Share Repurchases Research Articles

MACROECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING ON THE REORGANIZATION OF BANKS IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC IMBALANCES

Іn the context of increasing economic imbalances, the goals of bank reorganization are being transformed and are acquiring new content, which increases the relevance of macroeconomic factors. The article is aimed at identifying the impact of macroeconomic factors on the choice of reorganization method by building a neural network like the Kohonen map. A cluster analysis method has been applied to build a neural network of the type of self-organization maps of Kohonen. As a result, has allowed four clusters. The first cluster includes developing countries. The most common methods are M&A agreements and buyback operations. Among the priority factors of influence are a high level of GDP per capita, a growing share of the urban population, and significant tax revenues. The second cluster includes developing countries, for which consolidation methods such as partial absorption, and acquisition of fixed assets are a priority. Among the main factors influencing, it is worth highlighting commodity trade, inflation, and the GDP deflator. The third cluster includes highly developed, developing countries, for which the dominance of share buyback agreements, which is primarily related to the share of foreign direct investments, the volume of GDP and the volume of tax revenues. The fourth cluster includes mainly developed countries, that are not included in the third cluster. Due to the determining influence of significant volumes of domestic crediting, foreign direct investments, GDP and a significant share of gross accumulation, practically all methods of reorganization are common in these countries (M&A, buybacks can be singled out among the most common transactions).

Does the banks’ performance improve after share buybacks?

Share buybacks have become a popular way for companies to return capital to shareholders. However, there is an ongoing debate regarding the impact of share buybacks on the performance and shareholder value. This paper starts by examining the literature on share buybacks and aims at testing the signalling hypothesis (ie share buybacks are carried out to signal undervaluation of the stock) on share repurchases performed by banks. More specifically, the analysis conducted measured the impact of share buybacks on banks’ performance as measured by the return on equity (ROE). The results show that there is low significant positive linear relationship between banks’ share buybacks and their ROE.

Share repurchases and managerial reference points

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between managerial reference points and corporate payout policy. We find that share repurchase activity increases as a firm's current stock price declines in relation to the price at which it previously repurchased shares. To facilitate a behavioral interpretation of this relation, we show that it weakens around stock splits, is asymmetric over gains and losses, and strengthens when prior repurchase prices are more salient. Further, the relation is not explained by traditional repurchase motives. The results suggest a behavioral pattern in which managers use prior repurchase prices as reference points for current repurchases.

Are Dividends and Share Buybacks Substitutes in a Tax-Free Environment? Evidence from the GCC

Are Dividends and Share Buybacks Substitutes in a Tax-Free Environment? Evidence from the GCC

Research on the Motivation and Effect of Share Repurchase in Antarctic E-Commerce

As one of the means of capital operation, share repurchase first appeared in the western capitalist market and developed and started late in China’s market. In recent years, especially after the revision of the “Company Law” in 2018, more and more listed companies have begun to accept and approve this behavior with the increasing attention paid to share repurchase in our country. In order to ensure the steady development of the company and enhance the company’s status, share repurchase behavior has become the norm when the market is in the doldrums and the stock price is considered to be undervalued. Focusing on the two share buybacks launched by Antarctic e-commerce in 2021, this paper analyzes the motivation and impact of the share buybacks.

Wealth Effects of Share Repurchase Decision of IPO Firms: Evidence from India

The present study shades light on the short-term wealth effects of the share repurchase decision of Indian IPO firms on their stock prices. For the years 2000–2019, the sample considers the IPO companies who announce buybacks within 5 years after their listing. By evaluating short-term fluctuations in stock prices around the buyback announcement date, wealth effects have been quantified using the event study approach. According to our empirical investigation, investors responded favourably to the news and produced positive 1.13% nonsignificant abnormal returns on the event day. Further investigation finds that these companies likewise endure erratic stock performance in the days that follow the announcement, with the exception of the day when they actually purchase back their shares, which produced positive and significant abnormal returns to investors of 0.92%. Also, over the event window, the results are positive at 10.69% and significant. Our results show that investors favourably view share repurchase by IPO firms and can regard it as a sound investment strategy. This study also adds to the scanty literature about newly listed firms’ payout preferences.

Corporate Cash Holdings and Share Buyback: Evidence from Emerging Markets

This study evaluates corporate cash holdings (CCHs) as a determinant of share buyback for three emerging economies, India, Malaysia, and South Korea, from 2002 to 2020. We find CCH as a significant determinant of share buyback for our sample nations. Our results suggest that share buyback is a flexible way for firms to distribute excess cash across our sample nations. Our study also documents the impact of different country-level investor protection frameworks on buybacks. A favorable relationship between a strong investor protection environment (good governance) and buyback explains the effective role of buyback in resolving agency conflicts compared to dividends. JEL Codes: C5, F3, G3

Do Share Repurchases Crowd Out Internal Investment in South Africa?

