Sharp Absorption Band Research Articles

Evaluation of the acute toxicity, phototoxicity and embryotoxicity of a residual aqueous fraction from extract of the Antarctic moss Sanionia uncinata

BackgroundUltraviolet (UV) radiation is the main exogenous inductor of skin damage and so photoprotection is important to control skin disorders. The Antarctic moss Sanionia uncinata is an important source of antioxidants and the photoprotective activity of its organic extracts has been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the potential photoprotection, cytotoxicity and embryotoxicity of residual aqueous fraction (AF) from the moss S. uncinata.MethodsUV-visible spectrum and SPF (sun protection factor) were determined by spectrophotometry. Embryotoxicity potential was evaluated by Fish embryo-larval toxicity test using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as organism model. Cell death assays by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated using HaCaT keratinocyte cell line cultured in monolayers and three dimensions (3D). Phototoxicity and association with UV-filters were performed by 3T3 neutral red uptake test.ResultsThe AF showed sharp absorption bands in the UV region and less pronounced in the visible region. The SPF was low (2.5 ± 0.3), but the SPF values of benzophenone-3 and octyl-methoxycinnamate increased ~ 3 and 4 times more, respectively, in association with AF. The AF did not induce significant lethal and sublethal effects on zebrafish early-life stages. In monolayers, the HaCaT cell viability, evaluated by WST-1, was above 70% by ≤0.4 mg AF/mL after 48 and 72-h exposure, whereas ≤1 mg AF/mL after 24-h exposure. The LDH assay showed that the cell viability was above 70% by ≤0.4 mg AF/mL even after 72-h exposure, but ≤1 mg/mL after 24 and 48-h exposure. In 3D cell culture, an increased cell resistance to toxicity was observed, because cell viability of HaCaT cell by WST-1 and LDH was above ~ 90% when using ≤1 and 4 mg AF/mL, respectively. The AF demonstrated values of photo irritation factor < 2 and of photo effect < 0.1, even though in association with UV-filters.ConclusionsThe residual AF absorbs UV-vis spectrum, increased SPF values of BP-3 and OMC and does not induce embryotoxicity to zebrafish early life-stage. The cell death assays allowed establishing non-toxic doses of AF and phototoxicity was not detected. AF of S. uncinata presents a good potential for skin photoprotection against UV-radiation.

Bright far-red emitting BODIPYs via extension with conjugated fluorene and carbazole motifs

Six new BODIPY dyes have been synthesized exhibiting fluorescence emission in the far red part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The compounds were prepared via an acid catalyzed reaction of rigidified pyrroles with benzaldehyde derivatives. This reaction tolerates a variety of aldehydes and therefore analyte responsive parts can be easily introduced. As an example, indicators with a crown ether receptor, sensitive for potassium, and a pH sensitive group for the determination of CO2, were obtained via modification of a BODIPY bearing a carbazole motif. Apart from the bathochromic shift of the absorption and emission spectra (about 130–200 nm compared to 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) most of the new dyes possess excellent photophysical properties, such as high molar absorption coefficients (130 000–230 000 M−1 cm−1), sharp absorption and emission bands as well as high quantum yields (0.48–0.95). In case of the potassium fluoroionophore both fluorescence intensity and decay time are enhanced in presence of the analyte making it potentially suitable for the self-referenced read-out.

Exploring Differences in Excited-State Properties of Styryl-BODIPY Chromophores upon Change from α- to β-Substitution

Abstract We present a femtosecond pump-probe UV-Vis broadband transient absorption spectroscopy study of two styryl-substituted BODIPY chromophores with different position of the substituent. The α-substituted isomer shows typical BODIPY-type spectral features, such as sharp absorption and emission bands, a small Stokes shift and an excited-state lifetime in the 4 ns range, which only weakly depends on the solvent. In contrast, β-styryl-BODIPY features much broader steady-state absorption and emission spectra and a larger Stokes shift, particularly in polar solvents. Transient absorption spectroscopy including a complete global kinetic analysis reports a substantial decrease in S1 lifetime to 300 ps for polar solvents upon change from α- to β-substitution. In the case of the α-isomer, TD-DFT calculations identify a typical “cyanine-type” electron rearrangement upon S0 → S1 excitation accompanied by a slight reduction in dipole moment. In contrast, the same transition in the β-isomer shows strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character involving a substantial increase in dipole moment. Assuming a simple energy-gap-law argument, the accelerated nonradiative decay of the β-isomer in polar solvents may be linked to the decrease of the S1(ICT)-S0 energy difference. BODIPY dyes with a conjugated substituent in β-position therefore suffer a substantial loss in fluorescence brightness in polar environments compared with their α-substituted counterparts. This might limit their applicability in fluorescence imaging.

