Share Of Total Costs Research Articles

Transport Effectiveness in Distribution of Steel Products

Distribution is a crucial element of whole steel products supply chain processes, while transport is very important of distribution stage because it generates the high share in total costs. Authors analyze changes in steel products distribution with rising importance of steel producer distribution sites. Then researches effects on transport effectiveness in one of the largest steel distributors in Poland have been presented. Authors pay special attention on detailed key performance indicators of transport in distribution.

Costing of commune health station visits for provider payment reform in Vietnam

Expanding effective coverage in Vietnam will require better use of available resources and placing higher priority on primary care. The way providers are currently paid does not give priority to primary care and does not reflect the costs of delivering services. This paper aims to estimate the unit costs of primary care visits at commune health stations (CHS) in selected areas in Vietnam. Seventy-six CHS from two provinces in northern Vietnam were studied. Costs were calculated from the perspective of the CHS using the top-down costing using the step-down cost accounting technique in order to estimate the full cost of delivering services. On average, the cost of one outpatient visit in mountainous, rural and urban CHSs was VND 49,521 (US$2.40), VND 41,375 (US$2.01) and VND 39,794 (US$1.93), respectively. Personnel costs accounted for the highest share of total costs followed by medicines. The share of operating costs was minimal. On average, CHSs recover 18.9% of their total cost for an outpatient visit from social insurance payments or fees that can be charged patients. The results provide valuable information for policy-makers as they revise the provider payment methods to better reflect the costs of services and give greater priority to primary care.

A robust optimisation model for generalised cell formation problem considering machine layout and supplier selection

Cell formation problem (CFP), as one of the most important decision-making problems in designing a cellular manufacturing system (CMS), includes grouping the machines in cells and the parts as part families. In CFP, machines and their capacity are of the most important issues being considered carefully. Another significant aspect of the problem is material handling costs, namely intercellular and intracellular movement costs with respect to machines layout. On the other hand, supplier selection process has acquired importance recently; this is mainly because the raw material cost has a major share in total cost of final products and most of the factories have to spend substantial amount of their resources on purchasing and transportation. In this article, a new mixed integer linear programming model is proposed for integrating procurement and production planning in supply chain and design of cell formation simultaneously as well as the imprecise nature of some critical parameters such as customer demands and machine capacities. Then, a robust optimisation model is developed to solve the proposed model and finding best solution. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed model are illustrated in an industrial case inspired form a typical equipment manufacturer.

Do Colleges and Universities 'Manage' Their Financial Reporting?

Prior to 2008 public universities, private universities, and liberal arts colleges made small changes in the proportion of total cost accounted for by instruction, research, and public service. After 2008 these institutions reported dramatic increases in the share of total cost accounted for by instruction, research, and public service. These shifts may be legitimate examples of resource reallocation or they may be examples of widespread reclassification of expenses. The latter case suggests financial reports are “managed” in higher education, as they frequently are among corporations. I explore the relationship between these shifts and changes in staffing.

Economic criteria for the selection of wall formwork

Planning formwork (selecting systems, designing layout of formwork members) affects the economy of in situ concrete structures. Formwork rental cost, and labor cost of formwork installation and removal, have a significant share in total cost. The paper investigates into the problem of minimizing wall shuttering cost. A mathematical model of the problem of panel layout is proposed, and its operation is illustrated by the case with two optimization criteria.

Multi-Disciplinary ALS Clinics Are Cost-Effective within the Veterans Health Administration (P03.170)