Researchers in developed countries have questioned whether share repurchase activity influences internal investment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between share repurchases and internal investment (defined as capital expenditure, employment expenditure, and research and development) in South Africa, as little was known about this relationship in developing countries. A quantitative research methodology was followed, employing the data of South African listed companies during the 2002–2017 period. A significant negative relationship was noted between share repurchases and employment expenditure when considering all companies, while high-growth companies exhibited a significant negative relationship between share repurchases and capital expenditure. The negative relationships could indicate that companies increase share repurchases to the detriment of internal investment (especially employment). Alternatively, it may imply that share repurchase and internal investment decisions are determined simultaneously, with companies decreasing internal investment and increasing share repurchases in the absence of identifiable profitable projects (or increasing internal investment and decreasing share repurchases when growth opportunities are available). These findings could be useful to shareholders, corporate governance regulators and activists. Given the high unemployment and income inequality in South Africa, the results support a call for the improved regulation of share repurchases to ensure effective monitoring.

What do market participants learn from share repurchases? Evidence from a return decomposition

This paper analyzes cash flow and cost of capital dynamics around share repurchase announcements of publicly traded US firms by decomposing stock returns into news related to cash flows and discount rates. After repurchase announcements, the cost of capital decreases significantly, while cash flows do not change. The decrease in the cost of capital is largest for firms that appear underpriced. These firms also experience the highest long-term returns after repurchase announcements. The findings suggest that market participants learn about a temporary overestimation of the cost of capital when firms announce share repurchases.

ESG Reputational Risk, Corporate Payouts and Firm Value

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between ESG reputational risk, corporate payouts and firm value. Using a sample of 2021 US‐listed firms between 2007 and 2019, we provide robust evidence that ESG reputational risk relates to higher payouts, and that free cash flows amplify this relationship. Turning to payout composition, we document that ESG reputational risk associates with a payout mix comprising a higher analogy of share repurchases versus dividends; and that this relationship is more pronounced under financial constraints. Furthermore, we show that the market places a premium on payouts from high ESG reputational risk firms. Our findings are in line with the notion that ESG reputational risk represents agency problems and raises financial risk, inducing firms to disgorge cash via a more flexible payout regime. Results are robust to several estimation techniques that address endogeneity, self‐selection and censored observations.

Share Repurchases and Insider Trading Behavior: Evidence from Korea

Using the context of open-market share repurchases in Korea, we examine insider trading behavior around share repurchase disclosures. In particular, we investigate managerial opportunism as a motivation for share repurchases by analyzing how insider trading behavior differs between direct share repurchases with a strong signal effect and indirect share repurchases with a weak signal effect. We obtained the following research findings. First, in direct share repurchases, insiders become net sellers after share repurchase disclosure. Second, insider net selling is the highest when a company’s stock is overvalued rather than when its liquidity is the highest. Third, insider buy trades are followed by insider sell trades in direct share repurchases. Fourth, this negative relationship is more pronounced in firms with low ownership concentration. Finally, in direct share repurchases, opportunistic firms experience inferior stock performance compared with non-opportunistic firms. Overall, our findings support the managerial opportunism hypothesis, that is, in direct share repurchases, managers engage in informed trades based on the market confirmation bias that a share repurchase is a signal of undervaluation.

Does a Chairperson's military experience promote share repurchase? Evidence from Chinese listed companies

Although some studies have suggested that executives' military experience affects corporate decisions, whether and how it is associated with share repurchases is less well understood. Using a data set of 10,960 firm-year observations from A-share listed firms between 2005 and 2019, we found that firms run by military chairpersons are more likely to announce and implement share repurchases. In addition, we found the short-run abnormal returns of share repurchase announcements to be less favourable in firms with military chairpersons. The findings are best explained by the overconfidence hypothesis, which holds that military chairpersons are prone to overconfidence and perceive their firm's stocks as underpriced. We also found that the positive effect of chairpersons' military experiences on share repurchases is more pronounced when they have longer tenure. Moreover, we found that the involvement of grassroots committees of the Chinese Communist Party in firm decision-making could effectively restrain military chairpersons' overconfidence bias.

Effectiveness of Mandatory Share Repurchase Provisions Research

The compulsory share repurchase provision of the Company Law only provides for the share repurchase of dissenting shareholders, but does not make systematic arrangements for other share repurchase situations, which has led to frequent contradictions in the application of the law in judicial practice. The existing Company Law does not make specific provisions for the repurchase of the company's statutory initiative, nor does it make legal regulations for the repurchase of the shares agreed in the articles of association and agreement. The legislation should not prohibit the repurchase of equity in the limited liability company, and only set the conditions for not allowing the repurchase of equity can be. Through the institutionalized and systematic arrangement of the resolution authority, notification obligation and disposal of repurchased equity, a systematic and complete repurchase system is constructed. For the determination of the validity of the equity repurchase agreement, the three aspects of contractual rules, shareholders' meeting voting and operating conditions should be grasped comprehensively.

