Shared Aspects Research Articles

Pesan Dalam Program Kota Kreatif Dan Sikap Followers Terhadap Pengembangan Ekonomi Kreatif

Kota Kreatif Program is a program that is followed by selected cities in Indonesia to support the development of the creative economyThe aim of this study is to acknowledge the correlation between the message in the Message in the Program Kota Kreatif on instagram @kominfopadangpanjang account with behavior of followers toward economy creative develpoment. This study used AISAS and correlation method with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The amount of samples was 93 people which was obtained by simple random sampling technique. The data was obtained by questionnaire, interview, and literature review. The result of this study was that there was strong correlation between Message in the Program Kota Kreatif with behavior of followers toward economy creative develpoment. The conclusions of this study was that there was strong relationship between the campaign message Program Kota Kreatif with attentio aspect, and a significant relationship between the campaign message Program Kota Kreatif with interest aspects, search aspect, action aspect and share aspects. Based on these conclusions, the researcher suggests that the target is young women and college student. with complete information message and improvement on visualization quality, and message on video format.

Wajo Regency Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budgeting Process in The Perspective of The Collaborative Governance Model

The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of preparing the Wajo district income and expenditure budget from the perspective of a collaborative governance model. This study uses qualitative data in the form of statements consisting of primary data and secondary data. In this study, researchers will use several types of data collection techniques, including observation, in-depth interviews, and document searches. The results showed the Wajo District APBD (Regional Revenue and Expenditures Budget) budgeting process for the 2020 budget year did not fully meet the collaborative governance dimensions of the collaborative governance process, it could be measured and demonstrated based on the face to face dialogue aspect, not involving stakeholders in a participatory manner, both internally and externally. Trust building aspects, there is mistrust among stakeholders, and mistrust of the community in the process of preparing the APBD. The commitment to the process aspect of the Wajo district budget formulation for the 2020 budget year is not committed to a number of process agreements. The shared understanding aspect is that there are differences in understanding between the local government, the DPRD (Regional People's Representative Assembly) and the community in the preparation of the 2020 APBD and the short-term outcome aspect that decision making is no consensus on the results and agreement in the process.

Electrophysiological correlates of gist perception: a steady-state visually evoked potentials study

Gist perception refers to perceiving the substance or general meaning of a scene. To investigate its neuronal mechanisms, we used the steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) method—an evoked oscillatory cortical response at the same frequency as a visual stimulus flickered at this frequency. Two neighboring stimuli were flickered at different frequencies f1 and f2, for example, a drawing of a sun on the left side of the screen flickering at 8.6 Hz and the drawing of a parasol on the right side of the screen flickering at 12 Hz. SSVEPs enabled us to separate the responses to the two distinct stimuli by extracting oscillatory brain responses at f1 and f2. Additionally, it allowed to investigate intermodulation frequencies, that is, the brain’s response at a linear combination of f1 and f2 (here at f1 + f2 = 20.6 Hz) as an indicator of processing shared aspects of the input, that is, gist perception (here: a beach scene). We recorded high-density EEG of 18 participants. Results revealed clear and separable neuronal oscillations at f1 and f2. Additionally, occipital electrodes showed increased amplitudes at the intermodulation frequency in related as compared to unrelated pairs. The increase in intermodulation frequency was associated with bilateral temporal and parietal lobe activation, probably reflecting the interaction of local object representations as a basis for activating the gist network. The study demonstrates that SSVEPs are an excellent method to unravel mechanisms underlying the processing within multi-stimulus displays in the context of gist perception.

MAKING MEMORIAL PUBLICS: MEDIA, MONUMENTS, AND THE POLITICS OF COMMEMORATION FOLLOWING TURKEY’S JULY 2016 COUP ATTEMPT

This paper explores the politics and practices of commemoration in the aftermath of Turkey’s July 15, 2016 coup attempt. Developing a concept of “memorial publics,” this paper examines two distinct but interrelated forms of commemoration: websites that have been set up to tell the story of the resistance to the coup attempt and a new monument that commemorates the victim-heroes of that night’s fighting. I focus on two shared aspects that link the digital and the physical: The use of key terms to frame the coup attempt’s heroes and villains, and the role of website and architectural design in focusing the audience’s attention. I argue that these commemorative projects work together to create a memorial public in which President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s position is both naturalized and justified. This paper’s analysis contributes to geographers’ ongoing interest in the symbolic and material dimensions of cultural and political geographies.

