Share Of Gross National Product Research Articles

Impact of health care organization on surgical lung cancer care

ObjectivesOrganization and governance of national healthcare might play an important role in decision-making and outcomes in patients with lung cancer. Both Denmark and the Netherlands have a high level of healthcare but a different financial coverage, governance and level of centralization. By using both national databases we analyzed the consequences of these differences on patterns of care and outcomes with a focus on morbidity, mortality and clinical staging. Materials and methodsGeneral numbers on both healthcare systems were requested. All patients who had surgery for lung cancer from 2013 to 2016 were included. Mortality, morbidity and clinical staging were analyzed for patients with NSCLC without metastases, only one operation and no neo-adjuvant therapy. ResultsIn 2016 annual budget as share of gross national product was 10.4% for both countries. In Denmark 4 hospitals performed lung surgery in 2016, compared to 43 hospitals in the Netherlands. We included 4030 Danish and 8286 Dutch patients. In the subgroup 30-day mortality was 1.5% in Denmark compared to 1.9% in the Netherlands. The percentage of patients with a complicated course was 24.4% and 34.8% respectively (p < 0.05). Accuracy between cTNM and pTNM was 53.0% in Denmark and 52.9% in the Netherlands. ConclusionSurgery for lung cancer is at a high level in both countries, reflected by low mortality-rates. Centralization has been implemented successfully in Denmark, which might explain the lower rate of patients with a complicated post-operative course, although different definitions preclude firm conclusions. In both countries correct clinical staging of lung cancer remains a challenge.

Innovations as Part of the Digitalisation of Passenger Transport System

The transport system is an important sector in economies, both in terms of its own share of gross national product and in its role as a presupplier, prime location and facilitator of private and occupational mobility. Like other industries, the transport system is subject to changes in technological trends, especially with regards to digitalisation. When analysing the forms and effects of digitalisation, one may be overwhelmed by the multitude of terms, such as: Industry 4.0, Physical Internet, Internet of Things, Radical Innovation, New Business Models and Digital Transformation. These terms are often interpreted in different ways because they have been specifically designed for agenda setting and thus for the enforcement of the individual interests of consultants, researchers and industries. And while transport has high hopes for digitalisation, it doesn’t necessarily apply to all parameters of the transport system. There are several relevant issues to consider including the extent to which digitalisation affects the traffic supply and demand and whether this will lead to an increase or decrease in traffic movements.

The Forecasting of Net Electricity Consumption of the Consumer Groups in Turkey

The main goal of this study is to reveal the future projections of net electricity consumption (NEC) as the consumer groups in Turkey by using the artificial neural network (ANN) technique. In this study the equations based on energy and economic indicators were obtained to predict the net electricity consumption as the consumer groups with high confidence to plan correct investments in Turkey. In this study, three different models were used in order to train the ANN. In Model 1, energy indicators such as installed capacity, generation, energy import and energy export were used as the input layer of the network. In Model 2, the sectoral share of Gross National Product (GNP) per capita was used. In Model 3, the sectoral share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was used. The NEC of 25 different consumer groups are in the output layer for all models. The aim of using different models is to demonstrate the effect of sectoral share of economic indicators (GNP and GDP) on the estimation of NEC. R2 values are obtained ~1 for all models as consumer groups. Based on the output of the study, the ANN model can be used to estimate the NEC as the consumer groups from the energy and economic indicators.

No Pain, No Gain

THERE is a widespread belief in the United States that expenditures for health care are too high and growing too rapidly. This belief has stimulated numerous policy proposals for containment, including such diverse approaches as managed care, managed competition, insurance company regulation, diagnosis related group reimbursement, global budgets, and expenditure caps. The pros and cons of alternative approaches to cost containment have been debated extensively; I have no intention of proposing still another plan. Instead, I shall offer a framework for thinking about cost containment that is applicable to all possible proposals. In developing this framework I will first consider why public policy should pay any special attention to health expenditures. Two popular explanations—share of GNP (gross national product) and effect on global competitiveness—will be examined and rejected; then three valid explanations will be discussed. Finally, I will show why every approach to cost containment requires pain if there

