Share Of Agriculture Research Articles

ФАКТОРНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПОЛІТИКИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РИВКА В ЛАТИНОАМЕРИКАНСЬКИХ КРАЇНАХ

In order to identify the key factors of the economic growth of Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico), a factor analysis of the dependence of the state of economic development on a number of macroeconomic indicators in the period of 1960–2020 is carried out. During the analysis gross domestic product in current prices, are selected as the result indicator. In the same time, are selected the following factors: the share of industry in the GDP, the share of agriculture in GDP, export and import of goods and services in the GDP, attracting foreign direct investment, population and gross capital accumulation. It is revealed that the following factors (in descending order) have the greatest influence on the economic growth opportunities of newly industrialized countries: Argentina – population size; import of goods and services; share of industry and agriculture in GDP; Brazil – population; share of agriculture in the GDP; import of goods and services; Mexico – import of goods and services, population; export of goods and services; attraction of foreign direct investment. Thus, the analysis established that the policy of the economic level in Latin American countries has the character of deindustrialization, and in terms of factors of economic growth, it differs significantly from the countries of Europe and the Asian region, where important factors were the development of industry; the export of innovative products; involvement capital for extended reproduction. According to the research data, the main problems related to the implementation of import substitution policy in the newly industrialized countries of Latin America are detected, and key lessons for Ukraine that should be learned from the experience of these countries are developed. These recommendations are the need to build up one's own industrial potential; diversification of industry under the conditions of expansion of exports not of raw materials, but of technologically more complex products with higher competitiveness on the foreign market; stimulating scientific and technical progress and improving the qualifications of labor resources at the national level; increase in gross accumulation etc.

The analysis of structural changes in the Lithuanian economic sectors under conditions of uncertainty

The research aims to analyse the structural changes in Lithuanian economic sectors from 1995 to 2022. Structural changes in this research are understood as changes in gross value added by an economic sector during the period analysed. The greatest decreases in GDP happened in 1999, 2009, and 2020. During this period, economic crises in Lithuania were recorded practically every 10 years. The economic recession of 1999 is partly related to the Russian economic crisis. The negative growth in GDP in 2009 is related to the global financial crisis. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, Lithuania recorded zero GDP growth. The analysis of the period 1995-2022 reveals that the Lithuanian economy was constantly affected by short-term external turbulence but remained resistant to serious shocks. During these fluctuations, changes were formed in the structure of the economy. Some sectors of the economy expanded more, others - less. In 2004, compared to 1995, the share of agriculture in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 60 per cent. The share of financial intermediation decreased by 13.6 per cent, and other sectors decreased by almost 23 per cent. Between 1995 and 2004, the most intense structural changes were in agriculture, trade, and other sectors. In 2009, compared to 2004, the share of agriculture in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 39 per cent. The share of manufacturing decreased by 16.8 per cent, and construction decreased by almost 9.6 per cent. From 2004 to 2008, the fastest development of the construction sector was recorded, which is related to the active development of real estate. In 2004-2009, the most intense structural changes were in the agriculture, industry, and financial intermediary sectors. In 2019, compared to 2009, the share of industry in the structure of the economy decreased by almost 2 per cent, the financial sector decreased by 12 per cent, and other sectors decreased by 6 per cent. In 2009-2019, the most intense structural changes were in the agriculture, construction, and financial sectors. From 2019 to 2022, the most intense structural changes were in industry and financial sectors. In the ideal case, the positive result of structural changes is economic progress. During economic progress, there is an even and long-term development of all economic sectors. Because the structure of the economy is a complex mechanism, changes in it must not be too speedy and not chaotic. Only then could economic progress be the result of structural changes.