Absence of default mode downregulation in response to a mild psychological stressor marks stress-vulnerability across diverse psychiatric disorders.

Clinically, it is well-established that vulnerability to stress is a common feature across a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders. However, this link has been mechanistically studied almost exclusively in patients with so-called stress-related disorders such as depression and anxiety. To probe transdiagnostic mechanisms, we set out to study the acute stress response across a broader range of psychiatric disorders taking a large-scale brain network perspective. We investigated the brain's response to a mild, experimentally well-controlled psychological stressor in the form of an aversive movie. We studied 168 patients with stress-related and/or neurodevelopmental disorders (including comorbidity) and 46 control subjects. We focused on three networks that have a central role in the brain's stress response and are affected in a wide range of psychiatric disorders: the salience network (SN), default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN). Our results support an increased vulnerability to stress across all patients, indicated by a higher subjective stress level at baseline and follow-up compared to matched controls. At the brain systems level, the stress response was characterized by a relatively decreased FPN connectivity and an absence of a decrease in the within DMN connectivity across all disorders compared to controls. At the neurocognitive level, these findings may reflect a diminished top-down control and a tendency to more pronounced (negative) self-referential processing. Besides these shared aspects of the maladaptive stress response, we also discuss indications for disorder-specific aspects. Taken together, our results emphasize the importance of investigating the mechanistic underpinnings of psychiatric disorders transdiagnostically as recently done in neurogenetics.

Enam kui kahanevad postindustriaalsed linnad: Detroiti ja Narva linnaruumilised kestvused / More than Shrinking Postindustral Cities: Durations of Urban Spaces in Detroit and Narva

Artikkel mõtestab kogemuspõhiste lugude kaudu kahaneva linna olemust, mida sageli määratletakse eelkõige majanduspoliitiliste katkestuste ja kahaneva rahvaarvu kaudu. Kahte autobiograafilist jutustust kõrvutav temaatiline sisuanalüüs toob esile Detroiti ja Narvaga seonduvad linnalisuse-kogemused, mis ilmestavad postindustriaalseid muutusi. Struktuurse kriisi kontekstualiseerimine linnade kahanemises näitab omakorda mitmeid linnaruumilisi kestvusi ja alternatiive otsivad kultuuripraktikaid. Linnalisuse ümbermõtestamine avaldub siin ruraalsete omaduste ja piiride esitamisega linnamaastikes. Ilukirjanduslike jutustuste ja nende kaudu esitatud lugude põimimine kahanevate linnade uurimusse võimaldab märgata kriisi mõjude ambivalentsust ning seejuures uurida kompleksset mitmesuunalist linnastumist.
 