Objective: To determine if multi-disciplinary Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) clinics within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) are cost-effective. Background A 2003 prospective study regarding multi-disciplinary ALS clinics (Traynor et.al.) showed that such clinics increase survival by 7.5 months and decrease mortality by 29.7% when compared to general neurology clinics. The cost of these clinics is considerable as multiple different specialties (neurology, pulmonary, GI, PT, OT, social work) are involved with extended visit times. There have not been many studies to determine the cost-effectiveness of these clinics. The VHA is a unique system in that patients receive all their care within a single payer system, which allows for reliable cost analysis. Design/Methods: Multi-disciplinary ALS clinics were identified within the VHA. Data was obtained retrospectively for fiscal year (FY) 2010 through the Corporation Data Warehouse (CDW). Data merging and analysis were done through scrambled SSN; no patient identifiable information was used. ALS patients were identified by ICD-9 codes from the inpatient, outpatient and fee files. Results: There were 2752 patients with the diagnosis of ALS within the VHA in FY10 and 824 of these patients received care in multi-disciplinary clinics. The total average cost of ALS care per patient within the VHA for FY2010 was $41,529 versus $32,601 in multi-disciplinary ALS clinics. The average inpatient cost, outpatient cost and fee expenditure per patient was $15,421, $19,272, and $6836 nationally versus $12,222, $14,906 and $5205 in the multi-disciplinary clinics. Conclusions: Multi-disciplinary ALS clinics may be cost-effective when compared to traditional neurology clinics within the VHA. There is a 23% reduction in cost associated with the care provided in the multi-disciplinary clinics. There is no difference in the percentage of outpatient versus inpatient cost as a share of total cost in general neurology clinics as compared to multi-disciplinary clinics. Disclosure: Dr. Khokhar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patwa has nothing to disclose.

Revisiting Marshall's Third Law: Why Does Labor's Share Interact with the Elasticity of Substitution to Decrease the Elasticity of Labor Demand?

The third Marshall–Hicks–Allen rule of elasticity of derived demand purports to show that labor demand is less elastic when labor is a smaller share of total costs. As Hicks, Allen, and then Bronfenbrenner showed, this rule is not quite correct, and actually is complicated by an unexpected negative relationship involving labor's share of total costs and the elasticity of substitution. The standard intuitive explanation for the exception to the rule presented by Stigler and referenced in many textbooks describes a situation rather different than the one described in the rule. The author presents an example that illustrates the peculiar negative impact of labor's share operating via the elasticity of substitution and then explains why the unexpected relationship between labor's share of total cost, the elasticity of substitution, and the elasticity of labor demand holds.

Eine differenzierte Darstellung der Kostenstelle Pflege bei stationären Altenhilfeeinrichtungen

The cost centre „care“ within the residential care for elderly people comprises of the following basics: care, medicalattendance care, social care and indirect care. Within the scope of a documentation analysis, two institutions forresidential care of elderly people in the North of Bavaria/Germany, comprising 273 patients were investigated in theyear 2005. The information about the quantity and duration of the respective performance within these care processeswere of relevancy here. The high total cost share of the cost centre “care” underlines the research activities.The actually rendered performances within the care treatment and in the social care field were registered in quantityby means of a performance evaluation throughout the cover period 2005. The data of the indirect care could begathered by means of a secondary analysis and of the actual-working hours. The quantity and time of the basic careperformances could be appointed as a result of the available data aswell as of the instructions stipulated in the Code of Social Law XI.The results of this research project are very extensive. The resultsof these four investigated performance types and of the investigatedperiod concerning basic care performances are representedin this article. A central result is the percentual distribution of thefour investigated performance types of the cost centre “care.” Furthermore,an answer could be found concerning the questionabout the performed minutes in the area basic care per care leveland per patient.The systematic registration of data and hours could not alwaysbe fully completed because the available documentation wasincomplete.The objective of this investigation was to gather an overallview as close as possible about the cost centre “care” together withits various performance types. The results of this investigation enablea precise consideration of the cost center “care.” Another objectiveof the research activities is to complete the cost centre accountingwithin the residential care of elderly, and to develop anew cost unit accounting based on this collected data.

A Short Note on Marshall's Third Law of Derived Demand: Why Does Labor's Share Interact with the Elasticity of Substitution to Decrease the Elasticity of Labor Demand?

The third Marshall-Hicks-Allen rule of elasticity of derived demand purports to show that labor demand is less elastic when labor is a smaller share of total costs. As Hicks, Allen, and then Bronfenbrenner showed, this rule is not quite correct, and actually is complicated by an unexpected negative relationship involving labor's share of total costs and the elasticity of substitution. The standard intuitive explanation for the exception to the rule, due to Stigler, describes a situation rather different than the one described in the rule. In this paper, I present an example that illustrates the peculiar negative impact of labor's share, operating via the elasticity of substitution. I then explain why the unexpected relationship between labor's share of total cost, the elasticity of substitution, and the elasticity of labor demand holds.

