 watershed comprising 12 sub-watersheds of 2–4 ha each. These experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Nigeria, which is characterized by two growing seasons per year. The first season lasts from mid-March through mid-July, and the second season from mid-August to early November. Experiments were conducted in two phases comprising different treatments. The six treatments during Phase I (1979–1981), involving different combinations of land clearing and tillage methods, were: (1) manual clearing (MC) with plough-till (PT); (2) MC with no till (NT); (3) shear-blade (SB) clearing with NT; (4) tree-pusher (TP) clearing with PT; (5) TP clearing with NT; (6) traditional clearing and farming (TF). The five farming-system treatments during Phase II (1982–1987) were: (A) alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala planted on the contour at 4 m intervals, (B) fallowing with mucuna (Mucuna utilis) on severely degraded soils; (C) fallowing with mucuna on moderately degraded soils; (D) ley farming on severely degraded soils; (E) ley farming on moderately degraded soils. The traditional farming treatment of Phase I was discontinued in 1982 at the beginning of Phase II and the land was returned to natural fallowing. Runoff, soil erosion, and nutrient losses in runoff were monitored using a 4·5 feet H-Flume, FW-1 waterstage recorder and Coshocton Wheel sampler. From the mean annual rainfall of 1320 mm, mean annual runoff amounts for the 3-year period from 1979 through 1981 during Phase I were 5·6 mm (0·42 per cent of rainfall) for MC-NT, 5·7 mm (0·43 per cent) for TF, 43·2 mm (3·27 per cent) for SB-NT, 43·5 mm (3·30 per cent) for MC-PT, 68·3 mm (5·17 per cent) for TP-NT, and. 113·1 mm (8·57 per cent) for TP-PT treatments. Runoff losses were consistently more during the first compared with the second growing season. Trends in soil erosion were similar to those of runoff, and annual soil erosion amounts were 0·1 Mg ha−1 for MC-NT, 0·2 Mg ha−1 for TF, 1·5 Mg ha−1 for SB-NT, 3·6 Mg ha−1 for MC-PT, 5·1 Mg ha−1 for TP-NT, and 8·3 Mg ha−1 for TP-PT treatments. Measurements made during Phase II showed that there were no significant differences in runoff or soil erosion among the restorative farming systems adopted. Nutrient concentrations in runoff and nutrient loss were generally high in uncropped treatments, e.g. mucuna fallow during the fallowing phase and ley farming during the grazing phase.

Long‐term effects of land clearing methods, tillage systems and cropping systems on surface soil properties of a tropical Alfisol in S.W. Nigeria

Abstract. The long‐term effects of land clearing methods (manual, shear blade, tree‐pusher/root‐rake combination, traditional), tillage systems (disc ploughing, mechanized no‐tillage, traditional) and cropping systems (annual cropping, alley cropping, graxed pasture) on surface soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated on an Alfisol in south‐western Nigeria ten years after land clearing. Long‐term soil physical degradation was greatest after mechanized land clearing or tillage systems. The erosion resulting from soil compaction with mechanized land management systems resulted in exposure of subsoil. Cropping system had no significant effect on soil physical properties. Alley cropping decreased exchangeable calcium and pH, and increased total acidity mainly through the greater demand for calcium by the hedgerow species. Grazed pasture depleted exchangeable potassium because it was taken up by the grass and exported from the site by the cattle following consumption of the grass.

Tillage systems and soil compaction in Africa

Introduction of mechanized agriculture induces profound changes in soil characteristics. Soil compaction originating from mechanical land clearing, mechanized cultivation, and continuous cropping is aggravated by crusting and hard-setting phenomena of soils, and widespread occurrence of naturally compacted upland soils and subsoil gravel horizons. Natural and anthropogenically induced soil compaction has detrimental effects on growth and yields of a wide range of crops. Furthermore, compaction can persist for a long time if no adequate measures are taken to minimize or alleviate it. In humid and subhumid regions of Africa, the no-tillage system with crop residue mulch is an important method of controlling soil compaction, followed in significance, by biological and mechanical loosening where motorized land clearing is the causative agent. Biological methods involve cover crops and alley cropping or agroforestry. Where new land areas need to be opened up, land clearing should be done by the slash-and-burn method, so that most of the nutrients in the vegetation are returned to the soil. Where mechanical land clearing is inevitable, forest removal should be done by the use of shear blade, whereby most of the roots and stumps are left in the ground intact, and the forest litter is not removed. In semi-arid and arid regions of Africa, alleviation of soil compaction can be done by two methods. One method is to use the controlled traffic tillage system. Controlled traffic results in both a loose-rooting zone and a firmed traffic lane, thereby providing good plant growth and trafficability for timely field operations. The second method is to use mechanical loosening techniques, i.e. ploughing by animal traction or tractor power, chiseling, deep ripping, subsoiling, and tied-ride system. The effect of mechanical loosening, however, tends to be of short duration if the ensuing field traffic is not controlled.

