Beam Shear Research Articles

Evaluating mechanical anisotropy of injection molded polymer products using short beam shear testing

Thermoplastics, which are used in widely various applications from consumer goods to automobiles, are lighter than metals and ceramics and have excellent moldability. Injection molding is often used as a thermoplastic molding process because it can achieve near-net-shape molding and because it has excellent mass production capabilities. Injection molded products have a hierarchical structure, with the surface area contacting the mold designated as the skin layer and the interior of the molded product broadly identified as the core layer. The molecular orientation formed by the melt molding process is strongly dependent on the flow direction. Quantifying anisotropy is extremely important when discussing the mechanical properties of thermoplastic molded products. This study clarifies whether the mechanical anisotropy of polymer injection molded products can be evaluated quantitatively using short-beam shear testing. This study also elucidates the quantitative significance of the quantitative values.Results show that the shear stress components in each direction obtained from the short-beam shear test are components of the yield initiation shear stress under uniaxial tensile loading resolved in each direction. To quantify the degree of stress concentration attributable to the internal structure of the molded product, the ratio of the yield initiation shear stress to the shear stress components in each direction was divided by √3. Comparison of the degree of stress concentration with the shear stress components generated in the short beam shear test showed the thickness direction as weakest against shear stress and showed the width direction as the strongest.

Shear and Bending Performances of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Different Sizes of Circular Openings

The present study pertains to the effects of transverse opening diameters and shear reinforcement ratios on the shear and flexural behavior of RC beams with two web openings across different spans, i.e., a single opening in each half-span. Within the scope of the study, a total of 12 RC beams with five different opening diameter-to-beam depth ratios (0, 0.20, 0.27, 0.33, 0.40, and 0.47) and two shear reinforcement ratios were tested to failure under four-point bending. The load capacities, ductilities, rigidities and energy dissipation capacities in the elastic and plastic ranges of beam behavior were compared. Furthermore, the load capacities of the beams were compared to the existing analytical shear strength formulations in the literature. The test results indicated that whether an RC beam with openings has adequate or inadequate amounts of shear reinforcement, the frame-type shear failure becomes much more pronounced with increasing opening diameter. The reductions in the load capacity and modulus of toughness with increasing opening diameter are more considerable in the presence of inadequate amounts of shear reinforcement, while the beam ductility is less affected in shear-deficient RC beams with openings as compared to the ones with adequate shear reinforcement.

Experimental and numerical study on shear and bending behaviour of external plate concrete beams with prefabricated cages

Experimental and numerical study on shear and bending behaviour of external plate concrete beams with prefabricated cages

Shear performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear using NSM bars and reinforced HSC layers

AbstractThe reinforced concrete (RC) beams could be upgraded in shear using steel and fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) having several shapes (bars, strips, or sheets). Using near‐surface mounted (NSM) Glass FRP (GFRP) bars is still limited compared to carbon FRP (CFRP) elements as shear reinforcement. Moreover, using reinforced high‐strength concrete layers (HSCL) as NSM shear strengthening for the RC beams is still limited. Herein, three RC beams internally reinforced in shear using different shear areas (without, 100 mm stirrups apart, and 200 mm stirrups apart) were experimentally tested as reference beams (CB). Other eight beams strengthened in shear using NSM HSCL, and bars were experimentally tested. Moreover, an extended finite element (FE) simulation was implemented through a verified FE model to study the effect of other NSM aspects on shear‐strengthened beam response. The results explained that, regardless of the internal stirrups area and external NSM characteristics, the shear‐strengthened beams showed higher load efficiency than the corresponding CB. The NSM upgraded shear beam had slightly higher load efficiency than the un‐strengthened beam having the same steel area as internally shear stirrups. Moreover, increasing the internal shear stirrups decreased the total efficiency of the NSM shear strengthening and the internal stirrups regardless of the NSM characteristics. Furthermore, the NSM HSCL was more efficient than the corresponding NSM bars in increasing the load capacity and stiffness of the shear‐strengthened beams. The reported analytical model predicted well the shear capacity of the tested beams.