Cost of schizophrenia studies: a methodological review

The paper first analyses the key points of COI study methodology trying to identify the most appropriate choices. Secondly, following the key methodological points defined, it reviews a sample of studies on the economic costs associated with schizophrenia. The COI studies analyzed here confirm that schizophrenia is a costly illness, and that indirect costs account for a large share of total costs. In all the studies considered, hospitalization accounted for a large part of direct costs. Pharmacological therapy only marginally affected direct costs, and thus the total cost of schizophrenia. The review showed also that COI studies adopted widely different approaches to estimate the costs of schizophrenia. To increase the credibility of COI studies closer agreement among researchers on methodological principles would be desirable.

Milk Assembly Costs in the Greater Ohio Area: A Multiproduct Analysis

The economics of raw milk assembly is examined. The hauling technology is described as a multiple output process with road miles and volume by weight hauled as the outputs produced by the hauling firms. A translogarithmic total cost function is estimated using survey data from the greater Ohio milk production region. The relative share of total cost is substantially lower for the volume hauled output relative to the distance driven outputs. Current hauling rate schedules strictly based on volume, or on volume per mile driven, substantially overcharge large volume dairy producers and under-charge small volume producers.

Transport deregulation and the economy wide implications of the wheeler‐Gilmour hypothesis

This paper focuses on the effects of deregulation of motor carriers in Australia. It is particularly concerned with the implications of regulatory reform beyond the transport sector and uses a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy wide effects of deregulation. Among other things the paper shows that the effects of deregulation are not evenly distributed across all types of industries. Furthermore it concludes that the magnitude of the effects from deregulation in any given industry is not necessarily correlated with the share of total costs devoted to the purchase of transportation services. This article is based on a Paper presented at the 8th conference of Australian Institutes of Transport Research, Launceston, Tasmania, 10th–12th December, 1986.

Evaluating the Returns to Postharvest Research in the Florida Citrus‐Processing Subsector

AbstractWidely used econometric techniques for evaluation of returns to research are often limited to macrolevel analysis because the data required are either unavailable or difficult to measure at the micro, or subsector, level. A translog cost function and corresponding share equations are estimated in order to measure the returns to postharvest Florida citrus‐processing research. Estimation of this system also allows computation of input substitution elasticities and evaluation of the effects of research and development on an input's share in total cost. It is shown that expenditures allocated to citrus‐processing research have a high rate of return.

The Supply of Labor and Manufacturing Wage Determination in the United States: An Empirical Examination

IN RECENT YEARS there has been a proliferation of non-market or combined market and institutional theories of wage determination. This development was a natural response to the spread of collective bargaining in the 1930's. Impressive attempts have been made to measure the relative wage impact of collective bargaining by examining union and nonunion wages.2 Moreover, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying and measuring the effects of those variables which influence the outcome of collective bargaining. Variables such as profit rates, indices of product market monopoly or labor force skill, and labor costs as a share of total costs have all been used as. possible sources of union success. In particular, variables linking union success in one sector with that in another sector are often mentioned (see, for example, [5], [8], [14], [16]). The postulated processes have been described variously as spillover, key bargain. wage leadership, pattern wage adjustment, imitation, and diffusion. According to these theories in their most general form, wage movements in some sectors are influenced not only by traditional market forces in that sector but also by wage movements in some other sector. Although these theories are sometimes restricted to wage determination under collective bargaining, they also have been applied to cases in which allegedly monopsonistic employers administer wages and imitate highly visible economic sectors. We believe that the wage determination literature has moved too far in the direction of institutional theories which often totally exclude market forces, particularly labor supply forces. After all, about 75-80 percent of the A merican labor force is unorganized. Therefore, one should not overestimate the impact of institutional forces as opposed to market forces on aggregate wages. Moreover, even in the union sector market forces may