Sharp Decrease In Temperature Research Articles

Seasonal Effects on the Reported Incidence of Acute Diarrhoeal Disease in Northeast Thailand

This paper examines the seasonal variation in the reported incidence of acute diarrhoea for selected areas in the northeast of Thailand. Charts are presented which show rainfall, temperature and reported incidence of acute diarrhoea for the period 1982 to 1987. Incidence of diarrhoea appears to be inversely related to a sharp decrease in temperature around January each year. Although rainfall does not appear to have a direct effect on the relative incidence of acute diarrhoea, there is always a consistent reduction during July or August, after the rains have begun. Seasonal changes in climate may be indirectly related to other factors which have an important bearing on diarrhoeal disease. Rainwater collection is an important water source in this region and the affect this has on water use is discussed in relation to faeco-oral disease transmission.

Paramagnetic investigations of the pseudobinary laves phase intermetallic compounds Gd(Al 1− xMe x) 2

The paramagnetic Curie temperature and the paramagnetic effective moment were measured for the pseudobinary compounds Gd(Al 1− x Sn x ) 2. The results are compared with those for similar systems of the type Gd(Al 1− x ) 2, where Me  Cu, Ag, Pd, In. In no case, except for the highly concentrated samples with Me  Cu and Ag, were remarkable changes of the paramagnetic effective moment observed. However, a dramatic decrease of the paramagnetic Curie temperature (Θ p) was observed for all systems. The Me metals used in the systems under investigation differ in the number of conduction electrons per Me atom. This number can be assumed to be 0 for Pd, 1 for Cu and Ag, 3 for In and Al atoms, and 4 in the case of Sn. The very sharp decrease of the paramagnetic Curie temperature, observed in all cases, is explained on the basis of band structure calculations. The crucial change of the density of states at the Fermi level as a function of concentration for Me ions with different numbers of conduction electrons seems to be responsible for the effects observed.

Determination of snowpack properties from satellite passive microwave measurements

The use of satellite microwave data to determine snowpack properties is investigated through calculation of theoretical microwave brightness temperatures and comparison of the computed brightness temperatures with actual satellite microwave measurements. Archived data from the Nimbus-5 and Nimbus-6 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometers (ESMR), as well as data from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multifrequency Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), are analyzed for a study area in the north-central United States. The results of the investigation indicate that snow boundaries can usually be defined by the 37-GHz or 18 (19) GHz data because of the sharp decrease in brightness temperature when going from land to a snow surface. For dry snow conditions, the 37 GHz data display a decrease in brightness temperature with snow depth due to the stronger volume scattering effect of the deeper snow; at 18–19 GHz, the sensitivity to snow depth is not as significant. The onset of snowmelt can be determined at both microwave frequencies investigated (18–19 GHz and 37 GHz) because of the significant increase in the brightness temperature with melting due to the decrease in volume scattering that occurs in the presence of free water.

Gravitational Character of Cold Surges during Winter MONEX

Abstract The surface pressure, temperature, dew point and wind data over the South China Sea and vicinity during Winter MONEX are examined to determine the timing of the passage of cold surges at various reporting stations. It is found that for more than half of the surge cases during Winter MONEX, a surge occurs in two stages separated by a time interval of several hours to approximately one day. The first stage is often characterized by a significant rise in pressure, while the second stage by a sharp decrease in dew point temperature. Freshening of surface winds may accompany either or both stages. The time separation between the two stages is relatively short at the upstream stations but generally long at the downstream stations. The second stage is associated with a frontal passage. On the other hand, the first stage is not clearly associated with any significant synoptic events. From its very fast propagation speed which increases with an inferred depth scale, and an increase in the local cross-isob...

The Technique of Kidney Transplantation in Rhesus Monkeys

The technique of kidney transplantation in rhesus monkeys is described in detail. The rate of successful transplantations can be increased to 90-100% if several technical aspects are considered. These include adequate perfusion of the organ to be preserved, measures to prevent a sharp decrease in body temperature, doing the arterial anastomosis with interrupted sutures and prevention of low blood pressure after revascularization.

Oceanic fronts around southern New Zealand

The circulation and distribution of fronts around southern New Zealand are strongly controlled by the extensive New Zealand bathymetric platform. The Subtropical Convergence is continous around southern New Zealand, passing from southwest of New Zealand northeastwards through the Snares Depression, 300 km south of Stewart Island, along the continental shelf of the east coast of South Island and through the Mernoo Saddle (at 43°40′S) as the Southland Front, and then eastwards along the Chatham Rise. East of the Chatham Rise the Subtropical Convergence projects southwards as a tongue-like feature.The Subantarctic Front (Australasian Subantarctic Front) extends around the souther and southeastern flank of the Campbell Plateau then westward from the near the Pukaki Saddle, at 50°S, to pass south of the southward extension of the Subtropical Convergence near 170°W east of the Chatham Rise.Both the Subtropical Convergence and Subantarctic Front have associated relatively strong water movements. The relatively weak thermal structure of the Australasian Subantarctic Water over the Campbell Plateau is conducive to the production of Subantarctic Mode Water and probably leads to the sharp decrease in temperature of the Subantarctic Mode thermostad from west to east south of New Zealand.