 The article analyses the characteristics and appearances of shrinking cities, which are too often framed in terms of structural economic ruptures and population decline. The notion of “structural crisis” needs to be contextualised in opening up diverse experiences of transformation in postindustrial urbanity. The study includes the literary stories represented in two books about the cities of Narva and Detroit: Katri Raik’s Minu Narva (2013) and Francesca Berardi’s Detour in Detroit (2015). These autobiographical narratives were brought together along with qualitative content analysis, which focused on the emergent qualities of postindustrial cities: rurality, social change, political boundaries and trajectories of the future. 
 The books analysed represent the shrinking of cities as part of their story of evolution, although the focus is on contemporary situations. This way of seeing adds the time dimension to changes of urban landscapes, working to observe possible trajectories of the future in on-going events. These autobiographical narratives about the cities’ sudden transformations articulate diverse experiences and practices connected to living together, with shrinking infrastructures and economic turbulence. The shrinking city appears as an ambivalent assemblage, because wasteland and unlit silence generate affective fears for one person, but somebody else will associate these conditions with freedom of practice and of interpretation. The decline of industry as a marker of structural crisis flickers in the narrated landscapes. Beside this, lively initiatives are represented, which associate industrial decline with the potential for emergent new beginnings. Some possible solutions to the postindustrial crisis become entangled with changes in everyday streetscapes. The narratives indicate that there is no reason to view the cities’ shrinkage as a total crisis extending into all spheres of urban life. 
 Comparing these narratives about Detroit and Narva revealed similarities in the changes and in the experiences of the landscapes of the shrinking cities. The large-scale end of industrial production, the rapid decline of inhabitants and ethnic segregation – these are shared aspects of the shrinkage and in Narva, post-socialist transformation is a further factor. Therefore, the context and crisis of post-industrial urbanity evolve through diverse glocal interactions. The narratives show that global change and crisis inhabits particular places, and the search for solutions can lead to shifting urban characteristics. Reductions in municipal infrastructure made the cities more rural, so that such characteristics of dispersed settlements as silence, less lighting and growth of edible plants became widespread in them. Therefore, the framings of ‘nature’ and ‘rural’ in processes of post-industrial urbanity require more attention in future research. The (temporary) shrinkage renders visible coexistences between urbanity and nature-based practices, which problematize both the city as a form and the assumption that trends of global urbanisation are linear.
 The boundaries and borders that appear in different scales can be approached as spatial spheres of coexistence, which transform in the crisis and simultaneously try to reproduce social integrity. Geopolitical territories appear side by side with the shifting of meaningful boundaries in the streetscapes. In Narva, the nearness of the frontier came, through events, into the everyday lives of people, affecting situations and indicating possible alternatives. Border-making entanglements with geopolitical neighbours were not so important in Detroit’s narrative, but changes in the city were presented as a sensitive barometer offering understanding of wider post-industrial transformations. The experience-based and comparative approach to tendencies in the shrinking city indicated a slowness and temporal shift which exist in the middle of turbulence. This spatiotemporal shift exists with fragmentary infrastructures, which accumulate certain cultural practices and simultaneously push to find alternatives for the future. 
 These texts, with their diverse narratives, enrich the spectre of experience in approaching the tendencies displayed by shrinking cities. The situations and emotional affects represented in the stories can give important hints towards new methods for analysing and rethinking the tendencies summed up as the “shrinking city”. A contextual approach is needed to explain settings experiencing structural crisis, which often becomes to frame the shrinking cities. In the narratives analysed, the flickering post-industrial crisis appears alongside a combination of shifting cultural and economic tendencies, which as well as disturbances also generate spatial conditions and publics for re-inscription of political alternatives. Declining industrial production in cities is combined with diverse processes of shrinkage, change-seeking initiatives and durations of urban spaces, helping people cope with sudden turbulences and create meaningful places. 

Associations Between Migraine and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Migraine is a highly prevalent disorder associated with cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are also associated with preeclampsia (PE). The adverse pregnancy outcomes PE, preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA) and placental abruption share aspects in their pathophysiology, which are also found in patients with migraine, such as inflammatory stress and hypercoagulability. To determine the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes including PE, PTB, LBW, SGA, and placental abruption with a history of migraine through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE, were searched from inception to November 11, 2018. Cohort studies and case-control studies evaluating migraine history and pregnancy complications were eligible. Of 1388 screened references, 14 studies were included in the systematic review. There were higher risks of PE (odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-2.85; I2 = 76%) and LBW (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.34; I2 = 9%) in women with migraine compared with women without migraine. We observed no significant association between history of migraine and PTB (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.97-1.55; I2 = 61%) or SGA (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.98-1.15; I2 = 0%). A history of migraine is significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including PE and LBW. We hypothesize that shared pathophysiology due to underlying preclinical cardiovascular risk in women with migraine might play a role during pregnancy. Pregnant women with a history of migraine should be considered at higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and should be informed, monitored, and treated preventively accordingly.