Optimization of CF/PEKK molding process by orthogonal experiment

Composite materials have gradually entered people’s attention due to their advantages such as lightweight, high strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and strong designability. Widely used in aviation, aerospace, automotive and other fields.[1-4].. The basic mechanical properties of the laminates were evaluated through short beam shear and bending tests. The optimum forming process was determined by orthogonal test: forming temperature 380°C, forming pressure 2 MPa, holding time 60 min, cooling rate 2°C/min. The interlaminar shear strength of this process was 103.42 MPa, and the bending strength was 1570 MPa

Asymmetric Four Point Bend Test Method for Interlaminar Shear Strength in Ceramic Matrix Composites

Asymmetrical Four Point Bend test method is proposed for measurement of interlaminar shear strength in continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composites. The current standard ASTM test method (ASTM C1425) for interlaminar shear strength of composites uses a double edge notched compression (DNC) coupon. Large variation in measured strength is observed with the standard ASTM test method, possibly due to machining variability and damage at the notches. The proposed test AFPB method for ILSS is adapted from ASTM C1469 Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Joints of Advanced Ceramics. This test method does not require any machining of notches and the sample size requirement is much smaller than the ASTM test method. The shear loading in this method is similar to the standard short beam shear test (ASTM D2344) with higher shear to tensile ratio compared to SBS with AFBP. Using finite element analysis, coupon geometry and the distance between the loading and support pins was optimized to maximize shear and minimize tensile and compressive stresses on the specimen. It was found that the variability in the measured ILSS strength was lower with this method compared to the ASTM standard method using the DNC specimen. In addition, the value of ILSS measured using AFPB method was found to be consistently higher than that measured using DNC coupons. It was also found that specimen preparation (cutting, polishing, etc.) did not have significant effect on the measured strength.

A novel generalized sandwich-type replacement beam for static analysis of tall buildings: Inclusion of local shear deformation of walls

As the length of the shear walls increases, local shear deformation leads to increased error when using classical continuum models for static structural analysis of tall buildings. In this paper, a novel continuous beam of the generalized sandwich type is proposed for the structural analysis of tall buildings that have shear walls of significant length as lateral bracing systems. The proposed continuous beam includes in its formulation an additional kinematic field of rotation due to the local shear deformation of the walls and results from the series coupling of a classic sandwich beam and a shear beam. The equilibrium equations, the constitutive laws, and the boundary conditions of the continuous model are obtained with a variational approach using the Hamilton principle on the relevant Lagrange function. A system of three coupled differential equations leading to sixth-order differential equation and six boundary conditions are obtained. Two closed-form analytical methods are proposed for uniform-height tall buildings. For the case of buildings with variable properties along their height, a numerical method of the modified transfer matrix type is proposed, which is directly derived from the analytical method and avoids the need to calculate the inverse of the classical zero transfer matrix method. The numerical results show the validation of the continuous model and the proposed solution methods. In addition, a parametric analysis of 352 buildings was performed to demonstrate the superiority of the continuous model and the proposed solution methods.

NLFEA of one-way slabs in transition between shear and punching: Recommendations for modeling

Several studies investigated the precision of non-linear finite element analyses (NLFEA) to predict the shear capacity of beams or the punching capacity of slab-column connections. However, in the literature, there is little discussion regarding the results of NLFEA to predict the ultimate capacity and failure mechanism of slabs susceptible to different failure mechanisms. In this study, a set of tests from literature that developed different shear failure mechanisms was evaluated by NLFEA. A total of thirteen slabs were modeled, where slab’s width and shear span varied. A coupled damaged-plasticity model was employed to simulate the concrete behavior. The proposed model was calibrated to simulate specimens that failed as wide beams in one-way shear and specimens that failed by punching shear. Besides, the effect of different modeling choices was investigated: (i) the assumed stress–strain behavior in compression; (ii) tensile stress–strain behavior; (iii) the inclusion or not of damage parameters and (iv) the viscosity parameter. The results indicated that, on average, the proposed modeling strategy represented the failure mechanism and ultimate loads well. Also, the same calibrated model was found capable of representing one-way shear failure and punching shear failure or mixed modes. The sensitivity study demonstrated that the tensile stress–strain behavior and viscosity parameter influences the results of the numerical models more significantly than the assumed stress–strain behavior in compression or including/not including the damage parameters. This paper concludes that modeling strategies during the calibration process shall be checked carefully before performing any parametric analyses to identify the accuracy of the numerical models to represent the different failure mechanisms. Moreover, the validation step of the modeling strategy shall identify possible limits of the numerical model to be considered in the parametric analyses.

