Shared Bus Research Articles

Network-on-Chip (NoC) Applications for IoT-Enabled Chip Systems: Latest Designs and Modern Applications

Network-on-Chip (NoC) technology has emerged as a critical innovation in the field of integrated circuit design, addressing the growing demands for efficient, scalable, and high-performance on-chip communication. This review provides a comprehensive examination of NoC, highlighting its architecture, key features, and current applications. NoC leverages a network-based approach, utilizing routers and links to interconnect various components on a chip, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional System-on-chip (SoC) architectures that rely on shared bus systems. The review underscores NoC’s superior communication efficiency, scalability, and reduced latency, which are essential for modern high-performance computing, multi-core processors, and advanced embedded systems. It also explores NoC’s ability to optimize power consumption through dynamic voltage scaling and power gating, making it a favorable choice for energy-efficient designs. Despite its complexity, NoC’s modularity and adaptability make it suitable for a wide range of applications, from artificial intelligence accelerators to high-performance data centers. In conclusion, NoC stands as a transformative technology that enhances the performance and scalability of integrated circuits, paving the way for more sophisticated and powerful electronic systems. As the demand for higher computational capabilities and efficiency continues to rise, NoC is poised to play an increasingly vital role in the advancement of electronic design and architecture.

Modelling Passengers’ Travel Behaviour for Shared Autonomous Vehicle and Bus Considering Heterogeneity

The popularisation of autonomous vehicles will give rise to a new business model called shared autonomous vehicle (SAV). SAVs may attract a large number of passengers and lead to a decline in the share of buses, which can be interpreted by exploring passengers’ travel behaviour when confronting the SAV and bus modes. Thus, this paper addresses the SAV and bus passengers’ travel behaviour, aiming to examine the factors influencing travel behaviour and revealing the characteristics of SAV passengers. We classified passengers using latent class cluster analysis and modelled passengers’ travel behaviour based on confirmatory factor analysis and mixed logit model. The findings indicate a variation in travel preferences among different classes of travellers. Short-distance travellers pay less attention to travel time. Non-short-distance PT travellers are most likely to be affected by service attributes (waiting time, travel time and travel costs). Non-short-distance private car travellers are more likely to become early SAV adopters. Passengers travelling for short distances may be more likely to choose SAV, which reveals the potential of SAVs to become a first and last mile connection for public transport. Passengers lack trust in SAVs, which will affect their promotion.

Floating wind-integrated PV system yield analysis considering AHSE dynamics & solar azimuth effects

Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems face dual challenges of structural reliability and high electricity costs in offshore deployments, hindering their widespread adoption. Integrating FPV with Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWT) offers a promising solution to these challenges. A hybrid wind-solar system is proposed, leveraging mathematical modelling and simulation, with FPV system inheriting dynamic states from FOWT and employing a shared DC bus for power generation. Key findings reveal reduced power variation as solar elevation angle increases, with photovoltaic efficiency declining near the complementary angle of PV tilt offset. The FPV system demonstrates resilience to platform movements, ensuring over 97% efficiency even under significant wave heights. Additionally, greater pitch motion enhances power complementary effects between wind and solar energy. A proposed tilt offset control strategy effectively compensates for power fluctuations, particularly at lower wind-solar azimuth angles and higher solar elevation angles. Real-world based simulation in the Taiwan Strait validates these findings, emphasizing the potential of wind-solar coupled platforms for optimizing renewable energy performance in coastal regions.