The effect of asymmetric information disappears: Evidence in share repurchases and market efficiency

This article aims to measure the wealth effect centered on stock repurchase announcements in U.S. companies and combine it with the concept of market efficiency, which means that information can be fully disclosed and circulated. We find that the higher the market efficiency, the lower the information asymmetry between internal managers and external investors and the lower the company opacity, resulting in the disappearance of abnormal returns after stock repurchases. Furthermore, we show that when market uncertainty decreases, the lower the information asymmetry opacity, the lower the abnormal returns after stock repurchases. Our findings have important policy implications for governments and investors.

The Determinants of Long-term Share Price Performance of Share Buyback Companies in India

The Determinants of Long-term Share Price Performance of Share Buyback Companies in India

The Impact of Corporate Public Market Share Repurchases on Capital Market Information Efficiency

ABSTRACT Combining data on share repurchases conducted by Chinese listed companies in the public market, this study explores the impact of corporate share repurchases on capital market information efficiency. The research results show that share repurchases effectively improve the information efficiency of the capital market. The mechanism test finds that share repurchases improve the capital market information efficiency by increasing stock liquidity and improving the market information environment. In addition, the heterogeneity test finds that the positive impact of share repurchases on the information efficiency of the capital market is more significant after the launch of the new Company Law in 2018 and in a bear market. Overall, this study provides a theoretical reference on the government’s efforts to improve the basic capital market system with the aim of high-quality capital market development.

Universal Basic Buybacks

Share repurchases (buybacks) have been a recent source of controversy due to misperceptions of their economic effects on firms and shareholders. Commentators in the financial press, financial institutions, and even politicians have misunderstood the effects of share repurchases on share prices and/or shareholder enrichment. I demonstrate the economic effects of share repurchase using financial statement analysis and a residual income valuation (RIM) approach. Consistent with decades of prior finance and accounting research, the results demonstrate that share repurchases do not contribute incremental value to shareholders. Share repurchases do not increase price per share. However, share repurchase do reduce market value, increase financial leverage and certain profitability metrics, and increase the equity cost of capital.

Impact of Stock Repurchase on the Capital Markets

This study intends to examine, from an economic and accounting standpoint, how the share repurchase procedure affect financial markets by specifically testing their effects on the financial performance of the specific companies. The OLS regression analysis was used on 66 companies that were traded on the American Stock Exchange between 2009 and 2020 as part of the study sample. The results reveal that share repurchases improve financial results, as evidenced by return on equity (ROE) and Added Economic Value (EVA). The results, however, show that share repurchases have little effect on the return on assets (ROA). The study found that the management's justifications for share buybacks affect a company's financial success. The study also found that the management's aim to produce a cash surplus improves the company's financial performance. The management objective of increasing earnings per share, which also improves the firm's financial success, was found to be one of the most significant motivations for the company to repurchase shares, according to the study. The study also showed that share repurchases significantly outperform returns on assets or returns on equity in terms of the Economic Value Added (EVA), one of the most important measures of financial success. The study, however, found little proof that the companies' share repurchases caused by higher financial leverage have an effect on their financial performance. This research, therefore, provided an insight on how share purchases affect the capital markets is dependent on the source of the surplus cash, and relatedly, share purchases through improved earnings per share increases the desirability of the company from their improving their financial standpoint.

The persistence and consequences of share repurchases

AbstractFirms use cash flow primarily to finance increasingly persistent share repurchases. Such internal financing is accompanied by gradual increases in retained earnings in the capital structure, and results in high (low) repurchase (investment) sensitivity to cash flow. These effects are particularly pronounced among financially mature firms. The repurchase–cash flow sensitivity of US firms has increased steadily in recent decades, with steeper increases for financially mature firms. We find that repurchases are not generally associated with underinvestment. Moreover, a nontrivial number of firms would have depleted their retained earnings if they paid dividends instead of repurchased shares.

Dividends and share repurchases during the COVID‐19 economic crisis

AbstractIn this article, we examine dividends and share repurchases of S&P 1500 firms during the COVID‐19 crisis characterized by the stock market crash and a relatively quick stock price recovery propelled by technology stocks. We find that the great majority of firms either maintain or increase the level of dividends during the crisis period. Yet, the relation between the dividend payout and reported earnings is negative and significant. This relation also holds for other types of payouts, including share repurchases and special dividends. Moreover, we find that both forecasted and realized earnings of up to 1 year into the future are negatively associated with current dividends, implying that existing payout policies are unsustainable in the longer term. Surprisingly, the difference‐in‐differences test shows that firms strongly affected by the COVID‐19 crisis have higher dividend payouts (relative to net earnings) compared to unaffected firms. The same test indicates that strongly affected firms significantly reduce repurchases.