Land Clearing and Use in the Humid Nigerian Tropics: I. Soil Physical Properties

AbstractSoil physical properties are affected by land clearing use. Long‐range planning in the humid tropics requires monitoring of these effects for an extended period of time. The effects of two land‐clearing methods and six land‐use systems on soil physical properties of an Ultisol were studied for 4 yr in the humid coastal belt of Nigeria. The land‐clearing methods were bulldozer clearing with a shear blade and manual clearing. The six land‐use systems were comprised of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)‐based cropping, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)‐based cropping, alley cropping, plantain (Musa spp.), pasture, and improved forestry, all under no‐tillage. Soil physical properties were measured 90 d after clearing prior to planting, and at 2 and 4 yr after cropping. The soil texture of the 0–10 cm layer was not affected by clearing methods. Soil compaction increased to 30 cm with shear blade and 20 cm with manual clearing. With respect to the forested control, shear blade and manual clearing increased the bulk density in the 0‐ to 10‐cm layer by 22 and 14%, respectively. The bulk density in the surface layer after 2 yr of cropping was significantly more for the pasture than the other systems. Three months after clearing, the steady infiltration rates were 89, 20 and 32 cm h−1 in the forested control, and shear‐blade and manually cleared plots, respectively. Infiltration rate increased to 47 and 51 cm h−1 in the shear‐blade cleared and increased to 290 and then decreased to 156 cm h−1 in the manually cleared plots after 2 and 4 yr of cropping, respectively.

Texture Evaluation of Dehulled Whole Soybean Extrudate Treated with a Twin-screw Extruder.

Extrusion cooking of dehulled whole soybean, containing ca. 20% oil, was done through a twin-screw extruder equipped with a cooling nozzle. The effect of various parameters as barrel temperature, feed rate and screw speed on the textural quality of the extrudate was investigated and evaluated using the values of shearing force measured with the shear cell and physical structure index which was a modified version of Integrity Index of the FNS test. The concept of index or the ratio of parallel to cross-sectional value of blade shear force was introduced, expressing the fiber orientation of extrudate which was strongly affected by the feed rate. The main factor affecting texturization of dehulled whole soybean was found to be barrel temperature, optimum at 160°C.

Effects of land-clearing method and soil management on crop production in the Amazon

Alegre, J.C., Cassel, D.K. and Bandy, D.E., 1990. Effects of land-clearing method and soil manage­ ment on crop production in the Amazon. Field Crops Aes.. 24: 131-141. The success of intensive, continuous cropping of newly cleared land in the humid tropics is highly dependent upon the method ot land cleanng and subsequent soil management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different lind clearing regimes, including initial tillage after clear­ ing and subsequent soil management, on crop pcrform.nce on an Ultisol in the Amazon Basin of Peru. The study was conducted on a Yurinaguas soil (iqne-loamy, siliceous, isohyperthermic Typic Paleu­ dult ) covered by a 20-year-old evergreen forest which was cleared at the start of the experiment. Land­ clearing treatments included slash and burn, bulldozing with a straight blade, and bulldozing with a shear blade. Post-clearing tillage methods were chisel-plowing and disking. Post-clearing soil manage­ ment practices (subplots) included (I) flat-planted, no fertilizer or lime added; (2) flat-planted, fertilizer and lime incorporated; and (3) soil bedded at a 1.1 -mspacing and fertilizer and lime ap­ plied. as in subplot 2. The cropping se-quence was upland rice [Or,:asatva L.I-soybean [G/icne inax (.) Mert. ]-corn [Zea mays L. I-rice-corn. !n general, all crops showed a positivc respoise to the post-clearing tillage pi actices of chiseling and disking. The post-clearing soil-management prac!ice combining fertilization, liming, and bedding generally produced the highest yields of rice and corn. The greatest average relative grain-yields, in descending order, were produced by the following man­ agement systems: slash/bum/flat-plant/ferilizer/lime (94% average relatixe grain-yield)> slash/ bum/bedded/fertilizer/lime (90%)> shear-blade/bum/disk/bedded/fertilizcr/lime (88%)> shear­ blade/bum/disk/flat-plant/fertilizer/lime (86%).