A longitudinal study highlights shared aspects of the transcriptomic response to cardiogenic and septic shock

BackgroundSeptic shock (SS) and cardiogenic shock (CS) are two types of circulatory shock with a different etiology. Several studies have described the molecular alterations in SS patients, whereas the molecular factors involved in CS have been poorly investigated. We aimed to assess in the whole blood of CS and SS patients, using septic patients without shock (SC) as controls, transcriptomic modifications that occur over 1 week after ICU admission and are common to the two types of shock.MethodsWe performed whole blood RNA sequencing in 21 SS, 11 CS, and 5 SC. In shock patients, blood samples were collected within 16 h from ICU admission (T1), 48 h after ICU admission (T2), and at day 7 or before discharge (T3). In controls, blood samples were available at T1 and T2. Gene expression changes over time have been studied in CS, SS, and SC separately with a paired analysis. Genes with p value < 0.01 (Benjamini-Hochberg multiple test correction) were defined differentially expressed (DEGs). We used gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify the biological processes and transcriptional regulators significantly enriched in both types of shock.ResultsIn both CS and SS patients, GO terms of inflammatory response and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) were downregulated following ICU admission, whereas gene sets of DNA replication were upregulated. At the gene level, we observed that alarmins, interleukin receptors, PRRs, inflammasome, and DNA replication genes significantly changed their expression in CS and SS, but not in SC. Analysis of transcription factor targets showed in both CS and SS patients, an enrichment of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPB) targets in genes downregulated over time and an enrichment of E2F targets in genes with an increasing expression trend.ConclusionsThis pilot study supports, within the limits of a small sample size, the role of alarmins, PRRs, DNA replication, and immunoglobulins in the pathophysiology of circulatory shock, either in the presence of infection or not. We hypothesize that these genes could be potential targets of therapeutic interventions in CS and SS.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02141607. Registered 19 May 2014.

Prosthetic Soul Mates: Sex Robots as Media for Companionship

Prosthetic Soul Mates: Sex Robots as Media for Companionship

Clarifying stress-internalizing associations: Stress frequency and appraisals of severity and controllability are differentially related to depression-specific, anxiety-specific, and transdiagnostic internalizing factors

BackgroundDependent (self-generated) stress is a strong risk factor for depression and anxiety, but perceptions of stress can alter its impact. Appraisals of dependent stress controllability and severity additionally relate to depression and anxiety over and above stress exposure. Due to the high comorbidity of depression and anxiety, it is unclear whether dependent stress frequency and appraisals relate specifically to depression or anxiety or are transdiagnostically associated shared aspects of internalizing disorders. Consistent with the tripartite model, the current study represented internalizing symptoms with three latent factors – depression-specific, anxiety-specific, and common internalizing – and tested how dependent stress frequency and appraisals of controllability and severity were associated with these factors. MethodsBifactor modeling was used to create the latent internalizing factors in a treatment-seeking sample of emerging adults (n = 356). Structural equation models tested dependent stress frequency and appraisals of controllability and severity as predictors of these latent factors. ResultsDependent stress frequency was associated with common internalizing while perceived controllability was associated uniquely with depression-specific variance. Continuous stress severity was not associated with latent factors, but high-severity stressors were associated with anxiety-specific variance. LimitationsWithout longitudinal data conclusions regarding temporal directionality cannot be made. Participants’ appraisals of stressors could not be compared to expert ratings. ConclusionsDependent stress frequency, controllability appraisals, and high-severity stressful events have distinct links with different dimensions of internalizing psychopathology. This suggests there may be several distinct mediating mechanisms between stress constructs and psychopathology, which have potential to serve as targets for intervention.

The contemporary view of intellectual and developmental disabilities: Implications for psychologists.

The field of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) is currently experiencing a significant transformation that encompasses an integrated approach, especially regarding shared aspects such as a focus on the human and legal rights, the eligibility for services and supports, and an emphasis on individualized supports provided within inclusive community-based environments. Accompanying this transformation is the increased need of precision in both the operational definitions of IDD-related constructs, and the terminology used to describe the respective construct. the specialized literature was revised, and previous works on the subject by the authors were updated. This article provides psychologists with the current definition of intellectual disability, operational definitions of intellectual disability and developmental disabilities constructs and associated terminology, and the parameters of an integrated approach to disability. Implications for psychologists who are involved in diagnosis, classification, and planning supports for persons with intellectual or developmental disability are discussed.