Особливості управління аграрними підприємствами України в умовах невизначеності та кризової ситуації

The paper is devoted to the importance of the agricultural sector for the development of the economies of the countries of the world. The role of agrarian enterprises in filling the country's GDP is determined, for example, in the GDP of Ukraine, the share of agriculture in the structure of GDP was 7-8% in 2010-2012 and 9-10% in 2020-2021. The key problems of the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine are considered, among which the following are highlighted: loss of production potential of land areas, labor shortage, insufficient demand, unfavorable weather conditions. The state of mined territory of Ukraine is given. It was determined that the most mined territories are located in the South and East of Ukraine, a large part of which is currently occupied and cannot be demined. It was established that a significant problem is the destruction of infrastructure facilities of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine due to the constant shelling, as a result of which a significant number of granaries, warehouses, factories were destroyed, supply logistics were disrupted, in particular, before the full-scale invasion, about 90% of grain and oil crops were exported by sea, whereas now the routes have been changed to rail and road, which not only increases the cost but also limits the number of deliveries. In the paper a change in the structure of employees in the field of plant and animal husbandry during recent years was showed, in particular, a decrease in their number in connection with the comprehensive mobilization of the population and migration processes. The results of surveys of 702 enterprises throughout the territory of Ukraine regarding the prospects for positive changes in the activity of the country's agrarian sector are presented. As a result, expectations have a pessimistic forecast in terms of changes in the volume of produced products, the volume of products sold on foreign markets (within and outside the EU), stocks of products suitable for sale, prices of products and the number of employees for both crop and animal husbandry in general. A set of measures is proposed, among them the following: to adapt Ukraine's agricultural policy to EU standards; to provide financing, as well as comprehensive assistance to the livestock sector, as the most affected and backward sector of the agrarian economy of Ukraine; introduction of modern methods of management of agricultural enterprises, focusing on the experience of the Western colleagues in overcoming crisis situations; continuation of the "grain agreement" as one of the main ways of exporting grain raw materials abroad; provision of mineral fertilizers, as well as the necessary agricultural machinery of low-income farmers; the application of a number of measures to overcome the existing problems should stimulate the financial flow to the agricultural sector, create conditions for the development of a completely new stage of the agrarian policy of Ukraine. As a result, it give possibility to eliminate the negative impact of external factors influencing the functioning of agricultural enterprises and, as a result, to increase revenues to the budget of Ukraine, which are currently extremely low.

State and perspectives of agriculture development in the Western Balkan countries

Agriculture is of great importance in developing countries, and in the Western Balkans it has a large share in economic development and employment, but with a tendency to decline. The subject of the paper refers to the review of the current state of agriculture in the Western Balkans, while the goal is to point out the possibilities of improvement and development of both agriculture and other non-agricultural activities in rural areas, with the aim of diversifying activities and reducing dependence on the primary sector. OLS panel regression showed a negative impact of dependence on agriculture, in terms of participation in GDP and employment, on economic development, while a positive impact was established for agricultural production and export of agricultural products. The Kruskall-Wallis' test showed that the Republic of Serbia is still highly dependent on agriculture compared to other countries of Western Balkans, which is why multifunctional agriculture and diversification of activities should be developed in order to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP and employment. On the other hand, the Republic of Serbia is the leader in the region in terms of agricultural production and export, so it is necessary to work on improving production through the introduction of modern technologies and production methods, so that agricultural products become more competitive on the international market, which would encourage export growth and economic development.

Reversing The Covid-19 Setback on Income Poverty Reduction: What Policy Options for Nigeria?

Empirical studies have shown that the outbreak of COVID-19 globally has drastically created a reversal in the successes earlier recorded by governments’ efforts across nations. This study, therefore, investigated the sources of pre-COVID reduction in poverty and determined the policy options that could best enable the reversal of the setback to poverty reduction in Nigeria. The study employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze time-series data from Nigeria for a period from 1990 to 2020. The result found that while growths arising from ARGDP (share of agriculture to real GDP) and IRGDP (share of industry to real GDP) have negative relationships with growth in the incidence of poverty, growth from SRGDP (share of services to real GDP), though statistically significant at a 5% level, was found to be poverty enhancing. The result also revealed that growth in Human Capital (HC), Inequality (INQ), INQt-1, INFt-1 were found to be statistically significant. INQ and INF (Inflation) were found to be positively related to growth in the poverty rate, thus implying that growth in any or both of these can be poverty-enhancing. Also, growth in HC was found to exhibit an inverse relationship with growth in POR. The result further revealed that all the variables Government Social Recurrent Expenditure (GSEX), Capital Transfer (CT), and Social Transfer (ST) and their lagged values were found to be significant and poverty-reducing in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommended policies that are aimed at improving the impacts of these variables.