Microwave-assisted fabrication of g-C3N4 nanosheets sustained Bi2S3 heterojunction composites for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

ABSTRACT In this work, we report a stable g-C3N4, Bi2S3, and g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite catalysts were prepared via a facile one-pot microwave-assisted method and characterized. The orthorhombic phase and nearly spherical shape of the particles with an average diameter of 5–25 nm of g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite were obtained from XRD and TEM. The composite also exhibits a high surface area (32.15 m2/g), which may provide convenient transportation and diffusion for substrate molecule. The optical studies were displayed the g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite has a sharp absorption band in the visible region, higher charge separation, and reduced recombination rate. These results show that the Bi2S3 NPs have good crystallinity and are uniformly deposited on the surface of the g-C3N4 sheet. The catalytic performance of the g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP was exhibited approximately 100%, which is 1.48 and 2.34 times higher than the Bi2S3 and g-C3N4 catalysts, respectively. The pseudo-first-order rate constant was estimated as 1.648 × 10 −2 min−1 for the reduction of 4-NP using g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite in 1 h reaction time. The effect of catalyst dosage (0–30 mg) was also investigated for the reduction of 4-NP using g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite catalyst. Moreover, the reusability of the g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite was exhibited a better reduction of the 4-NP even after 5 cycles and it was found that 8% reduction in the initial reduction rate. The obtained results from this study show that g-C3N4/Bi2S3 composite has the potential efficiency and stability to make it an ideal catalyst for the reduction of toxic effluents and wastewater treatment.

Novel Aza-BODIPY based turn on selective and sensitive probe for on-site visual detection of bivalent copper ions

3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline substituted aza-BODIPY dye (7) was designed and synthesized that could recognize Cu (II) ions through sequential binding interactions. The visible changes in the absorption and enhancement in fluorescence intensity with the addition of Cu (II) ions makes this dye as a selective and sensitive probe for on-site visual detection and analysis. The presence of 3-ethoxy-N,N-diethylaniline group at the peripheral positions shifted its absorption to the near-infrared region, ca. 640–890 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum. This dye showed a gradual shift in the absorption maximum towards red with the increase in polarity of the medium. The triplet excited state properties of this dye suggest that it shows negligible singlet oxygen generation efficiency. The dye possesses excellent photostability, low fluorescence quantum yields, sharp absorption bands in the near-infrared region (NIR) and exhibits selective interactions with Cu(II) ions. The limit of detection was found to be as low as 350 nm and selectivity was not interfered by other metal ions and anions, thereby demonstrating its use as a novel probe for the detection and analysis of copper ions through visual absorption changes and ‘turn on’ fluorescence intensity.

Color tunable photoluminescence properties in Eu3+ doped calcium bismuth vanadate phosphors for luminescent devices

Abstract Single phase Eu3+ activated calcium bismuth vanadate (CaBiVO5) phosphors have been successfully synthesized using solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the pure phase formation and scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs exhibit inhomogeneous particle formation with irregular morphology of Eu3+ doped CaBiVO5 (CBV) phosphor. The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectrum indicates significant absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) and near ultraviolet (n-UV) spectral region for un-doped CBV sample, whereas Eu3+ doped CBV phosphors reveal various sharp absorption bands in n-UV and blue region along with host absorption bands. Trivalent europium activated CBV phosphors under 342 nm excitation exhibit dominant red emission peak at 613 nm wavelength accompanied by weak broadband originating from VO4 groups, whereas the phosphors under 464 nm excitation, exhibit similar emission profile with most intense one centered at 613 nm by excluding host emission bands. The energy transfer mechanisms and the probable cause for concentration quenching beyond 4.0 mol% of Eu3+ ions concentration have been discussed in detail. The CIE chromaticity coordinates for the optimized phosphor, (0.551, 0.398) and (0.639, 0.358), situated in the reddish-orange and red region under 342 and 464 nm excitations, respectively. The CIE coordinates calculated based on the emission spectra measured under 464 nm excitation are close to the commercial phosphor Y2O2S: Eu3+ (x = 0.622 and y = 0.351). All the above mentioned results support the utilization of Eu3+ doped CBV phosphor as a potential red emitting component for luminescent devices.