SCADA based common bus regenerative control of PMSM drive for industrial application

AbstractThe emerging trend in sustainable industrial processes focuses on energy‐efficient drives to enhance performance in both intermediate and continuous operating conditions. For decades, researchers have focused on permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) for industrial applications in order to retain consistency in performance and efficiency under wide speed ranges. Common bus regenerative control is an energy‐efficient method used in industrial systems to manage power flow between multiple devices on a shared DC bus. It captures and reuses excess energy generated during braking/deceleration, reducing waste and improving overall system efficiency. The experimental behavior of the drive scheme has been observed as per the standards of the laboratory. In this article, regenerative control of a PMSM drive is using the voltage vector control (VVC+) technique and the SCADA based condition monitoring for the PMSM drive system is integrated to supervise the parameters including current, voltage, power, speed, torque, and temperature under dynamic operating conditions. As a primary step of implementing the drive condition monitoring is carried out through Danfoss's motion control tool software. Further, the SCADA control system is interfaced to FC302 PMSM drive through RS485 Modbus communication to extract the necessary electrical attributes and monitor the same.

Smart AC-DC Coupled Hybrid Railway Microgrids Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources: Current and Next Generation Architectures

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in integrating the smart grid concept into railway networks, which has been driven by the need to enhance energy efficiency and reduce air pollution in such energy-intensive systems. Consequently, experts have actively sought innovative solutions with which to tackle these challenges. One promising strategy involves integrating renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) into current electric railway systems (ERSs). This study begins by examining the concept of implementing smart grids in railway systems through bibliometric analysis. It then delves into the realization of a hybrid railway microgrid (H-RMG) designed to enhance power flow capacities, improve energy efficiency, and address power quality issues in traditional AC railway networks. This paper introduces various future AC–DC-coupled hybrid railway microgrid (ADH-RMG) architectures centered around a shared DC bus acting as a DC hub for upgrading conventional AC railway systems utilizing interfacing static converters. Through an exploration of different possible ADH-RMG configurations, this research aims to offer valuable insights and a roadmap for the modernization and reconstruction of existing railway networks using smart grid technologies. The integration of RESs and EV charging infrastructures within the ADH-RMG concept presents a promising pathway toward establishing more sustainable and environmentally friendly railway systems.

Vulnerabilities and Attacks on CAN-Based 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing

Recent advancements in 3D-printing/additive manufacturing has brought forth a new interest in the use of Controller Area Network (CAN) for multi-module, plug-and-play bus support for their embedded systems. CAN systems provide a variety of benefits that can outweigh typical conventional wire-loom protocols in many categories. However, implementation of CAN also brings forth vulnerabilities provided by its spoofable, destination-encoded shared communication bus. These vulnerabilities result in undetectable fault injection, packet manipulation, unauthorized packet logging/sniffing, and more. They also provide attackers the capability to manipulate all sensor information, commands, and create unsafe operating conditions using only a single compromised node on the CAN network (bypassing all root-of-trust in the modules). Thus, malicious hardware requires only a connection to the bus for access to all traffic. In this paper, we discuss the effects of repurposed CAN-based attacks capable of manipulating sensor data, overriding systems, and injecting dangerous commands on the Controller Area Network using various entry methods. As a case study, we also showed a spoofing attack on critical data modules within a commercial 3D printer.

Development of SRAM-APB protocol interface and verification

The purpose of this mechanism is to enhance the chip’s internal connections and read/write memory capabilities. The Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is one such shared bus that uses static random-access memory to achieve this goal. As a result, it’s important to weigh a variety of design options before diving into the Verilog description. It’s also important to remember that the system must be designed to accommodate a large number of interoperable modules and memories. The design, on the other hand, starts with fewer modules and a less complicated description and realisation that relies on memory access. ModelSim is used to simulate after the delay has been modelled in Verilog. Since the interface’s static random-access memory uses an APB protocol, its performance may be tested at this stage. In addition, Questasim employs verification modules and System Verilog technologies to guarantee the system’s operation. From the obtained results, the Direct Memory Access (DMA) with SRAM-APB outperforms the alternatives, particularly in frame transmission schemes, with a wire efficiency that is 1.4 times higher and a dynamic energy efficiency that is nearly twice as high as those of conventional configurations.