DcAFF (Discontinuous Aligned Fibre Filament) – Mechanical properties investigation on multilayer 3D printed parts

DcAFF (Discontinuous Aligned Fibre Filament) is a novel thermoplastic filament developed for 3D printing. This filament is reinforced with highly aligned discontinuous fibres and is based on the High Performance Discontinuous Fibre (HiPerDiF) method which produces thin tapes suitable for a range of different composite manufacturing processes. The HiPerDiF, using fibres longer than the critical length, provides mechanical performance comparable to continuous fibre composites with the high formability typical of short fibre composites. Thanks to the development of the third-generation HiPerDiF machine and the DcAFF filament forming method, circular DcAFF filaments can be produced consistently and at high rates. In this paper, both the physical properties and the internal architecture of the produced filament were investigated. In particular, μCT scanning and image post-processing were used to quantify fibre alignment. The designed filament-forming process ensures that the large fraction of the fibres in the final product are well aligned with the longitudinal axis of the filament. The mechanical properties of the multilayer DcAFF 3D printing part are presented for the first time in this paper with tensile, short beam shear (SBS), and open-hole tensile testing. The comparison with the previous studies and data in the literature shows comparable or indeed superior stiffness of DcAFF over existing methods for 3D printing composite parts; however, to be able to consider this material as a viable candidate for high-performance 3D printing further improvements are required in term of strength, e.g. increasing fibre-matrix adhesion or substituting the proof-of-concept PLA matrix with a high performance one.

A three-unknown refined shear beam model for the bending of randomly oriented FG-CNT/fiber-reinforced composite laminated beams rested on a new variable elastic foundation

A three-unknown refined shear beam model for the bending of randomly oriented FG-CNT/fiber-reinforced composite laminated beams rested on a new variable elastic foundation

Seismic behaviour of connections between replaceable coupling beam and double skin composite shear wall

In order to optimize the performance of hybrid coupled wall system, a novel of connections between replaceable coupling beam (RCB) and double skin composite shear walls (DSCSWs) are proposed. The seismic design of RCB-to-DSCSW connection is very important for structural safety. This study investigates the seismic behaviour of RCB-to-DSCSW connections. Two specimens with different layout schemes of embedded rebars and one with embedded steel I-beam were subjected to reversed cyclic loading. The failure process of all the specimens was basically the same, mainly by steel faceplate local buckling, weld tensile fracturing and the concrete crushing at both ends of the joint. The strength and ductility of connections were highly affected by the weld tensile fracturing and concrete crushing. At the current loading level or the next loading level of weld tensile fractured, the connection specimens reached its peak loading capacity, and then the concrete rapidly crushed. The ductility coefficients of all the specimens were smaller than those of RC structures. In addition, the mechanical properties of these two kinds of embedded rebar connections were similar. The steel I-beam connection exhibited higher initial stiffness. Under the same rotation of loading, the cumulative energy consumption of the steel beam was higher. Finally, according to the stress pattern of each component, the simplified mechanical model and calculation formulae of the connection bearing capacity were developed.