Statistical Analysis of Factors Influencing Economic Growth in Zambia

Abstract: The focus of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the economic growth in Zambia. The motivation of this research is due to the unsustainable growth trends that Zambia has been experiencing in recent years. There is an assessment on whether it’s a Least Developed Country status is beared on the vulnerability to a Mid Income Trap therefore by using adapted unit root model, Granger causality tests were conducted to establish which variables affect Zambia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita income level and predispose it to the Middle Income Trap (MIT). Thus, per capita income, labor productivity, agriculture share to GDP, and manufacturing industry share to GDP were investigated. The results have shown that agriculture share of GDP strongly affects GDP per capita income while manufacturing share of GDP has a weaker effect on GDP per capita. The results obtained further indicate that a change in agriculture share of GDP strongly affects the manufacturing output. Therefore, Zambia should increase investment in agriculture and manufacturing to maintain a positive GDP per capita income growth and to catalyze growth in the secondary sectors

Food Grains Production in Nagaland: An Evaluative Study

The present study attempts to analyze the trends in the area, production and productivity of major food grain crops in the state of Nagaland for a period of ten years i.e., from 2011-12 to 2020-21. Statistical tools such as average, percentage and line charts have been used to study. To measure the variability in the area, production and productivity of major food grains, Coefficient of variation (CV) has been computed. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), has also been used to estimate the growth in the area, production and productivity of food grains in the state. The finding shows that the production and productivity of food grains have experienced an upward trend, registering a percentage increase of 24.50 percent and 13.26 percent, respectively. Cultivation of food grains occupies more than 75 percent of the total cropped area throughout the period. Under food grain area, cultivation of cereal occupied more than 66 percent of the total cropped area. Rice being the stable crop of the people occupied more than 47 percent of the total cropped area. The percentage area of jhum paddy and maize to total cropped area witnessed a decreasing trend during the period. The share of agriculture and allied sector in Gross State Value Added (GSVA) has also been decreasing during the period.

Ecological Preferences and Indication Potential of Freshwater Bryophytes-Insights from Croatian Watercourses.

A comprehensive survey of Croatian watercourses covering the whole of the national territory and investigating inherent watercourse heterogeneity was conducted to explore the ecological responses of the most frequent freshwater bryophytes with respect to water chemistry variables and land use within the catchment area. Direct multivariate ordination (CCA) of vegetation data paired with 18 environmental variables revealed that freshwater bryophytes and their assemblages were segregated along the gradients of water chemistry and the proportion of natural and urban area within the catchment. Generalized additive models (GAM) were employed to explore the ecological responses of individual species. The results showed that most of the investigated species preferred natural, clean, well-oxygenated watercourses, with low nutrient and organic matter content, as well as with low electrical conductivity. Species such as Palustriella falcata, Eucladium vertcillatum, Dichodontium flavescens and Jungermannia atrovirens had narrow ecological niches and were restricted to pristine watercourses, while the most frequent and widely distributed species, such as Fontinalis antipyretica, Rhynchostegium riparioides, Cratoneuron filicinum, Fissidens crassipes, Cinclidotus fontinaloides and C. riparius, had a wide ecological tolerance. Riccia fluitans and Leptodyctium riparium had wide ecological ranges, but with optima in hypereutrophic waters with high nutrient and organic content, as well as high electrical conductivity. Furthermore, these two species were frequently associated with a high share of intensive agriculture and a low share of natural land within the catchment.