A Blockchain-Based Shared Bus Service Scheduling and Management System

With the continuous development of urbanization, it has become an important issue to effectively alleviate urban road traffic congestion and improve traffic efficiency. By combining blockchain technology and shared buses, this paper builds an intelligent traffic-service scheduling management system based on blockchain. The system effectively solves the core problems of shared buses, improves data security and privacy protection, realizes intelligent scheduling and route planning, and simplifies cross-organization cooperation and settlement processes. The research shows that the system can reduce the distance and number of buses, and improve the service quality and operation efficiency while ensuring the waiting time of passengers. The results of this paper verify the feasibility and advantages of the system, bring innovation and improvement to the field of traffic management, and promote the sustainable development of urban intelligent traffic management system. Future research could further explore the application of blockchain technology in traffic management to achieve more intelligent and sustainable urban traffic management.

SAFLA: Scheduling Multiple Real-Time Periodic Task Graphs on Heterogeneous Systems

Many modern Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) are composed of multiple independent periodically executing real-time control tasks having inter-dependent component sub-tasks. Each such control task is therefore usually represented as <i>Directed-acyclic Task Graphs</i> (DTGs). These CPSs are often distributed in nature and are quickly shifting from homogeneous to heterogeneous processing platforms in order to meet ever increasing demands for performance and energy savings, within limited resource budgets. In spite of the practical relevance of the problem in today's CPS design scenario, very few research works in literature have tried to address this due to its inherent computational as well as design complexity. This work endeavors to solve the problem of co-scheduling a set of periodic real-time applications each modelled as an independent DTG, to be executed on a distributed platform consisting of heterogeneous processors communicating using shared buses. Assuming the processing platform to be DVFS (Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling) enabled, we attempt to minimize dynamic energy dissipation associated with the execution of all DTGs over an hyperperiod <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}$</tex-math></inline-formula> while ensuring that no DTG instance within <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {H}$</tex-math></inline-formula> misses its deadline. The problem has first been formally represented as a constraint optimization problem. However, an optimal solution using standard solvers become prohibitively compute as well as memory intensive and doesn't scale even for moderate problem sizes. Hence, in this work, we attempt to develop a three-phase list-based hierarchical scheduling algorithm called <i>Slack Aware Frequency Level Allocator</i> ( <i>SAFLA</i> ). The efficacy of <i>SAFLA</i> has been critically evaluated through simulation using benchmark DTGs.

Changeable shared bus lane scheme for intersections based on lane signals

Abstract To address situations in which the bus lanes at intersections are idle for long periods, this paper proposes a changeable shared bus lane scheme for intersections based on lane signals. This scheme set up two GPS monitoring points for buses in the bus lane of the intersection to monitor the bus approaching the intersection. The lane signals linked to the monitoring points provide car drivers with a signal of whether they can enter the bus lane. This paper establishes an optimization model to maximize the number of vehicles entering the bus lane and uses numerical example simulations to discuss in detail the optimal monitoring point locations in different situations. Without affecting the bus, we obtain the optimal monitoring point setting schemes for several common situations and compare the total delay for ordinary vehicles in the bus lane of the lane-based signal scheme and a baseline case (without the lane-based signal). The results show that this scheme can effectively reduce vehicle delays at intersections. Finally, we discuss the limitations of this scheme and directions for future research.

Customized scheduling for shared bus with deadlines

AbstractPublic transportation system is one of the most effective ways to conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions. However, the traditional public transportation system does not provide customized service and cannot guarantee the arrival time to destination. To address these issues, we formulate the minimum shared bus scheduling problem to minimize the number of shared buses such that all orders can be completed under constraints of deadlines and capacity of shared bus. We propose the approximation algorithms, S‐MBSA for the shared bus with strong endurance and E‐MBSA for the large‐scale order scenario, to solve the minimum shared bus scheduling problem. We further formulate the constrained maximum revenue shared bus scheduling problem to maximize the revenue under the limited number of shared buses, and propose an approximation algorithm, CMRBSA, to find the shared bus route schedules. Through the extensive simulations, we demonstrate the significant superiority of S‐MBSA and E‐MBSA in terms of number of shared buses. Furthermore, CMRBSA outperforms the benchmark algorithms significantly in terms of revenue.