Experimental study and analysis of RC beams shear strengthened with FRP/SMA composites

In practice, the prestressing is difficult to apply to achieve shear reinforcement of reinforced concrete (RC) beams due to the limited operating space used for installing mechanical tensioning equipment. So, how to efficiently introduce prestressing into RC beams is a practical problem. In this study, the authors utilized the recovery effect of shape memory alloys (SMA) wires to successfully introduce prestressing into RC beams and externally bonded with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets, forming a FRP/SMA composite shear reinforcement technology. After that, shear behavior of RC beams strengthened with FRP/SMA composites was investigated by a series of experiments. In order to further illustrate the effect of FRP/SMA composite shear reinforcement on RC beams, other reinforcement materials, such as SMA wires and FRP sheets, have also been separately applied in shear reinforcement experiments. Moreover, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) are respectively applied to prepare FRP/SMA composites. For beams strengthened with FRP/SMA composites, the prestressing generated by the recovery effect of SMA wires can effectively suppress the formation of diagonal cracks in RC beams. The ultimate load and the corresponding displacement of strengthened beams significantly increased due to the constraint effect of FRP on the propagation of shear cracks. The shear capacity of CFRP/SMA composites strengthening beams was higher than that of BFRP/SMA composites strengthening beams, as CFRP/SMA composites better limited the propagation of cracks. Based on the test results, an analytical model has been proposed to predict the shear capacity of strengthened beams, and its effectiveness has been confirmed through comparison with experimental results.

Beam based rotordynamics modelling for preloaded Hirth, Curvic and butt couplings

Gas turbine and other machinery rotating assemblies are frequently manufactured as multiple components for cost and component alignment reasons. Butt joint, Hirth, and Curvic coupling are widely used for this purpose. Localized joint flexibility in these preloaded couplings introduce non-beamlike behavior which affects rotordynamic critical speeds, imbalance response and stability, rendering a conventional beam model inadequate. 3D solid finite element models of the couplings with Greenwood Williamson (GW) asperity interface features provide accurate representations of the couplings, however computational costs are impractical for use in an industrial design setting, which are limited to beam element models. A novel modeling approach for the coupling is developed that derives equivalent beam element Young's modulus and shear form factor properties, that replicate the bending behavior of the high fidelity 3D solid models, including GW based interface asperity stiffness. The equivalent beam models for butt, Hirth and Curvic couplings are validated using measured natural frequencies as a benchmark, for a range of through-bolt preloads. The equivalent beam model and the 3D solid model in this correlation incorporate GW contact models derived with experimentally measured surface roughness parameters. An Ecoupling sensitivity study for GW surface roughness parameters was conducted and showed a significant level of sensitivity. The effect of the coupling on an industrial class rotor's critical speed is included to illustrate usage of the approach.

Accurate Estimation of Inter-Story Drift Ratio in Multistory Framed Buildings Using a Novel Continuous Beam Model

This study presents a novel method for accurately predicting the dynamic behavior of multistory frame buildings under earthquake ground motion. The proposed method allows approximately estimating the inter-story drift ratio, a crucial parameter strongly associated with building damage, its distribution along the building height, and its maximum value location. An equivalent continuous beam model with a rotation at the base, consisting of a combination of a shear beam and a flexural beam, is proposed to achieve this. This model derives closed-form solutions for the building’s dynamic characteristics. The lateral deformations along the height of frame buildings subjected to a given earthquake load, particularly the inter-story drift ratio profiles, and the maximum inter-story drift ratio parameter, are investigated. The proposed continuous model requires two dimensionless parameters: the lateral stiffness ratio (α) and the rotation at the base (θ), representing the drift ratio of the first story. For the expression of the lateral stiffness ratio (α) coefficient, a simple equation is also proposed using the beam-to-column stiffness ratio (ρ, or Blume coefficient) associated with the framed (discrete) system. Various building models are employed to validate the proposed method, demonstrating its applicability to both high-rise and low-rise building configurations. With the results obtained, it is shown that the proposed continuous model can be used not only for high-rise or multistory building models but also for low-rise building models.

Kinetic Alfvén Waves Excited by Multiple Free Energy Sources in the Magnetotail

The generation of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) is investigated through a three-component theoretical model incorporating ion beam and velocity shear as the sources of free energy in a non-Maxwellian κ-distributed plasmas. The model considers Maxwellian distributed background ions, drifting-Maxwellian beam ions, and κ-electrons as its constituent species. It is found that the combination of either positive velocity shear with counter-streaming beam ions or parallel streaming beam ions with negative velocity shear favors the excitation of KAWs. The effect of the κ-parameter on the excitation of KAWs under the combined energy sources is explored. The effect of plasma parameters such as number density, propagation angle, and temperature of plasma species on the real frequency and the growth rate of KAWs are examined. For the plasma parameters pertinent to the magnetotail region of Earth’s magnetosphere, the model is able to produce KAWs in the frequency range of ≈(5–67) mHz, which matches well with the recent ‘Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS)’ observations in the near-Earth magnetotail region.