African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement and the Agricultural Performance in Nigeria in the Post Covid-19 Era: A Simulation Focus on Agricultural Output, Trade, and Employment

The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed negative economic consequences on the global economies and Nigeria inclusive. In response, Nigeria has launched the Economic Sustainability Plan (ESP) to leverage the potential gains of the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA) to accelerate agricultural performance in the post-COVID-19 era. Thus, this paper investigated the potential impact of AfCFTA on the performance of the agricultural sector in Nigeria in the post-COVID-19 era focusing on Agricultural output, trade and employment within the framework of a small macro-econometric model. The study used secondary data from 1970 to 2018 for a within-sample forecast and a twelve-year out-of-sample forecast spanning from 2019 to 2030. Two simulation experiments based on AfCFTA tariff reduction lines were conducted. Findings revealed that with tariff reduction under the AfCFTA, there is an increase in agricultural output, exports, employment, and the share of agriculture to GDP growth, as well as actual private consumption in Nigeria. The study concludes that if the AfCFTA is implemented, it will boost agricultural sector performance in Nigeria during the post-COVID-19 era. Based on these findings, the study recommended that the country implement mechanisms to overcome the challenges militating against agricultural production and exports in the economy to maximize the potential gains that AfCFTA provides. The government should also streamline its expenditures and invest hugely in infrastructural facilities such as roads, electricity, and expansion of sea-port facilities, communication networks and earth-dams to encourage dry-season farming activities.

Analysis of the state of development of breeding livestock in Ukraine

Breeding of agricultural animals in Ukraine is a complex system consisting of many stages. Successful selection work includes a whole set of very important measures. In the conditions of wartime, the issue of animal husbandry development, in the direction of tribal affairs, acquires special relevance and requires further research. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study aspects of the territorial distribution of breeding animals in Ukraine. Research has established that the share of agriculture in the country's GDP has a tendency to grow: from 12.26% in 2017 to 16.87% in 2021. This is due to the reduction in the rate of GDP growth and the increase in the rate of volume growth agricultural activity. Over the last 10 years, crop production prevailed (more than 70%), while livestock production occupied less than 30%, respectively. The largest share of animal husbandry was recorded in 2010 – 29.48%, and the smallest in 2019 – 20.89%. In 2020, there was an increase in live weight of farm animals, compared to 2019, but compared to 2015, there was a reduction of more than 12%. According to research, in 2020 there was an increase in live weight of farm animals, compared to 2019, but compared to 2015, there was a reduction of more than 12%. The organization of reproduction of the herd is of great national economic importance, since the acceleration of the intensification of animal husbandry depends on it. One of the main issues in the reproduction of animal husbandry is the systematic replacement of animals culled due to disease, old age or low productivity with younger and more productive animals, i.e. herd repair. In recent years, 6 regional selection centers and 64 inter-district own breeding enterprises, 1516 posts for artificial insemination of cows and heifers in the individual sector were created in Ukraine. In addition, based on the report of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine, it was established that the genetically guaranteed level of productivity of animals of these breeds is: milk productivity in 305 days of lactation, 5200-6400 kilograms of milk, average daily gain of young meat breeds – 1200 grams, pigs – 790-980 grams, sheared wool in pure fiber – 4.5-5.3 kg, which is 3 times higher than the average indicators for Ukraine. Further research will be the next stage in the development of measures for the development of animal husbandry in the Rivne region and Ukraine in particular.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The study was carried out in order to study the level of development of the regional agricultural sector of the economy, identify current problems that hinder the sustainable development of agricultural business entities and substantiate proposals for ensuring its further development. The agrarian sector of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan is designed to solve the problems of providing the population with food at affordable prices in the face of severe restrictions and sanctions from unfriendly countries. 450 large and medium-sized agricultural organizations, 3006 peasant farms (peasant farms), 2.5 ... 3 thousand individual entrepreneurs and more than 472.4 thousand personal subsidiary plots of the population are involved in this task. 4.3% of the agricultural products of the Russian Federation and 15.0% of the agricultural products of the Volga Federal District are produced on the territory of the republic. Over the past five years, the pace of development of agricultural business entities has been slowing down faster than the economy of the republic as a whole (the decrease in the average annual rate of economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan is 2.9%, the agricultural sector - 3.1%), which may lead in the future to a decrease in the share of agriculture in the gross regional product of the republic from 10 ... 11% to 6 ... 7%. to intensify work on the creation of drought-resistant varieties of agricultural crops, moisture-saving technologies and land reclamation measures. One of the most important tasks is the dissemination of information and digital technologies at all stages of the implementation of technological processes for the production of agricultural products. In animal husbandry, it is required to carry out a gradual replacement of unproductive animals with highly productive breeding stock, to accelerate their breeding. In 2021, agricultural producers participated in 19 digitalization projects in crop production and 145 farms used digital systems in cattle breeding, which contributed to an increase in milk production by 62 thousand tons and additional revenue in the amount of 1.6 billion rubles.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОГО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The study was carried out in order to study the level of development of the regional agricultural sector of the economy, identify current problems that hinder the sustainable development of agricultural business entities and substantiate proposals for ensuring its further development. The agrarian sector of the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan is designed to solve the problems of providing the population with food at affordable prices in the face of severe restrictions and sanctions from unfriendly countries. 450 large and medium-sized agricultural organizations, 3006 peasant farms (peasant farms), 2.5 ... 3 thousand individual entrepreneurs and more than 472.4 thousand personal subsidiary plots of the population are involved in this task. 4.3% of the agricultural products of the Russian Federation and 15.0% of the agricultural products of the Volga Federal District are produced on the territory of the republic. Over the past five years, the pace of development of agricultural business entities has been slowing down faster than the economy of the republic as a whole (the decrease in the average annual rate of economic development of the Republic of Tatarstan is 2.9%, the agricultural sector - 3.1%), which may lead in the future to a decrease in the share of agriculture in the gross regional product of the republic from 10 ... 11% to 6 ... 7%. to intensify work on the creation of drought-resistant varieties of agricultural crops, moisture-saving technologies and land reclamation measures. One of the most important tasks is the dissemination of information and digital technologies at all stages of the implementation of technological processes for the production of agricultural products. In animal husbandry, it is required to carry out a gradual replacement of unproductive animals with highly productive breeding stock, to accelerate their breeding. In 2021, agricultural producers participated in 19 digitalization projects in crop production and 145 farms used digital systems in cattle breeding, which contributed to an increase in milk production by 62 thousand tons and additional revenue in the amount of 1.6 billion rubles.

