Shattering Effect Research Articles

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY THE CUMIN GROWERS

The uncertainty in production of cumin crop causes wide variation in the income of cumin growing farmers from year to year. Thus, production and income uncertainty due to the crisis involved in cumin crop create serious consequences on the income and future production planning of the crop. The present study was confined to “ex-post-facto” research design. The multistage sampling technique was used for selection of respondents. From each of three selected district viz.;Banaskantha, Patan and Kutch of North-West Agro-Climatic Zone two talukas having highest cumin area and production were selected. Three villages from each taluka and from each village, fifteen cumin growers were selected randomly. Thus, total 270 cumin growers were selected for the study. The result of the study revealed that nearly two-thirds (65.92%) of the cumin growers had medium level of knowledge about crisis management practices. Whereas, in case of practices vise knowledge regarding crisis management in cumin; majority of the cumin growers had knowledge about seed is safe from spuriousness and adulteration, to be safe from soil erosion, timely sowing of cumin in first week of November at 30°C, timely application of fertilizers, to postpone the irrigation during cloudy weather, unseasonal rainfall or when the sign of diseases appear, different control measures other than chemical control for disease management, remove weeds by hand weeding and harvest crop when seed attain grey colour to maintain volatile oil and shattering effect.

Urea‐Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP): Comparative study on the experimental detonation pressure of a non‐ideal explosive

AbstractCarbamide Peroxide, an adduct of Urea and Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP) industrially used as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide, exhibits the behaviour of a tertiary explosive but a detailed performance characterisation is still lacking in the literature. In this work, we calculated a 20 % experimental TNT equivalence for brisance, i. e. the shattering effect from the shock wave transmitted from the detonating high explosive into adjacent materials, by experimental indirect measurement of UHP detonation pressure. We determined a 3.5 GPa detonation pressure for 5 kg unconfined UHP charges (0.87 g/cm3, 120 mm charge diameter) by measuring the attenuated shock wave velocity (ASV) in adjacent inert materials using passive optical probes. Particle velocity measurements at the interface of a PMMA impedance window carried out with Photonic Doppler Velocimetry on scaled‐down charges of 90 g UHP under heavy confinement (0.85 g/cm3, 30 mm charge diameter, 4 mm thick steel) are consistent with ASV results in the PMMA acceptors but further investigations are required to determine the detonation pressure, using a small‐scale experimental setup. The ASV method has proven reliable to assess the brisance of a non‐ideal explosive for risk assessment purposes.

ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE SET OF PANCHROMATIC COLORINGS OF A RANDOM HYPERGRAPH

The paper deals with the structure of the set of panchromatic colorings with three colors of a random hypergraph in the uniform model \(H(n,k,m)\). It is well known that the property of the existence of a panchromatic coloring with given number of colors r has the sharp threshold, i.e. there exists the threshold value \({{\hat {m}}_{r}} = {{\hat {m}}_{r}}(n)\) such that for any \(\varepsilon 0\), if \(m\;\leqslant \;(1 - \varepsilon ){{\hat {m}}_{r}}\) then the random hypergraph \(H(n,k,m)\) admits this coloring with probability tending to 1, but if \(m\; \geqslant \;(1 + \varepsilon ){{\hat {m}}_{r}}\) then, vice versa, it does not admit this coloring with probability tending to 1. We study the algorithmic threshold for the property of panchromatic coloring with three colors and prove that if the parameter m is slightly less than \({{\widehat m}_{3}}\), then the set of panchromatic 3-colorings of \(H(n,k,m)\) although it is not empty with a probability tending to 1, but at the same time it obeys the shattering effect, first described in the work of D. Achlioptas and A. Coja-Oghlan in 2008.

Balancing the Protection of Foreign Investors and States Responses in the Post-Pandemic World