Effects of Characteristics of Sisal Fiber using the SPSS Method

The distinguishing qualities or traits of anything are its characteristics. They can be viewed as traits that set one person or thing apart from another. For instance, the chameleon's ability to blend in is one of its traits. Soft, straight, and golden in color, sisal fibers are. Sisal can have long or short fibers because it is extremely coarse and rigid. Because of its strength, toughness, stretch ability, compatibility with some colors, and resilience to degradation in saline water, sisal is prized for use as cordage. Sisal can be fashioned into carpets, mats, and a variety of handicrafts in addition to its traditional applications as rope, ropes, string, and yarn. Sisal fiber is a tough, robust material with low flexibility that is obtained from freshly cut leaves of the plant. It is crucial in the production of materials like carpeting, coarse purses, maritime rope (where strong resistance to saltwater is required), and cordage. Research significance: In recent years, materials engineers and material scientists have paid close attention to sisal-fiber reinforced composites as a type of environmental composites. Effects of fiber surface treatment on fiber compressive properties and fiber-matrix are discussed in this article. Tensile as well as single-strand strand pull tests were used, respectively, to assess the interfacial characteristics. For assessing the implies that the average shear resistance of composite laminates, a short beam shearing test was also carried out. High density polyethylene (HDPE), vinyl ester, and epoxy were selected as the matrix materials. Two different fiber surface-treatment techniques, chemical bonding and oxidation, were used to boost interfacial strength. According to the results, different fiber surface-treatment techniques had varying effects on the tensile strength of sisal fiber, as well as the strength and bonding characteristics of the fiber-matrix interface. As a result, this work can provide important knowledge on jute fiber-polymer matrix compound interface design. Method: Ratio studies are statistical analyses of data from appraisals and property valuations. Nearly all states utilize them to produce quantitative measure of the proportion of current market price about which individually estimated taxable property is appraised as well as to offer assessment performance indicators. Evaluation parameters: Fiber diameter (mm), Water content (%), Tensile strength(MPa), Tensile modulus(GPa) and Elongation at break (%) Result: The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .658 which indicates 66% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Conclusion: Characteristics of sisal fiber the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .658 which indicates 66% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis.

Review on Analysis of RCC beam, Column Joint and RCC Shear wall using FRP strengthening on Ansys Software

Abstract: After occurrence of recent earthquakes in the most of world parts, scientific committees for reducing natural disasters and research centers declared based performance design, investigation faults, retrofitting, rehabilitation, new researches are related to strengthening of structures, notice performance, importance of structure, surface of earthquake levels, considering economic and feasibility. One of streningthening method of RC frame is using FRP laminates. Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or junction. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior joint, interior jointetc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading on cantilever end of the beam. and study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exteriorbeam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress, displacement and variation in stiffness of beam- column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software (FEM Software) RC shear walls are considered one of themain lateral resisting members in buildings. In recent years, FRP has been widely utilized in order to strengthen and retrofit concrete structures. Significant experimental research has been conducted over the past three decades on hysteretic behavior of beamcolumn joints of RC frames under cyclic displacement loading. The various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-columnjoints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior ofexterior beam column joint is different than the corner beam column joint.