Local Wear: A Chat about Textiles &amp; the Body

In this presentation, I propose that worn-in garments are a shared aspect of the relationship between humans and textiles, while also being unique to the user. The relationship between natural, cultural, and material forms, resulting in wear on textiles, begins with the human body. The human body is the most universal local. It is the essential qualifier to be a part of the human species. Although it is a biological form, how the body behaves, and the shapes it is molded into, are influenced by culture. The textiles that enclose the body accrue signs of the interactions. Even if the wearer is not consciously making representational choices, clothing displays information about the wearer. It is a canvas for self-expression political preference, and sub-cultural affiliations, in addition to other alliances. The rips and tears in a garment suggest how a person acts in the social world. Even off the body, worm clothing is a peek into the life of the wearer, and reflects how they behave naturally and culturally. The increasing similarity in international fashion, resulting from globalization, means that these points of wear may be the only individual aspects of many garments across the world. The same standardization that allows wear to be perceived as something unique also results in garments that inherently clash with the human form. Patterns of wear are often isolated to the same areas of the body for individuals who share a similar biological structure, such as the wear on the inner thigh. Garments may wear out in the same areas-such as armholes and at neckline-regardless of body type or populations. It is these similarities and differences that reinforce that the body is a universal local, and point for which material objects, like clothing, are deeply personal and surprisingly global.

Archaeological Evidence for Collecting Empty Shells Along the French Atlantic Coast: An Important Activity for Coastal Populations

This article discusses the importance of empty shells used as artifacts and their differences with mollusks collected for subsistence by means of three French archaeological examples. The aim is to help archaeologists consider all shells as potential artifacts. The first example considers shell ornaments of hunter-gatherer populations who lived along the Atlantic coast during the sixth millennium BC. The second example focuses on a “treasure box” belonging to a child buried between the third and fourth centuries AD. The third examines a decoration style dating from the third century AD, which consisted of decorating the walls of opulent villas with shells. The archaeomalacofaunal analysis of these examples of shell use entails a description of the physical characteristics of the chosen shells. It shows that the latter were carefully selected, but not necessarily modified before being used. It is clear that the shells were intended to be exposed, as prehistoric ornaments or elements of mural decoration. The shells that were selected differ from those selected for consumption. This is interesting, as it shows a marked division between the economic contribution of marine mollusks and the symbolic value bestowed upon the shell. One shared aspect of the three cases is that shells of deep water species were gathered from high water marks on beaches. People rarely encountered these mollusks alive, which may have held additional cultural meaning. Ultimate artifact function of shells may, thus, relate closely to activities of shell selection from prehistoric beaches.

A nonsynonymous mutation in PLCG2 reduces the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia, and increases the likelihood of longevity

The genetic variant rs72824905-G (minor allele) in the PLCG2 gene was previously associated with a reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk (AD). The role of PLCG2 in immune system signaling suggests it may also protect against other neurodegenerative diseases and possibly associates with longevity. We studied the effect of the rs72824905-G on seven neurodegenerative diseases and longevity, using 53,627 patients, 3,516 long-lived individuals and 149,290 study-matched controls. We replicated the association of rs72824905-G with reduced AD risk and we found an association with reduced risk of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We did not find evidence for an effect on Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) risks, despite adequate sample sizes. Conversely, the rs72824905-G allele was associated with increased likelihood of longevity. By-proxy analyses in the UK Biobank supported the associations with both dementia and longevity. Concluding, rs72824905-G has a protective effect against multiple neurodegenerative diseases indicating shared aspects of disease etiology. Our findings merit studying the PLCγ2 pathway as drug-target.