Microwave Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mulberry Leaves Extract and Silver Nitrate Solution

In this work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized quickly and in an eco-friendly manner using the extract of Mulberry leaves and aqueous solution of silver nitrate without any toxic chemicals (Yuet et al. Int. J. Nanomed. 2012, 7, 4263–4267; Krishnakuma and Adavallan. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 025018). The Mulberry leaves extract functions as both a stabilizing and reducing agent. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shows a peak maximum at 430 nm. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image illustrated of synthesized AgNPs were nearly spherical-shaped particles whose sizes range from 15 to 20 nm. The TEM image of Nano Silver solution sample synthesized by the microwave assisted method shows nearly spherical particles, with an average particle size estimated at 10 nm. The absorption UV-vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles synthesized by the microwave assisted method (AgNPsmw) shows a sharp absorption band around 415 nm. The UV-Vis spectrum of AgNPsmw after two months of storage shows negligible peak changes of silver nanoparticles.

Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Studies on Sr-Doped Biferroic YCrO3

In this work, the solid-state synthesis of Y1-xSrxCrO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1) samples has been reported. The X-ray diffraction data analysis confirmed that the synthesized samples have crystallized into the orthorhombic phase with the assigned space group Pbnm. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD data confirmed the structure and other related parameters. The slight variation in the lattice parameters and negligible shift in the reflection peaks reveals the uniform dispersion of Sr at Y-site in the parent YCrO3 matrix. The dielectric characterization revealed the good dielectric nature of the prepared samples which decreases with Sr doping. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed that an agglomeration type process has taken place in the sample preparation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization witnessed the formation of orthorhombic phase of the samples under study displaying sharp absorption bands corresponding to Cr–O stretching, Y/Sr–O stretching, and O–Cr–O deformation vibration, respectively. UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis revealed the dual direct allowed bandgap of the samples assigned to the Cr3+ ion transition in the ground level.

Structural and spectroscopic investigations of redox active seven coordinate luminescent lanthanide complexes

The ligand H3L and its corresponding tris(phenolato) lanthanide complexes L-Tb, L-Gd, L-Yb and L-Lu were synthesized. The X-Ray crystal structures demonstrated a monocapped octahedron environment of the lanthanide ion, with exclusion of all solvent molecules from the coordination sphere due to the protection by the tert-butyl groups. The coordination bond distances followed the lanthanide contraction, with Ln-O bond lengths in the range 2.148–2.217 Å and Ln-Nimine bond lengths in the range 2.405–2.535 Å. Each of the complexes showed three one-electron oxidation processes. These potentials changed as a function of the lanthanide due to the difference in size of the metal ions. Both chemical and electrochemical oxidations of these complexes permitted the one-electron oxidised species to be generated. They all show a sharp absorption band at around 420 nm in their UV-Vis spectra, which demonstrated phenoxyl radical formation. Consistently, the radical species L-Lu+ displays a resonance at g = 2.001 in its EPR spectrum. The other cations are EPR-silent or difficult to detect due to magnetic interactions, confirming the proximity of the phenoxyl radical to the metal centre. For both L-Lu+ and L-Yb+ DFT calculations predict the radical to be delocalized over the three arms. The L-Tb and L-Yb complexes experienced a quenching of the luminescence upon oxidation to the radical species whereby the quenching of up to 83% in the visible region and 93% in the NIR was observed.