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a shattering effect on the international economic ecosystem, severely hampering—if only temporarily—its much-needed effort for liberalization and ever-growing interconnection.2 In the wake of the pandemic, States have swiftly enacted drastic emergency measures to safeguard the health of their citizens, which among other things imposed limitations on the movement of people, suspended the production of non-essential activities, redirected economic endeavours towards life-saving products, disrupting the global supply chain. The ensuing economic shock suffered by national economies was promptly followed by a wide range of efforts to support domestic businesses, secure jobs, and protect crucial activities from foreign acquisition. The emergency measures were often adopted without a preliminary assessment of their compatibility with the State’s existing international commitments towards economic liberalization, raising the question whether their adoption would entail international responsibility for the State. Though the capacity of international economic regimes to unduly constrain the State’s ability to meet the need of its own people is a recurring theme in international economic law,3 it has emerged prominently with regard to the international investment regime.4 The international protection of foreign direct investment (FDI) has long been perceived as unbalanced in favour of foreign investors, triggering a widespread move to reform international investment agreements (IIAs) with the aim of granting States a greater ‘margin of manoeuvre’ in their sovereign action.5 Though the reform process is well under way, the lack of coordinated efforts has so far led to an extremely fragmented IIA framework, still dominated by old-generation treaties and in which new IIAs have often not yet entered into force.6

To issue of evaluation of the influence of external pressure and broken condition of a massif on the blast shattering effect by the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

To issue of evaluation of the influence of external pressure and broken condition of a massif on the blast shattering effect by the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

Production of Ethyl-alcohol using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae from Potato

The steady rise in global crude oil prices, the increase in threats to the environment due to air pollution, global warming, and the threat of crude oil prices have had a shattering effect on developing countries, especially in oil-imported countries such as India. From a long-term point of view, it is mandatory to manufacture more fuelefficient fuels. Ethyl-alcohol is esteemed source of energy. Maize is a major source of ethyl-alcohol because of its high starch content in seeds and grains. Ethyl-alcoholis a renewable alcohol-based fuel that can be produced from starch, sugar, and cellulosic biomass. The present study of our review focuses on production of ethyl-alcoholfrom potato thus obtaining the energy-efficient effect of ethyl-alcoholsynthesis. A variety of substances can be used for ethyl-alcohol production. Ethyl-alcohol based biofuels can be produced using agricultural waste with the help of enzymes. Ethyl-alcohol fuel derived from starchy and agricultural lignocelluloses biomass is gradually being upgraded to reduce petroleum consumption due to depletion of petroleum resources as well as reducing the impact of fuel in nature. In this review we are focusing on production of ethyl alcohol from ground potato using yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) and water as chemicals and reagent.

Differences in the Ice Particle Shattering Impact on the CIP Measurements in the Stratiform Cloud Region and the Embedded Convection Region

Stratiform clouds with embedded convective cells is an important precipitation system. Precise knowledge of the cloud’s microphysical structure can be useful for the development of a numerical weather prediction model and precipitation enhancement. Airborne measurement is one of the important ways for determining the microphysical structure of clouds. However, cloud particle shattering during measurement poses a serious problem to the measured microphysical characterization of clouds. In order to study the different influences of the shattered ice particles on the standard cloud imaging probe (CIP) measurement in the stratiform cloud region and the convective cloud region, a time-variant threshold method to identify the shattered fragments is presented. After application of this algorithm, the shattered fragments were recognized and their impacts on the particle size distribution (PSD), particle number concentration and ice water content measurement were analyzed. It was found that the shattering effect on the PSD decreases with the increasing size of less than 400 μm, fluctuates between 400 μm and 1000 μm and slightly increases with the increasing size of larger than 1000 μm on average in a stratiform region and a convective region. However, the average ratio of PSD uncorrected to that corrected for shattering events using the presented algorithm in convective clouds is larger than that in the stratiform regions in the whole size, and nearly twice that in the size of less than 1000 μm. The measured number concentration can be overestimated by up to a factor of 3.9 on average in a stratiform region, while in a convective region, it is 7.7, nearly twice that of a stratiform region. The ice water content in a stratiform region can be overestimated by 29.5% on average, but by 60.7% in a convective region. These findings can be helpful for the cloud physics community to use the airborne CIP measurement data for numerical weather and climate models.

9Pandemics and Popular Culture

Abstract The three books reviewed here deal with the interrelation between pandemics, society, and culture. The common subtext within them is that pandemics have always had a shattering effect on the social status quo. Published at the threshold of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, they bear concrete implications for assessing how American popular culture is being impacted by the outbreak, and how it might evolve. The review is divided into five sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Plagues and Culture; 3. Covid-19 and Misinformation Culture; 4. Pandemics and Society; 5. Conclusion. In the span of two decades, the world has been subjected to several pandemics, including SARS in 2003, bird flu in 2005, swine flu in 2009, MERS in 2012, Ebola in 2014, and currently Covid-19 in 2020–21. Because of this, several cultural phenomena have crystallized that are the direct consequence of what can be called a pandemic era, ranging from a broad interest in the plague literature and cinema of the past to the burgeoning of books for the general public on pandemics and how their outcomes (medical and social) are shaped by the politics and discourses of misinformation. A recurring theme in the books under review is that coping with pandemics, and especially ‘pandemic fatigue’, involves an engagement with literature and the arts—both of which have themselves been shaped by pandemics of the past. The books are thus significant in shedding speculative light on how pandemics might alter (or not) our socio-cultural habitus.