A north-south model of structural change and growth

This paper is motivated by a set of cross-country observations on economic growth, structural transformation, and investment rates in a large sample of countries, We observe a hump-shaped relationship between a country’s investment rate and its level of development, both within countries over time and across countries. Advanced economies reach their investment peak at a higher level of income and at an earlier point in time relative to emerging markets. We also observe the familiar patterns of structural change (a decline in the agricultural share and an increase in the services share, both relative to manufacturing). The pace of change observed in the 1930 to 1980 period in advanced economies is remarkably similar to that in emerging markets since 1960. Motivated by these facts, we develop a two-region model of the world economy that captures the dynamics of investment and structural change. The regions are isolated from each other up to the point of capital market liberalization in the early 1990s. At that point, capital flows from advanced economies to emerging markets and accelerates the process of structural change in emerging markets. Both regions gain from the liberalization of financial markets, but the majority of the gains accrue to the emerging economies. The overall magnitude of gains depends on the date of liberalization, the relative sizes of the two regions and the degree of asymmetry between the two regions at the point of liberalization. Finally, we consider the impact of a “second wave” of liberalization when China fully opens its economy to capital inflows.

The determinants of the inequality in CO2 emissions per capita between developing countries and their implications for environmental policy

AbstractWe analyze the differences in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita between developing countries and how these are influenced by a series of affluence, structural, demographic, and climatic variables. First, a regression analysis provides new evidence on the determinants of CO2 emissions in developing countries. We find an N‐shaped relationship with GDP per capita and a negative impact of the agriculture share and average daily minimum temperatures, while urbanization and the share of potentially active population would be positively correlated with emissions per capita. Second, by using the regression‐based inequality decomposition method, we indicate the weight of each significant determinant in explaining the inequality in CO2 emissions per capita between developing countries. The main contributors are economic affluence and the potentially active population, in this order. We study the relevance of each factor in the changes experienced by inequality over time. Some of our results contrast with previous evidence for more heterogeneous samples. We derive some relevant implications for environmental and energy policy in developing countries.