Thermal-induced structural and optical investigations of Ag[sbnd]ZnO nanocomposite thin films

In the present paper, we have successfully synthesized AgZnO nanocomposite thin films by RF-magnetron sputtering technique at room temperature. Systematic investigations of thermal-induced structural and optical modifications in AgZnO thin films have been observed and described. The AgZnO thin films were annealed at three different temperatures of 300 °C, 400 °C and 500 °C in vacuum to prevent the oxidation of Ag. The presence and formation of Ag nanoparticles were estimated by transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the structural information about the crystalline quality of ZnO. The crystallinity as well as the crystallite size of the films have been found to be improved with annealing temperatures. The estimated crystallite size was ∼15.8 nm for as-deposited film and 19.0 nm for the film at a higher temperature. The chemical composition and structural analysis of as-deposited film were carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A very sharp absorption band appeared at ∼540 nm for Ag NPs that is associated with the surface plasmon resonance band of Ag. A noticeable red shift of about ∼12 nm has been recorded for films annealed at 500 °C. Atomic force microscopy has been utilized to examine the surface morphology of the as-deposited and annealed films. The grain size was found to be increase with increasing annealing temperature, while no significant changes were observed in the roughness of AgZnO thin films. Raman spectroscopy revealed lattice defects and disordering in the films after the thermal annealing.

Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer-based Visual Detection of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity

The ability to directly detect alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in undiluted serum samples is of great importance for clinical diagnosis. In this work, we report the use of the distinctive metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption properties of the Cu(BCA)2+ (BCA = bicinchoninic acid) reporter for the visual detection of ALP activity. In the presence of ALP, the substrate ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP) can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to release ascorbic acid (AA), which in turn reduces Cu2+ to Cu+. Subsequently, the complexation of Cu+ with the BCA ligand generates the chromogenic Cu(BCA)2+ reporter, accompanied by a color change of colorless-to-purple of the solution with a sharp absorption band at 562 nm. The underlying MLCT-based mechanism has been demonstrated on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Needless of any sequential multistep operations and elaborately designed colorimetric probe, the proposed MLCT-based method allows for a fast and sensitive visual detection of ALP activity within a broad linear range of 20 - 200 mU mL-1 (R2 = 0.999), with a detection limit of 1.25 mU mL-1. The results also indicate that it is highly selective and has great potential for the screening of ALP inhibitors in drug discovery. More importantly, it shows a good analytical performance for the direct detection of the endogenous ALP levels of undiluted human serum samples. Owing to the prominent simplicity and practicability, it is reasonable to conclude that the proposed MLCT-based method has a high application prospect in clinical diagnosis.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using sun dried tulsi leaves and its catalytic application for 4-Nitrophenol reduction

The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is a highlight of nanotechnology and has gained increased attention due to growing need to develop non-toxic, fast, facile and environmentally friendly synthetic technique. Current work reports a clean and sustainable approach for the synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from tulsi leaf extract. The uniqueness of this study lies in the utilization of solar radiations at mild temperature condition for AgNPs formation. Spectroscopic and electron microscopic characterization studies revealed, the formation of stable and monodisperse AgNPs with a sharp absorption band at 430 nm and average diameter of 5–10 nm. Catalytic potential of the AgNPs was studied for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol (100% conversion) in alkaline medium. The catalytic conversion was studied by UV–vis spectroscopy with high reduction rate (k = 2.048 min−1). Moreover, the reusability of the catalyst exhibited a better reduction of the 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol even after 5 consecutive cycles. So we conclude that green synthesis of AgNPs by tulsi extract is a positive step toward the development of novel catalysts.

Enhanced catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and congo red dye By silver nanoparticles prepared from Azadirachta indica leaf extract under direct sunlight exposure

ABSTRACTThe manuscript reports an efficient approach for the synthesis of biogenic silver (Ag) nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica leaf extract-mediated reduction of silver nitrate under solar radiation at mild temperature conditions for nanoparticles (NPs) preparation. Spectroscopic and electron microscopic characterization studies revealed the formation of stable and monodisperse Ag NPs with sharp absorption band at 438 nm and average diameter of 10–15 nm. Catalytic potential of the NPs was descriptively investigated for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in alkaline medium. Apparent rate constant () values were determined to be 0.014, 0.0238, 0.0338, 0.063, and 0.0794 at 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, and 50 µL Ag NPs volume, respectively, thereby depicting linear relationship between the variables under study. Catalytic reduction of Congo red dye was achieved within 2 h, thus validating the efficacy of Ag NPs as a photocatalyst. The NPs also exhibited linear increment in antibacterial activity on cultured Escherichia coli plates with increasing volumes. These catalytic capabilities firmly advocate the applications of Ag NPs in purification of polluted water by the removal of toxic and contaminant materials and harmful/pathogenic bacteria.