Impact of Specialization, Ownership Structure, and Size on Cost and Profit Efficiency of US Commercial and Savings Banks

Using an unbalanced panel dataset of 5,265 observations from 454 US banks including 394 commercial and 60 savings banks, and Battese and Coelli (1995) Stochastic Frontier model, this study has determined the recent level of cost and profit efficiency estimates of these banks and analysed the impact of specialization, ownership structure, and size on the cost and profit efficiency. The results reveal that the cost efficiency of US commercial and savings banks is statistically higher than the profit efficiency with a score of 92.1% and 63.59% respectively; the global financial crisis did not affect cost efficiency much, but it had a shattering effect on the profit efficiency; the savings banks are more cost efficient than the commercial banks and commercial banks are more profit efficient than savings banks; there is no significant differences between the cost and profit efficiencies of privately and publicly owned banks; foreign banks are less cost and profit efficient compare to their domestic counterparts; and finally, the small banks enjoy higher cost and profit efficiency than their large, medium, and very large counterparts. The other determinants of cost and profit efficiency were found to be expectedly affecting the cost and profit efficiency of US banks. JEL classification numbers: C33, C67, D22, D24, G01, G21, G32. Keywords: Cost Efficiency, Profit Efficiency, US Commercial and Savings Banks, Bank Specialization, Ownership Structure, Bank Size.

The Place, and Problems, of Truth

Abstract This article takes up some questions, and problems, of truth, relating both to the place of theology, the study of religion, and the humanities in the academy, and to the lives within which scholarship happens. Looking at the university, the challenge of religious language, the limitations of the confessional, and the shattering effect of lost lives, the article places loss, desire, and ongoingness beside each other to stage the inadequacy of its own tools to a proffered vision of truth as temporally indexed adequacy: what matters to someone at some time. In conversation with Friedrich Nietzsche, Stanley Cavell, Sara Ahmed, and Deborah Nelson, the article performs the failures and intensities it hopes to surface.

The shattering effect on rain

Biophysics Raindrops falling at terminal velocity are giant ballistic objects when viewed by a butterfly or felt by a leaf. So how do smaller organisms survive a rainy day? Many biological surfaces have nanoscale texture and show superhydrophobicity. Kim et al . found that high-speed water drops do not simply bounce off of these nanostructured surfaces. On impact, each drop spreads, shock-like waves form, and the drop shatters. As the liquid spreads across the “rough” surface, the shock waves nucleate holes in the upper liquid film, the holes coalesce, the liquid rebounds, and contact time is reduced by 70%. This is also a perfect mechanism to send waterborne fungal spores flying. Thus, superhydrophobicity means that an organism out in the rain gets neither wet nor cold and can carry on flying unperturbed, as birds and butterflies do. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 , 13901 (2020).

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ABOUT PERCEPTION OF MEDICAL STUDENTS REGARDING PUNISHMENT OF RAPE FOR ACCUSED

Background: Rape is a significant social and public health problem that has severe shattering effect on victims, including negative consequences on physical health, mental health, academic performance, and interpersonal and social relationships. It is important to know the perception and opinion of young people about the punishment of rape and increase transparency and one’s participation in the implementation of act.
 Aim: To spread awareness and portray severity of crime by learning the perception of medical students towards the punishment given for rape accused and to examine dimensionality of rape attitudes and its law in youth.
 Methods: Data was collected from 100 randomly selected medical students with the help of questionnaire and verbal discussion with them.
 Results: All the students were in the age group of 18 to 24 years. Only 47% were aware about the exact punishment given for accused. Maximum (75%) participants feel that death should be the ideal punishment and it should be given immediately as soon as the accused is found guilty. Inadequate mentality and lack of sex education are considered as major causes that provoke a person to commit rape. Majority of the cases are not reported because of social stigma and family reputation.
 Conclusion: Education is the most favored approach to sex related violence in the community. It is important to support every individual, as it plays a vital role in gaining media and government attention, which is a step forward for the betterment of the society, and soon towards the complete eradication of such social and public health issues like rape and sexual assault.