Multiple Industrial Induction Motors Fault Diagnosis Model within Powerline System Based on Wireless Sensor Network

The voltage supply of induction motors of various sizes is typically provided by a shared power bus in an industrial production powerline network. A single motor’s dynamic behavior produces a signal that travels along the powerline. Powerline networks are efficient at transmitting and receiving signals. This could be an indication that there is a problem with the motor down immediately from its location. It is possible for the consolidated network signal to become confusing. A mathematical model is used to measure and determine the possible known routing of various signals in an electricity network based on attenuation and estimate the relationship between sensor signals and known fault patterns. A laboratory WSN based induction motors testbed setup was developed using Xbee devices and microcontroller along with the variety of different-sized motors to verify the progression of faulty signals and identify the type of fault. These motors were connected in parallel to the main powerline through this architecture, which provided an excellent concept for an industrial multi-motor network modeling lab setup. A method for the extraction of Xbee node-level features has been developed, and it can be applied to a variety of datasets. The accuracy of the real-time data capture is demonstrated to be very close data analyses between simulation and testbed measurements. Experimental results show a comparison between manual data gathering and capturing Xbee sensor nodes to validate the methodology’s applicability and accuracy in locating the faulty motor within the power network.

PV System Multiple Source Single Inverter

Renewable energy has gotten a lot of attention because of environmental issues like climate change, as well as political and economic reasons including decreased reliance on foreign energy imports and high oil costs. The fastest-growing renewable energy industries are wind and solar power. As advances in renewable energy are developed, the cost of power generated by renewable energy decreases. Renewable energy technologies are excellent for dispersed power generation as well as solving climate change and reducing reliance on foreign energy imports. Renewable energy may deliver power without expensive and intricate grid infrastructure in distant, there are really no power sources in remote areas, or the expense of installing distribution networks is prohibitive. Power capacity built worldwide reached 227 gigawatts (GW) in 2015, enough to need 1% of total electricity generation. Thermal power plants may be located in northern Argentina, with the largest being the 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Electric Generation System in Arizona. This paper describes and analyses a micro-grid system that includes different and independent PV sources connected to a shared DC bus, as well as localized battery storage and power monitoring and protection devices.

Microgrids Based on Regionalised Authority and Control

Since its inception in the late 1800s, the electrical infrastructure has only grown throughout the previous century. The demand for and need for this infrastructure will increase as the world's reliance on electrical energy grows. This puts a burden on the present infrastructure, demanding frequent equipment improvements. With the fast adoption of electric vehicles, for example, power lines that were previously suitable for family and commercial loads will be stretched to their limits, and an upgrade may not be a possibility. In this case, microgrids, or localized generation and consumption, are a superior option. However, because to their dispersed nature, controlling and coordinating the generating sources is exceedingly challenging. To address this problem, an alternate microgrid architecture with control localized to individual sources is proposed. This is the essence of microgrid distributed control. This research describes and evaluates a micro-grid architecture that comprises many, independent sources connected by a shared DC bus, as well as built-in battery storage, power monitoring, and protection systems.

Integration of Renewable Energy Generating Sources with Micro-Grid

The management of remote sites' hybrid wind-and-solar energy-powered micro grids. The battery bank is connected to a shared DC bus from the double fed induction generator (DFIG), which is the device used to convert wind energy. The conversion of solar energy takes place in photovoltaic (PV) arrays. On the common DC bus of DFIG, a DC-DC boost converter efficiently consumes solar energy. The line-side converter with drooping characteristics' indirect vector control is used to regulate the voltage and frequency. It slows the overcharging or discharging of the battery by altering the frequency reference dependent on the battery's energy level. You can run this system without using wind energy. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a component of control algorithms for wind and solar systems. In addition to having external power support to charge the battery without the need for additional power, this system is designed for completely automated operation, taking into account all of the actual system conditions. The system's simulation model is created in the MATLAB environment, and the simulation results are presented in a variety of ways. Low battery charge state, imbalanced load, impervious to wind or sunlight, and non-linear. A 3.7kW wound rotor asynchronous machine and a 5kW photovoltaic array simulator are used to execute the system and produce experimental results that confirm the theoretical model and design.