Structural and spectral properties of undoped and tungsten doped Zn3(PO4)2ZnO nanopowders

Pure and tungsten doped Zn3(PO4)2ZnO nanopowders (NPs) are prepared using sol-gel method. It has the longest track record of used in dentistry. It is used for cementation of inlays, crowns and orthodontic appliances. The systematic investigations like X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscope, Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Optical absorption, Photoluminescence (PL) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopic techniques are carried out for the prepared NPs. XRD pattern reveals that the prepared samples are in crystalline nature in which Zn3(PO4)2 corresponding to monoclinic phase and ZnO corresponding to hexagonal wurtzite phase, the average crystallite size of prepared nanopowders is in the range of 20–30 nm. The lattice strain, lattice cell parameters, unit cell volume and dislocation density of the prepared NPs are also calculated. The morphology of the prepared NPs is analyzed with SEM and TEM images. The distribution of Zn, P, O and W species in the prepared samples are identified by the chemical composition mapping through EDX. IR spectra of prepared samples exhibit the characteristic sharp absorption band peaks. The sharp absorption bands observed in the region 1200-900 cm−1 are due to complex stretching of characteristic PO43− groups. The absorption spectra exhibit a broad band around 696 nm is recognized due to 2B2g → 2B1g (dxy → dx2- y2) transition of tungsten ions. The PL spectra exhibit four emission peaks in the visible region indicating the quantum-confinement-induced photoluminescence. The CIE chromaticity diagram suggests that the prepared NPs have good color purity. The EPR spectra indicate that the W5+ ions occupy octahedral site symmetry in the host lattice.

Solvent dependent trans → cis photoisomerization of N, N′-diacetylindigo studied by femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy

Solvent dependence of trans→cis photoisomerization of N,N′-diacetylindigo (DAI) was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. A strong and sharp singlet excited state absorption band centered at 595nm was observed in the TA spectrum and the differential absorbance (ΔAbs) and the wavelength at the maximum of the band were periodically modulated by coherent vibrational wavepacket motions. However, even in the “reactive solvent”, ethyl acetate (EtAc), where the isomerization takes place, the formation of cis-DAI was unobservable in our experimental time window of 2ns which means that isomerization is occurring in a longer time scale. Preceding studies suggest that intermolecular hydrogen-bond (H-bond) with the solvent quenches the excited state and blocks the isomerization. Interestingly, we have observed that dimethylformamide (DMF) blocked the isomerization more efficiently than methanol. The excited state lifetime was shorter in DMF compared to EtAc solution suggesting that weak H-bonding with the formyl group of DMF is sufficient to prevent the slow trans→cis photoisomerization of DAI.

Crystal-Chemical Regularities and Identification Criteria in Fe-Bearing, K-Dioctahedral 1M Micas from X-ray Diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy Data