Cybernetically informed pedagogy in two tertiary educational contexts: China and South Africa

Purpose Discussing cybernetics as an enacted practice within specific contexts, this paper aims to identify key similarities and differences of two cybernetically informed approaches to tertiary education in the distinct contexts of China and South Africa. Design/methodology/approach Making explicit and comparing two cybernetically informed educational approaches, the authors identify shared aspects as well as differences arising from their practice in social contexts that have differing norms and values. Findings The authors find that conversational settings for learning, immediacy of feedback, the key role of the teacher and assessment strategies that are matched to cybernetic learning and teaching strategies all constitute shared vital aspects of cybernetically informed teaching that are valid across two distinct educational contexts. Enacting these key aspects however requires careful adaptation to local contexts. Research limitations/implications Primarily qualitative in nature, this study is limited to the examination of two bodies of work conducted independently of each other in differing contexts. Practical implications Arising from the long-term examination of applied educational practice, findings discussed in the paper are intended to inform similar practice in other contexts. The authors however emphasise that enacted ethical practice requires careful adapting of learning and teaching strategies to local conditions. Social implications Based on the authors’ findings, the authors demonstrate the value of cybernetically informed tertiary education that emphasises ethical settings for learning on the basis of mutuality, equality and social inclusion. Originality/value Based on two bodies of work that consolidated practice-based insights independently of each other, this paper presents insights on cybernetically informed education that, shown to work well in two very different contexts, may offer a broader applicability.

Model-free and model-based learning processes in the updating of explicit and implicit evaluations

Evaluating stimuli along a good-bad dimension is a fundamental computation performed by the human mind. In recent decades, research has documented dissociations and associations between explicit (i.e., self-reported) and implicit (i.e., indirectly measured) forms of evaluations. However, it is unclear whether such dissociations arise from relatively more superficial differences in measurement techniques or from deeper differences in the processes by which explicit and implicit evaluations are acquired and represented. The present project (total N = 2,354) relies on the computationally well-specified distinction between model-based and model-free reinforcement learning to investigate the unique and shared aspects of explicit and implicit evaluations. Study 1 used a revaluation procedure to reveal that, whereas explicit evaluations of novel targets are updated via model-free and model-based processes, implicit evaluations depend on the former but are impervious to the latter. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated the robustness of this effect to (i) the number of stimulus exposures in the revaluation phase and (ii) the deterministic vs. probabilistic nature of initial reinforcement. These findings provide a framework, going beyond traditional dual-process and single-process accounts, to highlight the context-sensitivity and long-term recalcitrance of implicit evaluations as well as variations in their relationship with their explicit counterparts. These results also suggest avenues for designing theoretically guided interventions to produce change in implicit evaluations.

Making Ourselves Understood

Abstract Wittgenstein teaches us that, contrary to current philosophical and scientific trends, the understanding of others is not to be achieved through some kind of emotional tool providing an access-pass to otherwise hidden ‘mental contents’. This insight goes against the popular grain of empathy as a form of informational ‘mindreading’, founded upon John Locke’s assumption that understanding another is a matter of obtaining and decoding the stored in their mind. We would do best to replace this radically distorted account of what it takes to understand others with a stance that places priority on shared aspects of our lives. Only then can we even begin to try and tackle our moral, cultural, religious, and socio-political differences.

Governance Functions to Accelerate Progress toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in the Asia-Pacific Region

Many countries in the Asia-Pacific region have committed to universal health coverage (UHC), which is reflected in both their political commitment and the governance actions they have taken in steering their health systems toward the goals of universal access to care and protection from financial hardship. Countries throughout the region are at different stages of development and have different political and governance contexts, which in turn shape how they pursue governance for UHC. This article reviews the governance functions deployed in the Asia-Pacific and finds that, in many, governance reforms adapting their health systems toward greater regulation, accountability, oversight, and stewardship of the health system have been part of their wider move toward UHC. Countries have not followed a set pattern, but shared aspects include establishing UHC as a goal in national policy making and priority setting; the creation of new roles and/or new institutions within the health system; establishing systems of monitoring and evaluation; and putting in place mechanisms to facilitate collaboration and ensure greater accountability. The relationship between governance and UHC in the Asia-Pacific region is found to be complex, negotiated, and shaped by a number of factors in both the internal and external environment, including broader governance arrangements in the public sector (institutional changes and decentralization are particularly prominent factors) and the ability of governments to implement policies and steer the health system.