Further Refinements of Canadian/U.S. Health Cost Containment Measures

Critics of the Canadian health care system have argued that the lower health care share of gross national product (GNP) in Canada relative to the United States is more likely to be associated with a relatively more rapid growth in GNP in Canada than with the ability of the Canadian single-payer system to contain costs. In this article the authors use both the level and the average annual growth rate of health care's share of GNP to provide an assessment of cost containment for the United States and Canada. They conclude that the suggestion that the success of the Canadian system has been an illusion created by its more rapid growth in GNP is not supported once the appropriate adjustments are made to the data.

U.S. health care costs: the untold true story.

Discussions of health care reform in the United States invariably begin with a citation of statistics on the comparative shares of gross national product (GNP) represented by spending for medical services. From Ross Perot to administration spokespeople to the speaker at Kiwanis, everyone quotes these statistics to show that in some important way the U.S. medical care financing and delivery system is not only less effective than those in other countries but also imposes a heavier burden on the U.S. economy and on U.S. manufacturing firms trying to compete in global markets. But do these comparisons of relative spending mean anything? There are some objections, some more than nitpicking, to such data on spending. What is classified as “medical care spending,” despite the oftenheroic efforts of the data compilers at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (which provides the most frequently cited statistics), may vary across countries, and under-the-table payments or tips may often be missed. However, there is a much more serious defect with these numbers, at least with regard to the purposes for which they frequently are used: They do not measure true economic costs. They measure instead the level of spending, which is seriously deficient as a measure of (or even a relative proxy for) the cost the economy bears when medical care rather than other goods and services is produced. Especially in the great debate over health care reform, it is cost that people really ought to compare, and they can be seriously misled if they use spending measures as a substitute. Why do people care about the share of GNP devoted to medical services? Moving the composition of national output from one product to another does not, in any meaningful sense, reduce the total national income or productivity. Japan spends more on seafood relative to GNP than does the United States, but that “excessive” fish consumption does not impoverish the Japanese or advantage the United States. Is medical spending different? Perhaps the concern over the figures on medical care spending reflects in

Agriculture in the Macroeconomy: Discussion

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 70, Issue 5 p. 1023-1024 General Session Agriculture in the Macroeconomy: Discussion Stanley R. Johnson, Stanley R. Johnson professor of economics and administrator of the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Stanley R. Johnson, Stanley R. Johnson professor of economics and administrator of the Center for Agricultural and Rural Development Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 1988 https://doi.org/10.2307/1241728AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume70, Issue5December 1988Pages 1023-1024 RelatedInformation

Changing market opportunities and the structure of R & D investment: The case of energy

The objective of this paper is to investigate, within the framework of a two-sector investment model, the effect of dramatic changes in relative market opportunities on the relative amount of R & D invested in different types of projects. In particular, we formulate and estimate a simple model of the share of aggregate US industrial R & D devoted to ‘energy R & R’, as a function of two determinants of relative market opportunities: the real (or relative) price of energy, and the defence share of gross national product (GNP). During the period under consideration (1972–1983), there were sharp, abrupt, exogenous movements in both of these variables, which, our analysis indicates, jointly account for most of the variation in the allocation of R & D investment. Separate estimates of the response of privately and federally sponsored R & D investment are obtained.

An economic basis for the proletarianization of physicians.

In their article, McKinlay and Arches have provided us with a very interesting and perceptive analysis of how it has become possible to proletarianize physicians. The question raised herein is why it may be happening now. An ex ante (as opposed to alternative) hypothesis is that the real target of capital is the medical sector itself. That is, the relative loss of autonomy of physicians may be a necessary but not sufficient condition to resolve the real problem. The solution to the real problem depends not merely on reducing physicians' incomes and status in order to promote the profits of the medical sector, but to reduce the relatively inefficient and unnecessary medical sector's share of gross national product (GNP) as part of the solution to the larger economic crisis.