Quality of Life among Disabled Persons- A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Area of Dehradun District

Background: Quality of life is a multidimensional concept. Disability has a shattering effect on the quality of life with a predominantly negative effect on “marriage, educational attainment, employment and emotional state” as it jeopardizes personal, family and social life. Assessment of “quality of life” (QOL) in disabled is essential measure to bring “disabled” to core stream of civilization. Aims & Objectives: To assess the “Quality of Life” among disabled and to determine the “association between socio-demographic” factors with the quality of life. Materials & Methods: A “community based Cross-Sectional study” was conducted in rural area of Dehradun district. Multistage random sampling technique was used to enrol 2600 people in age group of 5- 59 years for the study. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the socio-demographic information while WHO-BREF questionnaire was used to assess the QOL. Results: 61(2.3%) people were found to be disabled. Among those disabled individuals 52.5% were males and 47.5 % were females. In Psychological and Environmental domain, (65.6% & 55.7%) of the study participants respectively were partially satisfied, while 60.7% of the disabled persons were dissatisfied in social domain. However, 68.9 % disabled were satisfied in physical domain. Religion was found to be strong determinant for physical, psychological and environmental domain of QOL (p-value= 0.001, 0.032 and 0.047 respectively). Socio-economic status was also found to be significantly associated with psychological domain (p-value=0.000). Conclusion: Very few individuals were found to be disabled in the present study, but religion was strongly affecting the satisfaction level among disabled. Thus, religious issues should be addressed to improve quality of life among disabled persons and there should be a holistic approach for managing disabled person.

Experimental Study on the Heat Resistant Explosive 5,5'-Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole) (TKX-55): The Jet Penetration Capability and Underwater Explosion Performances

Ongoing research to find new explosives which are stable at high temperatures focuses on compounds which comply with the strict requirements which must be fulfilled in order for a compound to be of use in deep oil-well and gas drilling applications. Great efforts have been focused on the development of new, thermally stable explosives which are stable at even higher temperatures than hexanitrostilbene, and which also show superior performance. In the group of recently synthesized thermally stable explosives, 5,5'-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole) (TKX-55) is one of the most promising prospective candidates for use in practical applications, due to its physicochemical properties as well as its convenient synthesis. Therefore, further investigation into the performance of TKX-55 in shaped charge applications was undertaken. This study was focused on the investigation of the jet penetration capability of conical shaped charges filled with TKX-55, in comparison with recently used other explosives. The kinetic energy of the jet depends on the brisance of the explosive which is used. In order to experimentally investigate the shattering effect of TKX-55, the Underwater Explosion Test was applied. Based on the collected data, the total energy, as the sum of the primary shock wave energy (the brisance) and the bubble gas energy (the heaving effect), was calculated.

Millimeter-sized grains in the protostellar envelopes: Where do they come from?

Abstract Grain growth during star formation affects the physical and chemical processes in the evolution of star-forming clouds. We investigate the origin of the millimeter (mm)-sized grains recently observed in Class I protostellar envelopes. We use the coagulation model developed in our previous paper and find that a hydrogen number density of as high as 1010 cm−3, instead of the typical density 105 cm−3, is necessary for the formation of mm-sized grains. Thus, we test a hypothesis that such large grains are transported to the envelope from the inner, denser parts, finding that gas drag by outflow efficiently “launches” the large grains as long as the central object has not grown to ≳0.1 M⊙. By investigating the shattering effect on the mm-sized grains, we ensure that the large grains are not significantly fragmented after being injected in the envelope. We conclude that the mm-sized grains observed in the protostellar envelopes are not formed in the envelopes but formed in the inner parts of the star-forming regions and transported to the envelopes before a significant mass growth of the central object, and that they survive in the envelopes.