Effect of Land Clearing Method on Chemical Properties of an Ultisol In the Amazon

AbstractThis study quantified soil chemical properties as affected by land clearing method and subsequent soil management. It was conducted on a Yurimaguas soil (fine‐loamy, siliceous, isohyperthermic Typic Paleudults) covered by a 20‐yr‐old evergreen forest in the Amazon Basin of Peru. The experimental design, a split plot replicated three times, included six main plot treatments: (i) slash and burn clearing; (ii) bulldozer clearing with a straight blade; (iii) straight blade clearing followed by chisel plowing 25 cm deep; (iv) bulldozer clearing with shear blade, vegetation burned, followed by disking 30 cm deep; (v) shear blade clearing and rototilling with a 10‐KW tractor; and (vi) shear blade clearing, 30‐cm‐deep disking, followed by rototilling. Three post clearing soil management practices (subplots) were: (1) flat planted with no fertilizer or lime; (2) flat planted with fertilizer and lime applications incorporated, based on soil test recommendations; and (3) soil bedded at 1.1‐m spacings, and fertilizer and lime applied as in Subplot 2. Five successive crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.)‐soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]‐corn (Zea mays L.)‐rice‐corn were grown from July 1980 to July 1982. Soil samples collected before or just after harvest of the first, second, and third crops were analyzed for chemical properties. Burning dried vegetation resulted in higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, P, and K in the 0‐ to 45‐cm soil layer. No significant differences due to main treatments were found for the other chemical properties. The pH of the surface soil increased from 4.0 to 5.2 for all limed subplots. Percent aluminum saturation decreased from 82 to 7%, and P, Ca, Mg, and effective cation capacity increased. The decrease in topsoil organic carbon at 14 wk for all mechanically cleared treatments was probably due to increased oxidation rates due to tillage and higher soil temperatures. Concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn in the soil were unaffected by treatment.

AISI TYPE M7

Abstract AISI Type M7 is a molybdenum type of high-speed steel. It is somewhat similar to AISI Type M1 tool steel but with higher percentages of carbon and vanadium to provide an improvement over AISI Type M1 in cutting characteristics without a significant loss in toughness. It is suitable for a wide variety of cutting-tool applications where improved resistance to abrasion is required. The many uses of Type M7 include twist drills, end mills, shear blades, punches, milling cutters, lathe tools, taps and reamers. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: TS-483. Producer or source: Tool steel mills. See also Alloy Digest TS-468, January 1987.

Movement of solutes in tropical alfisols cleared by different methods

Solute movement under saturated water-flow conditions was studied in undisturbed and disturbed soil columns and in the field under four methods of clearing: manual; shear blade; tree pusher; and root rake, and traditional farming. Soil under forest was included as a control. Chloride (Cl −) appeared in the effluent at 0.1 pore volume after its application to the surface of undisturbed soil columns taken from plots cleared manually, with shear blade, or with tree pusher. In columns fron forest and traditional farming plots, no Cl − appeared in the effluent until 0.2 pore volume of solution had passed through the columns. The pore volume required to attain 0.5 relative Cl − concentration was 0.60, 0.60, 0.40, 0.40, and 0.26 for the columns from forest control, traditional farming, shear-blade, tree-pusher and manually cleared plots, respectively. This indicates preferential water flow in the columns from manually cleared plots as compared to others. Nitrate leaching in the undisturbed columns was nearly identical to chloride. Phosphorus appeared in the effluent after the passage of 0.34 pore volume of solution through the columns of forest control and manually cleared treatments, and of 0.7 pore volume in the shear blade treatment. The increase in the relative phosphate concentration was considerably slower than chloride and nitrate. Chloride appeared later in the repacked columns than in the undisturbed columns, indicating the absence of preferential flow pathways in the disturbed columns. In the field, less than 100% Cl − and water were retained in the 0–70 cm depth, indicating some flow of chloride solution to below 70 cm depth.

AL TECH ARAPAHO

Abstract AL TECH ARAPAHO is an air-hardening or oil-hardening tool steel depending on the size, tool geometry and other desired propties. It has exceptional toughness coupled with resistance to softening at moderately high temperatures. It is used for general blanking and forming-die applications; it also is used for impact and shock-resisting tools. Its many uses include shear blades, chisels, punches, rivet sets and mold dies for plastics. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, and elasticity as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on heat treating and machining. Filing Code: TS-475. Producer or source: AL Tech Specialty Steel Corporation.