Strengthening of RC beams in shear with novel near-surface mounted (NSM) U-shaped fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites

Over the last three decades, various researchers have proven the high efficiency of the near-surface-mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) method for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The shear strengthening of RC beams by embedding FRP bars or strips onto the side concrete cover is a primary application of NSM FRP investigated in numerous studies. These studies revealed that despite the high bond efficiency between the NSM FRP and concrete, NSM FRP shear-strengthened beams frequently failed in debonding modes, such as FRP–concrete interfacial debonding or side concrete cover separation. Such debonding failures limit the strength utilization and strengthening efficiency of the FRP material. Anchoring measures have been proposed for NSM FRPs to mitigate such debonding failures. However, the manufacturing and installation processes of these anchoring devices are complicated. Moreover, interfacial debonding between the NSM FRPs and anchoring devices can still occur. Therefore, this study proposes a novel NSM U-shaped FRP (NUF) device for the shear strengthening of RC beams. The proposed NUF device was fabricated using a fiber sheet through a wet lay-up process. The device can effectively increase the bond efficiency between the FRP and strengthened beam. The concept, manufacturing, and installation processes of this device are discussed. Subsequently, an experiment was performed on seven full-scale RC beams. The test results showed that the proposed NUF device is able to postpone/prevent the debonding failure between NSM FRP and concrete thus largely increase the strengthening efficiency of NSM FRP method.

Failure mechanism of one-way slabs under concentrated loads after local reinforcement yielding

One-way slabs under concentrated loads may fail by one-way shear such as wide beams, punching shear, flexure, or by combining two or more of these mechanisms. Nevertheless, most publications have only addressed shear and punching failures without flexural reinforcement yielding. This study investigates the ultimate shear capacity of one-way slabs under concentrated loads with local reinforcement yielding. In total, 12 tests were conducted on six reinforced concrete slabs. Simply supported slabs of 1.60 m × 3.40 m × 0.15 m were tested. Three parameters were varied: the load position, the span length and the reinforcement ratio. All slabs failed initially by punching with limited or extensive reinforcement yielding. Due to the relatively large amount of transverse reinforcement (0.44 %), most slabs underwent a large shear redistribution around the load, resulting in a wide beam shear failure after the local punching failure. The test results were compared to the theoretical predictions of shear, punching and flexure capacity using code expressions and the Extended Strip Model (ESM). The ESM resulted in the closest predictions of the experiments. These experiments confirm that a brittle shear and punching failure mechanism can occur even after extensive reinforcement yielding. Moreover, the results indicate that the ESM can be used to assess one-way slabs under concentrated loads with local reinforcement yielding.

Enhancing the Shear Capacity of RC Beams with Web Openings in Shear Zones Using Pre-Stressed Fe-SMA Bars: Numerical Study

Openings in the shear span can significantly affect the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, particularly in terms of shear capacity and crack propagation. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of strengthening the web opening in the shear zone of RC beams by using iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) bars, providing valuable insights for structural engineers and researchers. Numerical analysis with ABAQUS/CAE 2020 software was employed in the current study. The research was divided into six groups of beams with web openings of different lengths (150, 300, and 450 mm), prestressing levels (0%, 30%, and 60%), and reinforcement diameters (14, 18, and 22 mm) of Fe-SMA bars. The results show that the presence of web openings can cause a significant reduction in the cracking and ultimate loads of the beams, with reductions ranging from 11% to 50% and 36% to 48%, respectively. However, by adding pre-stressed Fe-SMA bars around small web openings (100 × 150 mm), the shear capacity of the beam is restored, and the beam exhibits behavior similar to solid beams. Additionally, activating the Fe-SMA bars by 30% and 60% resulted in almost similar cracking loads but improved load-carrying capacity of the beam with small openings by 12% and 9%, respectively, compared to the solid beam. The technique proposed for enhancing shear strength is most effective for beams with small (100 × 150 mm) and medium (100 × 300 mm) web openings as it can restore both the beam’s shear strength and stiffness. However, for beams with larger web openings (100 × 450 mm), the use of activated Fe-SMA beams can recover almost 90% of the solid beam’s shear capacity. Furthermore, reinforcing small openings with Fe-SMA bars of different diameters enhances beam shear capacity and stiffness, while for larger openings, higher Fe-SMA reinforcement ratios could potentially restore the beam’s full strength and stiffness. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening web openings in RC beams, particularly in shear zones, and provides significant insights into how to strengthen beams with web openings, thereby contributing to developing safer structures. However, further laboratory experiments are recommended to validate, complement and extend the findings of this numerical study.