Productivity and Reindustrialization: A Dissenting View

The focus on declining US productivity misinterprets recent economic history and threatens long-term economic growth with the wrong policy prescription. An influx of better-educated entrants into the labor market by women and the maturing baby-boom generation during the 1970s made labor cheap relative to capital equipment and caused a corresponding shift in investment. While this led to a decline in productivity, it also reflects the adaptability of the US economy. The share of gross national product being invested remains constant, while the competitiveness of US high-technology products in world markets may have improved. The policies suggested to reindustrialize America could reduce the flexibility to respond to changing circumstances. A better approach would be to let relative wages rise. 7 tables. (DCK)

Deficit Financing and Inflation: A Reply to the Crozier Report and the Department of Finance

Earlier this year, the Conference Board in Canada published a report by its Senior Economist, Robert B. Crozier, entitled Deficit Financing and Inflation: Facts and Fictions (Crozier 1976a). On the basis of the analysis presented in his report, Crozier concludes that Canada's recent experience with inflation has not been associated with heavy deficit financing. Even on a longer term basis, Crozier maintains that 'The government sector's contribution to inflation in Canada has clearly not been through the mechanism of deficit financing.' The report maintains that 'It (inflation) has been associated with rapid increases in total government revenues as a share of Gross National Product, and a string of surpluses in the government sector account.' In essence, the Conference Board report can be summed up in the single proposition that 'Public attitudes which link rising prices to government deficit financing can draw little support from the experience of the past. No one should anticipate the conclusion that, because prices are rising, the reason is likely to be found in the deficit financing activities of governments.' The 'Crozier Report' of the Conference Board in Canada warrants careful consideration, since it received very wide-spread circulation, and it appears that it was seized on by Canada's Finance Minister, the Honourable Donald S. Macdonald, as justification for the federal government's fiscal and monetary policies over the past five years. In a speech to the Investment Dealers Association of Canada in Jasper, Alberta, on June 19, 1976, Macdonald suggested that a major cause of inflation in Canada has not been either singly or in combination, excessive government spending, excessive government deficits and/or excessive increases in the money supply (Macdonald, 1976). As 'evidence' of his proposition, Macdonald referred to the Crozier Report findings that 'over a period from 1964-1974 the federal government had a net surplus on a national accounts basis of $2.4 billion, rather than a deficit.' He went on to argue that both the significant increase in the money supply in recent years, as well as the rapid growth in government expenditures, should

Determinants of Jamaican government revenue shares

This paper attempts to identify the determinants of the Jamaican government's revenue share of gross national product. Statistical analyses presented in the paper indicate that, in the Jamaican case, the level of development is a more important determinant of the government's revenue share than is the size of the foreign trade sector.

Trade Policies and Prospects in Western Europe

NO CRITERIA exist to suggest an optimum level of international trade. Yet, looked at in the light of resource availabilities, apparent production cost, and the maze of restrictions applied, it is evident that an appropriate trade balance has not been achieved for agricultural products in the North Atlantic area. The reason for this is fairly obvious. With the exception of of a few small countries where agricultural exports represent a substantial share of gross national product, emphasis is placed on the accommodation of agricultural policy to internal requirements, with little regard to its impact on international trade. Methods used to fulfill internal objectives, plus evolutionary change due to economic growth, have led to increased output in all countries, and international economic conflict seems more and more to be focused on the agricultural sector. Whether these conditions will change and create room for further trade expansion is a question with numerous interrelated technical, economic, and political dimensions. Obviously, these dimensions cannot readily be synthesized into anything approaching a complete or scientifically valid analysis. Hence, the remainder of this paper aims at a more limited objective and will try to provide some insight into future trade prospects by (1) reviewing recent trends in trade and in supply-demand balances in West European markets, (2) considering briefly some of the underlying economic conditions that have influenced, and likely will continue to influence, the balance of requirements and output within Europe, and (3) looking at recent and, where possible, prospective developments in agricultural policies that have direct implication for trade. Emphasis will be placed on conditions in Western Europe and their implications for imports of temperate-zone food products from external suppliers.