A 6.5Gb/s Shared Bus Using Electromagnetic Connectors for Downsizing and Lightening Satellite Processor System

A 6.5Gb/s Shared Bus Using Electromagnetic Connectors for Downsizing and Lightening Satellite Processor System

Minimizing Neutral Current of Two Parallel STATCOMs

This paper proposes control augmentations to allow two Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs) devices to operate in parallel from a shared DC bus. Two parallel connected four-wire STATCOMs will be shown to be highly susceptible to an uncontrolled circulating current in the neutrals when operating with a three degree of freedom current control scheme. The circulating current can be calculated from the local inverter phase currents and neutral current. This paper shows the circulating component is readily suppressed by a neutral voltage offset that is determined by a proportional controller (P). The controller is validated by both simulation and experimental results.

Subway Station Shared Bus System for Urban Emissions Mitigation

Subway Station Shared Bus System for Urban Emissions Mitigation

A novel adaptive voltage and current remittance strategy by series and shunt multilevel converters

A new, effective pi-based control method for a neutral 3-level inverter with a unified series and shunt converter is provided in this work. The proposed series of shunting and 3-levels can restrict harmonic current source and combat interruptions of voltage such as voltage drops, swells, imbalances and harmonics. With serial integration and shared DC bus capacitors, it is constructed with Active filters (AFs). With the proportional integrated voltage controller, the DC voltage is continually maintained. The Synchronous SRF theory is utilized to gather APF reference signals and power response theory (p-q theory). For the switching signal the shunt and series APF signal generated by the control algorithm and the observed signal was supplied into two controllers. In the management of the APF Series, PI approaches are employed to enhance capacities and shift 3-tier conversion devices. The power, power and voltage harmonics and any correction for any other voltage disturbance are assessed in the proposed 3 level range and shunt converter with the Matlab-Simulink Software and SimPower System Tool Box. The results of the simulation show the performance of the three-story series & shunt converter's non-linear load for improving energy quality at the sharing point.

Impact of Shared Bus on Campus Travel and Space Optimization Based on Activity Travel Behavior

Based on the travel analysis of students in the Jiulonghu campus, this paper constructs a small-scale shared bus in the campus, explores the impact of shared traffic on campus travel, promotes the optimization design of campus space environment, and creates a more comfortable and convenient travel space. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional trip-based research, this paper analyzes travel behavior from the perspective of activity-based travel concept framework, considering more activities and travel information. At the same time, in order to improve the richness of information, the explicit preference survey (RP) and the declarative preference survey (SP), which are added to the bus sharing customized travel platform, are used to collect data of personal attributes and travel diary. Firstly, based on the ArcGIS platform, this paper constructs the activity travel path generation tool, dynamic activity density distribution tool, and spatiotemporal path clustering tool and comprehensively analyzes the activity travel mode from the aspects of time distribution, spatial distribution, and category characteristics. Secondly, based on the travel activities, the location selection model (S-MNL) considering the heterogeneity of SP and RP data sources and the activity duration planning model (Cox regression), considering the nonnormal distribution of activity duration are established to analyze the impact of shared bus on students’ travel distance, travel time, and travel frequency. Finally, according to the analysis of modeling results, the impact of shared traffic on campus travel is analyzed, and the optimal design scheme of campus space is given. This paper uses the survey method based on declarative preference SP and the survey method based on explicit preference (RP) to get the actual and hypothetical travel response of travelers, which improves the data richness.