AbstractIron-bearing K-dioctahedral 1M and 1Md micas are abundant in diverse geological environments and vary in composition from illite to celadonite through Fe-illite, Al-glauconite, and glauconite. The chemistry and structural features of these micas are complex and heterogeneous, reliable diagnostic criteria are lacking, and the conventional mineralogical nomenclature is ambiguous, which complicate the identification of these mica varieties. The objectives of the present study were to reveal the structural and crystal-chemical variability in Fe-bearing, K-dioctahedral 1M micas and to define composition ranges and identification criteria for the mica varieties in the series. A collection of samples of various compositions was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Analysis of the relationships between unit-cell parameters and cation composition showed that the series included four groups, namely, Fe-bearing illites, Al-glauconites, glauconites, and celadonites and each group was characterized by a specific combination of unit-cell parameters and variation ranges. The illite group contained two distinct subgroups; Fe-bearing, Mg-rich illites and Feillites; which differ in the range of cation compositions and in FTIR characteristics. The boundary between Fe-illites and Al-glauconites occurs at a unit cell b value of ~9.05 Å and at ratios of octahedral Al to total trivalent octahedral cations that range between 0.60 and 0.65. The partially overlapping cation composition and cell parameter ranges may complicate the distinction between Al-glauconites and glauconites, which can still be unambiguously differentiated using FTIR data. The dramatically different XRD and FTIR characteristics confirmed that glauconite and celadonite should be treated as separate mineral species. The distinctive features of celadonite are relatively low csinβ values and reduced |ccosβ/a| values combined with b parameters lower than glauconites, but similar to Fe-illites. Celadonites also have distinct and sharp FTIR absorption bands at specific positions in the Si-O and OH stretching regions.

Investigation of Er doped zinc borate glasses by low-temperature photoluminescence

Er3+ doped (95-x)B2O3-xZnO-5TiO2 (x = 45, 50 and 55mol%) bulk glasses were prepared by conventional melt quenching method and investigated by transmission and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Transmission spectra exhibit sharp absorption bands at 364, 377, 406, 441, 448, 488, 521, 541, 651, 792, 974, and 1530nm, that correspond to absorption on Er3+ ions and they are attributed to the optical transitions from the ground state 4I15/2 to the excited states 4G9/2, 4G11/2,4F9/2, 4F3/2, 4F5/2, 4F7/2, 2H11/2, 4S3/2, 4F9/2, 4I9/2, 4I11/2 and 4I13/2, respectively. The optical gap has been estimated around 3.5eV with a tendency to increase with increasing ZnO content. Low-temperature PL properties of the Er3+ doped glasses and of the host glass itself were investigated. To achieve this goal, two different wavelengths (325 and 514.5nm) were used for PL excitation. PL spectra excited by He-Cd laser at 325nm were dominated by the host glass broad-band luminescence centred at around 570nm. Simultaneously we observed narrow emission and absorption features due to 4f-4f electronic transitions in Er3+ ions superposed on the broad band host glass luminescence. We argue that these superposed narrow absorption dips represent a direct evidence of the energy transfer from the electronic structure of the host to 4f states of Er3+ ions. Fine structure of Er3+ emission bands at 980 and 1530nm, corresponding to radiative transitions from the two lowest excited states of Er3+ ions to the ground state manifold have been investigated at room temperature and at 4K, and a schematic energy diagram of Stark levels of 4I11/2, 4I13/2 and 4I15/2 manifolds has been deduced.

Characterization of the Physicochemical, Spectral, Thermal and Behavioral Properties of Sodium Selenate: An Effect of the Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment

Sodium selenate is a source of an essential nutrient selenium used for the prevention and treatment of cancer, heart diseases, viral diseases, diabetes, infectious diseases, etc. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (The Trivedi Effect®) on the physico-chemical, thermal, and behavioral properties of sodium selenate using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis, TGA, and DSC analysis. Sodium selenate was divided into two parts – one part was control/untreated sample, while another part was treated with Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment remotely by twenty renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as the treated sample. The PXRD diffractograms showed sharp and intense peaks in both the samples, indicated both the samples were crystalline in nature. The crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly altered in the range of -16.66% to 50.07% compared with the control sample. Consequently, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly increased by 9.57% compared to the control sample. The particle size of the treated sample at d10, d50, and d90 values were significantly increased by 9.47%, 19.06%, and 27.81%, respectively compared with the control sample. Thus, the surface area of the treated sample was significantly decreased by 9.16% compared to the control sample. The control and treated FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of sharp and strong absorption bands at 888 cm-1 due to the Se=O stretching. The wavelength of the maximum absorbance of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate were at 206.3 nm and 205.9 nm, respectively in UV-vis spectroscopy. TGA analysis indicated that the total weight loss of the treated sample was reduced by 0.71% compared to the control sample. The DSC analysis showed that the vaporization temperature of the treated sample (94.97°C) was slightly decreased compared to the control sample (95.30°C). But, the latent heat of vaporization was significantly increased in the treated sample by 45.31% compared to the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect® might lead to generate a new polymorphic form of sodium selenate, which would have better powder flowability and long-term storage stability compared with the control sample. The Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate would be very useful to design better nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations which might offer a better therapeutic response against cancer, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, heart diseases, viral diseases, diabetes, infectious diseases, etc.