Features of the organized motion in the atmospheric surface layer

Simultaneous temperature traces at several heights in the first 8 m of the atmospheric surface layer indicate the presence of an organized structure with a spatially coherent upwind interface characterized by a sharp decrease in temperature. The convection speed of this interface, obtained by different methods, increases with height and is approximately equal to the local mean wind velocity. The inclination of this interface to the horizontal also increases with height. Associated with the sharp decrease in temperature θ at the interface is a relatively less sharp jump in streamwise u and a decrease in vertical w velocity fluctuations. Ensemble‐averaged distributions of u, w, θ, uw, and wθ, relative to the location of the interface, have been obtained for several occurrences of the interface for different stability conditions. These distributions effectively represent signatures of the organized motion and are qualitatively similar to those obtained in the laboratory boundary layer. Signatures of velocity and temperature, normalized by the friction velocity and temperature, respectively, exhibit a fair degree of similarity over different stability conditions when the time measured from the interface is normalized by the average period between signatures. For unstable conditions these signatures contribute over 40% to the average local heat flux and about 20% to the average Reynolds shear stress . This contribution to and is less than 10% for nearly neutral or moderately stable conditions.

Note on the temperature ramp structure in the marine surface layer

Ensemble average shapes of temperatureθ and vertical velocityw associated with a ‘ramp-like’ signature of the temperature signal recorded in the marine surface layer have been obtained with the use of a conditional sampling technique. The resulting shapes support the ‘ramp-like’ description of temperature and also suggest an approximately linear distribution in the case ofw. The sharp decrease in temperature at the upwind end of the ramp coincides with a relatively sharp decrease in vertical velocity. The region of the ramp in the vicinity of the sharp temperature decrease makes a large contribution to the average heat flux in the layer.

Broadening of the Nematic Temperature Range by a Non-Mesogenic Solute in a Nematic Liquid Crystal

Abstract The general rule that addition of a non-mesogenic solute causes a sharp decrease in the nematic-isotropic transition temperature (TN→ I) of a nematic solvent is not obeyed when the solute and solvent can enter into a donor-acceptor interaction. Addition of 4-aminobiphenyl to the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (nematic range ∼ 25–35°) leads to an increase in TN→ I and a decrease in the crystal-nematic transition temperature. The maximum nematic range (21–38°) is achieved at ∼ 7 mole % solute.

Microcalorimetry of thermal denaturation of pepsin and trypsin in the crystal state

Heating of pepsin and trypsin crystals was studied by scanning microcalorimetry. A sharp decrease in temperature, halfwidth and heat of transition with a decrease in heating rate was discovered. It was shown that thermal transition is connected only with the denaturation of protein molecules in the crystal and not accompanied by the crystal disintegration into separate molecules.

The temperature structure and pressure balance of magnetic loops in active regions

EUV observations show many active region loops in lines formed at temperatures between 104K and 2×l06K. The brightest loops are associated with flux tubes leading to the umbrae of sunspots. It is shown that the high visibility of certain loops in transition region lines is due principallly to a sharp radial decrease of temperature to chromospheric values toward the loop axis. The plasma density of these cool loops is not significantly greater than in the hot gas immediately surrounding it. Consequently, the internal gas pressure of the cool material is clearly lower. The hot material immediately surrounding the cool loops is generally denser than the external corona by a factor 3–4. When the active region is examined in coronal lines, this hot high pressure plasma shows up as loops that are generally parallel to the cool loops but significantly displaced laterally. In general the loop phenomenon in an active region is the result of temperature variations by two orders of magnitude and density variations of around a factor five between adjacent flux tubes in the corona.

Near-bottom Thermocline in the Samoan Passage, West Equatorial Pacific

ANTARCTIC bottom water (ABW) flows into the Pacific basin from the region between Macquarie Island and Antarctica1–3. Dynamic considerations suggest that the bottom water flows northwards as an intense current along the western boundary of the Pacific basin4,5. Oceanographers have noted that the Pacific is divided into at least four principal basins which are separated by relatively shallow sills that constrain the flow of water below 4,000 m (refs. 3, 6, 7). The narrow Samoan Passage, first recognized by Reid8, is perhaps the most important channel with depth sufficient to allow a significant flow of bottom water from the southern basin into the central basin. Bottom current velocities in the passage of 5 to 15 cm s−1 towards the north have been measured9 and Nansen casts in the passage revealed a sharp decrease in temperature of 0.27° C in 150 m at a depth of about 4,400 m10. This benthic thermocline marks the abrupt boundary between the deep water and the ABW and supports the observation of cold bottom water flow through the passage. (In a personal communication, P. Lonsdale and J. Reid suggested that the bottom water may include entrained high salinity Atlantic deep water as well as ABW.)

Ross sea oceanography and antarctic bottom water formation

The oceanographic features of the Ross Sea during the austral summer are described, based primarily upon observations taken aboard the U.S.N.S. Eltanin in 1968. Surface-actuated multiple samplers (SAMS) provided calibration data for electronically recorded in situ salinity-temperature-depth ( STD) measurements. The eastern portion of Pennell Bank differs considerably from its outline on earlier charts. The westerly current of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) over the Ross Sea continental slope provides an dynamic barrier to northwanrd thermohaline flow of dense Ross Sea Shelf Water (RSSW). Insufficient brine may be releasd by the freezing of sea ice to produce the major portion of RSSW. Ice Shelf Water (ISW), identified by a deep temperature minimum, has temperatures as low as — 2·13°C near its source at the base of the Ross Ice Shelf. Low-salinity Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is formed during sumer over the continental slope in the eastern Ross Sea from a mixture of CDW and ISW. High salinity AABW is produced in summer in the western Ross Sea from a combination of RSSW and CDW. On the continental slope both AABW types are characterized by a sharp decrease in temperature and increase in oxygen near bottom. Gradient changes in continuously-recorded vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and light scattering were observed between CDW and AABW on several stations. Bottom current measurements revealed strong westerly and northerly flows down and along the continental slope, with magnitudes exceeding 15 cm/sec at eight locations.