Environmental Impacts of Urbanization Encroachment in the Lowlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Urban encroachment due to urban sprawl and unchecked expansion in built-up areas is one of the top challenges developing countries such as Pakistan face. The fertile agricultural land is continuously converting into built-up areas reducing the capacity of food production and bringing down the livelihood opportunities associated with agricultural land. Pakistan is an agricultural country with extensive fertile areas. The GDP share of agriculture is more than 20%, and it engages more than half of the country’s total labor force, producing a handsome foreign exchange. However, this fertile and productive land is now altering due to urbanization encroachment. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the level of urbanization encroachment and its temporal dynamics in the lowlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The sample area of District Peshawar was selected for this purpose. First, the study’s objective was to detect the district’s temporal dynamics in the land-use pattern. Secondly, the quantification of agricultural land converted to built-up in District Peshawar was also considered. The study of urbanization encroachment in temporal dynamics focused on the conversion of agricultural land-use change using high-resolution satellite images (Arc GIS 10.5), a detailed questionnaire survey, and interviews, and focus group discussions were conducted to obtain more profound insight into the study area. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), ANOVA, and regression models were applied where needed. For the agricultural land investigation, data from the landowners were also incorporated to learn the size of the lands they currently hold. To claw out the fragmentation of the land, the previous status of the land, its selling, purchasing, and the causes thereof, have also been probed. The results show that 46.35 sq. km of the land area has been built-up since the first census in 1981. In 2019, it increased by 173.3049 sq. km in District Peshawar against the total area of 1257 sq. km. In the sample area, the fertile agricultural land shows a change five times greater than the population increase. The land is continuously reduced and utilized for different purposes. The land values also appeal to the land owners for handsome returns, which is another crucial factor of urban encroachment over the fertile agricultural area. A proper and active regularity authority is recommended, and policies for land transformation from agriculture to built-up coverings should be formed. Decentralization of facilities, subsidies, and incentives to the farmers are recommended to slow down the speed of land conversion.

Structural transformation away from agriculture in growing open economies

AbstractUnderstanding how and why economies structurally transform away from agriculture as they grow is crucial for developing sensible growth strategies and farm and food policies. Typically, analysts who study this and related structural change issues focus on sectoral shares of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment. This article draws on trade theory to focus as well on exports. It also notes that the trade costs of some products are too high at early stages of development to make international trade profitable, so a nontradables sector is recognized. The general equilibrium model presented in the theory section provides hypotheses about structural transformation in differently endowed open economies as they grow. Those hypotheses are tested econometrically with a new annual endowments dataset covering 1995–2018 for more than 130 countries. The results are consistent with long run de‐agriculturalization in the course of national economic growth in terms not only of sectoral shares of GDP and employment but also of exports. We find those shares are not significantly affected by either differences across countries in relative factor endowments or relative rates of sectoral assistance from government; but the agricultural GDP and employment shares are higher the higher is the share of agriculture in national exports.

Correction of the course of agricultural policy of the European Union based on the example of the Federal Republic of Germany

The purpose is an analytical study of the issues related to the changing of the course of agricultural policy of the European Union on the example of the Federal Republic of Germany. Methods – monographic, comparative analysis, abstract-logical. The dynamics of the structure of the EU budget for 1993-2027 is considered. Since 1993 to 2006 the share of agriculture on average accounted for about 40% of budget funds, in 2006-2020 – about 30%, and for 2021-2027 – 23.6% is provided. Results – the authors note that in the European Union there are two components of state support for agricultural sector of economy. The first one implies direct payments to commodity producers, which are provided for one hectare of agricultural land if farmers meet the relevant conditions. This also includes general market mechanisms applied to certain types of agricultural products. For example, reimbursement of export costs and storage costs. The second component is used as an additional tool for solving AIC problems. Since 1999 it includes targeted programs for financing sustainable and environmentally friendly production and development of rural areas. Conclusions – in recent years, the bulk of government subsidies (up to 70%) directed to support the income of agricultural producers accounted for direct payments. In the earlier period, the structure was radically opposite. For example, in the early 1990, market expansion measures were 91%, direct contributions were 9%, and there was no cash allocation for improving rural infrastructure. The reverse side of this process is that agro-industrial complex is largely dependent on direct payments.