A Short History of the Weimar Republic by Colin Storer (review)

Reviewed by: A Short History of the Weimar Republic by Colin Storer Brendan Fay A Short History of the Weimar Republic. By Colin Storer. New York: I. B. Taurus, 2013. Pp. vii + 237. Paper £12.99. ISBN 978-1780761763 In this concise and highly readable new book, Colin Storer sets himself the task of offering readers in one volume a short history of Weimar Germany and some of the key debates that have emerged out of recent historiography—no mean feat given the tens of thousands of books that have and continue to appear on Weimar and its contested legacy. But if there is a unifying theme that runs through these pages, it is Storer’s effort to overturn elements of the “doom and gloom” orthodox historiography that so often viewed Weimar “as little more than a precursor to Hitler” (1). Rather, Storer highlights the real promise and achievements of the period characteristic of more recent scholarship. By situating his study in a comparative international framework, Storer is able to show that Germany was hardly alone in the challenges it faced, and the Republic far more durable than historians have given it credit for being. Following a succinct survey of German history from the Thirty Years’ War to the end of World War I, the core of the book is organized around four chapters devoted, in turn, to domestic politics, the economy, foreign policy, and Weimar culture. This core is bookended by chapters that examine the years of crisis that both inaugurated and ended the Republic’s short fourteen-year existence. In chapter two, as in much of the rest of the book, Storer adopts a narrative mode, recounting key political episodes of interwar German history from the Kapp and Beer Hall Putsches to the Dawes and Young Plans. Storer does an admirable job of addressing continuities with the Kaiserreich and registering the shattering effect that World War I had—and, in some cases, did not have—on Weimar politics and culture. While the political parties of the moderate Left, Right, and Center were, in the main, carried over from the imperial period, the Russian Revolution and defeat in war created new radical parties on the extremes that did much to disrupt and ultimately destroy the consensus and stability so crucial to Weimar democracy. Here, as throughout the book, Storer is careful to show that Weimar was not a doomed society and avoids looking at 1920s developments with foreknowledge of [End Page 434] what was to come. The much-maligned Article 48, for example—which granted the Chancellor emergency powers and was pivotal in the Nazis consolidation of power after 1933—fulfilled its intended role during Weimar’s early years of crisis and instability. As Storer emphasizes, it was invoked under Friedrich Ebert no less than sixty-three times to great effect during the Ruhr crisis. Storer is likewise critical of an older historiography that underlined Germans’ lack of interest in politics or resigned commitment to the Republic in the form of the Vernunftrepublikaner. Indeed, the 60–80 percent voter turnout over the course of the period would be the envy of many modern liberal democracies, and the political violence of the kind visited upon ministers Walter Rathenau and Matthias Erzberger in Weimar’s early years provoked both outrage among most Germans and shows of support for the fledgling Republic. In chapters three and four, devoted to Weimar economic and foreign policy respectively, Storer likewise steers a nuanced course that neither dismisses the real crises that plagued interwar German society nor suggests the Republic’s collapse as a foregone conclusion. Inflation was not unique to Germany after the war. Britain, Italy, France, and other victorious powers experienced similarly painful, if less severe, episodes of economic instability. By 1924, with the introduction of the Rentenmark, the government was in the end able to weather the storm and stabilize the currency. To be sure, fractious divisions lingered over how best to throw off the shackles of the hated Versailles Treaty; however, the government’s inability to overcome these challenges was not a simple matter of German intransigence. The Allied victors remained sharply divided themselves; and the vacillating foreign policy of successive Weimar...

Characteristics and mechanisms of extremity injuries caused by mine blasts in shoals.

The characteristics of explosion in water are different from those in air and vary in different water depths. It is important to investigate the characteristics and mechanisms of extremity injuries caused by mine blasts in shoals. A total of ninety New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups put in different depths of water (land group, midpoint of the thigh in the shoal 1 group, the xiphoid process in the shoal 2 group, and control group). Electric detonators simulating mines were placed under the rabbits' right hindpaw. After detonation, the animals were subjected to morphological examination. The lower third of the calf was almost completely destroyed by the mine blast on land, and only the rabbits' feet and ankles were destroyed in shoals. The skeleton, artery and sciatic nerve were injured more seriously in shoals than those on land. Mine blasts in shoals caused less disruption of the soft tissue than those on land. However, the skeleton was more seriously damaged in shoals since the pressure wave was transmitted with greater intensity and had a stronger shattering effect on the skeleton. Furthermore, the characteristics of extremity injuries varied according to water depths.