Investigation of Physicochemical, Spectral, and Thermal Properties of Sodium Selenate Treated with the Energy of Consciousness (The Trivedi Effect&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;)

Sodium selenate is used for the prevention and treatment of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, inflammation diseases, etc. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of The Trivedi Effect^®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Treatment) on physicochemical, spectral, and thermal properties of The Trivedi Effect^®-Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate using various analytical methods such as PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, and DSC analysis. Sodium selenate was divided into two parts – one part was control without any treatment and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect^®-Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by eighteen renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect^®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treated sample. The PXRD analysis showed the significant alteration of the crystallite size of the treated sample in the range of -36.36% to 133.24% as compared to the control sample. However, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly decreased by 8.31% as compared to the control sample. Overall, the crystal morphology of the treated sample was different from the control sample. The particle sizes d₁₀, d₅₀, and d₉₀ values of the treated sample were significantly decreased by 3.40%, 9.75%, and 8.52%, respectively as compared to the control sample. Consequently, the surface area of the treated sample was significantly increased by 5.26% from the control sample. Both the control and treated FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of sharp and strong absorption bands at 887 cm^-1 due to the Se=O stretching. The UV-vis spectroscopic analysis displayed that the wavelength for the maximum absorbance of both the control and treated samples were at 204.1 and 204.0 nm, respectively. TGA analysis revealed that the total weight loss of the treated sample was reduced by 1.24% as compared with the control sample. The DSC analysis showed that the treated sample (588.77°C) had higher melting point than the control sample (588.60°C). The latent heat of fusion was reduced in the treated sample by 8.01% compared to the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect^®-Biofield Energy Healing might lead to generate a new polymorphic (enantiotropic) form of sodium selenate which would be more soluble, bioavailable, and thermally stable compared with the untreated sample. The Trivedi Effect treated sodium selenate would be very useful to design better nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic response against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging, infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, etc.

Evaluation of Physicochemical, Spectral, Thermal and Behavioral Properties of the Biofield Energy Healing Treated Sodium Selenate

Sodium selenate is used for the prevention and treatment of cancer, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, etc. The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of The Trivedi Effect^® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing treatment) on physical, structural, thermal, and behavioral properties of sodium selenate using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis, TGA, and DSC analysis. Sodium selenate was divided into two parts – one part was control, while another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect^® remotely by seven renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect^® Treated sample. The PXRD analysis showed the significant alteration of the crystallite size of the treated sample in the range of -49.99% to 50.01% compared to the control sample. However, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was decreased by 0.72% compared with the control sample. Overall, the crystal morphology of the treated sample was different from the control sample. The particle size of the treated sample at d₁₀, d₅₀, and d₉₀ values were significantly decreased by 3.71%, 6.72%, and 26.17%, respectively compared with the control sample. Consequently, the surface area of the treated sample was significantly increased by 6% from the control sample. The control and treated FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of sharp and strong absorption bands at 886 cm^-1 and 887 cm^-1, respectively due to the Se=O stretching. The UV-vis spectroscopic analysis displayed that the wavelength for the maximum absorbance of the control and treated samples were at 204.8 and 204.9 nm, respectively. TGA analysis revealed that the total weight loss of the treated sample was reduced by 4.93% compared with the control sample. The DSC analysis showed that the treated sample (95.10°C) had higher vaporization temperature than the control sample (94.80°C). The latent heat of vaporization was increased significantly in the treated sample by 14.68% compared to the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect^® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment might lead to generate a new polymorphic form of sodium selenate which would be more soluble, bioavailable, and thermally stable compared with the untreated sample. The Trivedi Effect^® treated sodium selenate would be very useful to design better nutraceutical and/or pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic response against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging, infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, etc.