Stevens and Stravinsky: Shared Aspects of a Musical Poetics

Stevens and Stravinsky: Shared Aspects of a Musical Poetics

The Remarkable Kinship of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and Ellen Glasgow by Ashley Andrews Lear

Reviewed by: The Remarkable Kinship of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and Ellen Glasgow by Ashley Andrews Lear Linda Kornasky THE REMARKABLE KINSHIP OF MARJORIE KINNAN RAWLINGS AND ELLEN GLASGOW, by Ashley Andrews Lear. Gainseville: University Press of Florida, 2018. 266 pp. $29.95 cloth. In her well-researched study, The Remarkable Kinship of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and Ellen Glasgow, Ashley Andrews Lear thoroughly analyzes the extraordinary friendship and professional relationship between two distinguished Pulitzer Prize winning novelists: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and Ellen Glasgow. Lear initially emphasizes the striking differences between the two writers in age, career position, and most importantly the setting-bound genres to which their critical reputations have been firmly linked—farm novels set in the remote, ecologically unique Florida scrub country and novels of manners set in urban Richmond, Virginia, respectively. As Lear states in her introductory observations, "the two authors seem to have been cut from different cloth" (p. 1). However, Lear soon turns to shared aspects of their lives and art: common experiences of physical ailments, such as cardiovascular problems; social interests, such as their storied success in hosting gourmet dinner parties, celebrated in Rawlings's cookbook Cross Creek Cookery (1942), and house guests for extended visits at their iconic homes; and nature-centric literary aesthetics, such as their shared use of tree symbolism (p. 36). The seven body chapters can be read as separate essays on the intersections between the two writers, and for this reason, there is some overlap in the chapters' subject matter, stemming from the non-chronological organization of the study. Similar to Rawlings and Glasgow's freewheeling intimate conversations and correspondence during the last seven years of the latter's life (1938-45), which reveals the interwoven strands of memory and imagination in their works, Lear does not restrict her analysis to a [End Page 241] linear history. For example, chapters one and two, "A Letter and a Dream" and "A Certain Measure of Achievement," both expansively ponder the significance of crucial letters exchanged between Rawlings and Glasgow. In chapter one, Lear initiates her analysis with a careful reading of a letter written by Rawlings to Glasgow that is well known to critics of both writers. Lear highlights the significance of this moving letter in which Rawlings expresses the unexpectedly strong bond she felt with her mentor by sharing details of a haunting dream that she had following their first meeting at Glasgow's home in Richmond. Chapter two builds off of their friendship's inaugural letter, which Glasgow had written to Rawlings to praise and congratulate Rawlings for the success of The Yearling (1938), inviting the younger writer to meet in person. The chapters following the first two explore an array of meanings stemming from their profound, correspondence-born connection, which prompted Rawlings to undertake a never completed official biography of Glasgow after her mentor's death in 1945. These chapters address important areas of comparison—and some contrast—between the two writers in the development of their creativity and writing techniques. Chapter three addresses their relationships with family members, particularly siblings—each had a complex relationship with a brother named, coincidentally, Arthur—and the difficulties of parents whose marriages were troubled, compounded by the early death of the favored parent (Rawlings's father and Glasgow's mother). Chapter four addresses the similar issues that motivated each to civic engagement: Rawlings's environmental advocacy to conserve the unique flora and fauna of the Florida scrub country and Glasgow's commitment to the era's growing animal rights movement and her leadership roles in the Richmond Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, which would inherit her estate. Chapter five is an exploration of the two writers' conflicted attitudes toward literary regionalism, while chapter six discusses how their personal experiences of disappointment in romantic relationships prompted both to take unsentimental approaches to romantic love in their novels. Finally, chapter seven deals with their similarly mixed but often constructive literary legacies in regard to social justice issues, particularly racism and class inequalities. In her concluding "Afterword," Lear contends that Glasgow and Rawlings's unique bond is an accomplishment to be honored—an accomplishment that critics of their work had overlooked prior...