How will an increase in organic agricultural area affect land use in Germany?

Organic agriculture is an attractive land use alternative to conventional farming in terms of environmental and biodiversity protection. The official German target is a 30% share of organic agricultural area by 2030, while German stakeholders consider 24% realistic and 44% desirable. It is unclear how such a shift may affect the food and land use system. We use data from a crop/pest model to estimate yield differences between conventional and organic systems, and the FABLE accounting tool to assess changes in indicators like calories available per person and day, and the extent of cropland, pasture and area where natural processes predominate. We investigate how an increase in organic agricultural area may affect these indicators up to 2050, and if adaptation measures may become necessary to ameliorate the potential pressure to expand cropland or raise import rates. The results show that if organic agricultural area is increased, there will be a calorie deficit of 7–80 kcal per person and day, corresponding to 1000–5000 km2 of missing cropland. The deficit will disappear without any changes to the system by 2045 at the latest due to demographic and technological development. No additional cropland at all would be required if crop productivity increased at a higher rate than observed today, and an additional 600,000 ha could be freed even with a 30% share of organic agriculture. A higher share of organic agriculture is thus a realistic target for Germany, but technological advancements should accompany the transformation to minimize cropland demand.

Economic overview of the distribution channels used by Eastern European small farms for their agricultural products

The role of small farms in agricultural production is particularly important for less developed economies, with a high share of agriculture in GDP and a lower level of national income. These economies have a high share of small-scale farms in the total number of registered farms, measured by the size of an agricultural holding. The paper thoroughly analyses the distribution channels of the agricultural products of Moldova (MDA), Romania (ROM), and Serbia (SRB). The data sources for this analysis are taken from the survey conducted on 1 608 small-scale farms in the above-mentioned countries in 2019. The aim of the paper is to develop a model that could enable the structured analysis of distribution channels. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used for efficient assessment and as a criterion for choosing the most appropriate distribution channel. The results of the analysis show that small-scale farms mostly place their products in green markets and processing plants and that the quality and the price of agricultural products are the dominant criteria for the selection of a channel. The results of the applied model indicate that the model is stable and that small-scale farms can choose the optimal distribution channel by using this study.

A Critical Analysis on Legal Awareness of Farm Based Agri-input Enterpreneurs on Agri Enterprises in Central Telangana Region

Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58% of India’s population. Gross Value Added byagriculture, forestry, and fishing was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20. Share ofagriculture and allied sectors in gross value added (GVA) of India at current prices stood at 20.2 % in FY20.(Source: National Statistical Office (NSO). In a contrast situation where farmers’ suicide and distress stillremain the key issues in India’s Agricultural scenario, we are dreaming of achieving a doubling income forthe farming community. This gap in the income level of farmers can be bridged by adopting newer incomegenerating opportunities like establishing Farm based enterprises. Farm based enterprises are the vehiclesfor transforming rural India, these enterprises are maintained by the agripreneurs. More than half (51.42%)Agri enterprises are established units in agriculture and allied sectors established in rural areas (source:Annual report MSME 2020-21). Core thrust of research is to know about the legal awareness on Agri inputenterprises like seeds, pesticides and fertilizers and their impact on rural people. Exploratory and Ex-PostFacto research design was adopted for the study. The study was conducted in Sanga reddy district ofcentral Telangana purposively as it is having maximum number of Agri-enterprises in the state. FromSanga reddy three revenue divisions namely Zahirabad, Narayanakhed and Sanga Reddy were chosenpurposively and from each revenue division Nine blocks were selected purposively thus making up a totalof 27 blocks. From each block 7-8 respondents were interviewed and collected data with help of speciallydesigned interview schedule thus constitutes a total of 200 farm based Agri-input entrepreneurs. The findingsof the study revealed that an overwhelming (97.50%) possess medium level of legal awareness on farmbased agri inputs related information, followed by high level (2.5%) of awareness.