Reconstructing Masculinity in Charlotte Riddell's ‘The Open Door’ and Rudyard Kipling's ‘They’

This essay examines how two much-anthologised ghost stories from the long nineteenth century – Charlotte Riddell's ‘The Open Door’ and Rudyard Kipling's ‘They’ – challenge the perceived idea that the experience of witnessing a spectre has a shattering or feminising effect on men. Instead, ghostly encounters enable the male protagonists to develop a form of spiritual awareness which bolsters rather than undermines their embodiment of traditionally masculine traits. The concept of manliness was continually being contested and redefined during the period in which these tales were published. Its perceived links with rationalist materialism were also being eroded as various male-orientated groups sought to synthesise the ghost within scientific discourse. ‘The Open Door’ intriguingly promotes a supernaturalised form of masculine identity through an interrogation of class: the spectral encounter is crucial in the development of the middle-class protagonist into a model of hardworking Victorian masculinity. ‘They’ reworks the motif of the manly but spiritually sensitive central character via a focus on paternity, suggesting that trauma and loss can be adequately incorporated into this rehabilitated form of British masculinity. Both tales thus utilise the experience of ghost-seeing to highlight the importance of emotion and sensitivity to masculine identity at the end of the long nineteenth century.

Quantification of the Effects of Shattering on Airborne Ice Particle Measurements

Abstract Ice particle shattering poses a serious problem to the airborne characterization of ice cloud microstructure. Shattered ice fragments may contaminate particle measurements, resulting in artificially high concentrations of small ice. The ubiquitous observation of small ice particles has been debated over the last three decades. The present work is focused on the study of the effect of shattering based on the results of the Airborne Icing Instrumentation Evaluation (AIIE) experiment flight campaign. Quantitative characterization of the shattering effect was studied by comparing measurements from pairs of identical probes, one modified to mitigate shattering using tips designed for this study (K-tips) and the other in the standard manufacturer’s configuration. The study focused on three probes: the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP), the optical array probe (OAP-2DC), and the cloud imaging probe (CIP). It has been shown that the overestimation errors of the number concentration in size distributions measured by 2D probes increase with decreasing size, mainly affecting particles smaller than approximately 500 μm. It was found that shattering artifacts may increase measured particle number concentration by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. However, the associated increase of the extinction coefficient and ice water content derived from 2D data is estimated at only 20%–30%. Existing antishattering algorithms alone are incapable of filtering out all shattering artifacts from OAP-2DC and CIP measurements. FSSP measurements can be completely dominated by shattering artifacts, and it is not recommended to use this instrument for measurements in ice clouds, except in special circumstances. Because of the large impact of shattering on ice measurements, the historical data collected by FSSP and OAP-2DC should be reexamined by the cloud physics community.

Some effects of ice crystals on the FSSP measurements in mixed phase clouds

Abstract. In this paper, we show that in mixed phase clouds, the presence of ice crystals may induce wrong FSSP 100 measurements interpretation especially in terms of particle size and subsequent bulk parameters. The presence of ice crystals is generally revealed by a bimodal feature of the particle size distribution (PSD). The combined measurements of the FSSP-100 and the Polar Nephelometer give a coherent description of the effect of the ice crystals on the FSSP-100 response. The FSSP-100 particle size distributions are characterized by a bimodal shape with a second mode peaked between 25 and 35 μm related to ice crystals. This feature is observed with the FSSP-100 at airspeed up to 200 m s−1 and with the FSSP-300 series. In order to assess the size calibration for clouds of ice crystals the response of the FSSP-100 probe has been numerically simulated using a light scattering model of randomly oriented hexagonal ice particles and assuming both smooth and rough crystal surfaces. The results suggest that the second mode, measured between 25 μm and 35 μm, does not necessarily represent true size responses but corresponds to bigger aspherical ice particles. According to simulation results, the sizing understatement would be neglected in the rough case but would be significant with the smooth case. Qualitatively, the Polar Nephelometer phase function suggests that the rough case is the more suitable to describe real crystals. Quantitatively, however, it is difficult to conclude. A review is made to explore different hypotheses explaining the occurrence of the second mode. However, previous cloud in situ measurements suggest that the FSSP-100 secondary mode, peaked in the range 25–35 μm, is likely to be due to the shattering of large ice crystals on the probe inlet. This finding is supported by the rather good relationship between the concentration of particles larger than 20 μm (hypothesized to be ice shattered-fragments measured by the FSSP) and the concentration of (natural) ice particles (CPI data). In mixed cloud, a simple estimation of the number of ice crystals impacting the FSSP inlet shows that the ice crystal shattering effect is the main factor in observed ice production.