Share Of World Exports Research Articles

Status and prospects of beef and veal production in Ukraine in the context of international economic integration

Beef production is driven by the need to ensure the country’s food security, meet the processing industry’s demand for raw materials, and increase state budget revenues from exports. The purpose of this study was to highlight the status and trends of production in the world and Ukraine, to identify issues and find areas of development considering international economic integration. The methods employed were analysis, synthesis, generalisation, specification, mathematical, and graphical. The study identified the upward trend in global beef and veal production, the main producing countries and the predominant stability of their share in global volumes over the decades. It was found that higher beef production does not always allow for higher per capita volumes (e.g., in China and India). Ukraine’s production and its share in global volumes are declining, although production exceeds consumption. It was found that the share of agricultural enterprises in the structure of economic entities is decreasing, and there is a direct dependence between their number and production volumes, which prevails in the Forest-Steppe zone. The largest producing regions (Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Kharkiv, Lviv) were highlighted, where priority development in the post-war period is expected. The study found the principal reasons for the decline in production, including a decrease in livestock numbers, negative profitability, and rising average consumer prices. Based on the SWOT analysis results, development prospects were identified and relevant proposals were developed. The reasons for the decrease in the number of cattle and beef were proposed to be distinguished as general, and those related to enterprises and household farms; their interdependence was emphasised. The study stressed the need for state support for producers by providing food aid to the population free of charge and by purchasing products at lower prices depending on their financial level. International economic integration was singled out as one of the key factors of increasing beef production. The study emphasised the need to consider the consumer preferences of the population of countries with which regional trade agreements have been concluded, specifically regarding the production of kosher and halal products. The findings of this study and the proposals provided can be used to develop government measures to increase beef production and increase its share in world exports

УПРАВЛІНСЬКЕ РІШЕННЯ ЩОДО ВИБОРУ КРАЇН-КОНТРАГЕНТІВ ДЛЯ ІМПОРТУ ТЮТЮНОВОЇ СИРОВИНИ

The article defines management decisions as one of the components of the managerial activity of an entity as a subject of foreign economic activity. It is emphasized that it is necessary to make reasonable management decisions based on the information analysis from open sources of world statistics and the experience of import operations of tobacco-producing companies. The article examines the global tobacco market conditions, analyzes the global volume of tobacco raw materials exports, identifies the leading exporters of the product (HS 2401, 2403) in 2018–2022. In addition, the article reveals the trends of annual increase/decrease in deliveries, ranks the leaders in world exporter (Brazil with a share in world exports at the level of 21.2%, in second and third place, respectively, Zimbabwe – 9.0% and the USA – 8.0% of exports of unprocessed tobacco (HS 2401)). The top 10 European exporting countries include Belgium (3rd place), Italy (8th place) and Germany (10th place). As an importer of tobacco raw materials, Ukraine occupies 23rd and buys 0.9% of world imports. Brazil, Mozambique and Italy are identified as the leaders in terms of supply volumes. The article highlights trade indicators considering the geography of imports, such as: the share in Ukraine's imports, the share in the partner's exports, the growth of imports in 2018–2022, 2021–2022, the place in the world ranking of exporters, the average distance between the supplier country and the importer. The carried-out analysis allows filtering of potential counterparties and choosing of Brazil, Mozambique and Italy among the priority ones. The article carries out a comparative analysis based on logistics criteria, the average customs value of a product unit, and the level of the import duty rate. The conducted comparative analysis based on the criteria of logistics, the average customs value of goods (per unit), the level of the import duty rate ensured justifying the adoption of a management decision regarding the choice of Italy as a priority counterparty for the import of raw tobacco (HS 2401).

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF WORLD LEADERS

The article examines the impact of structural changes in trade flows of leading countries on the state of the global economy, trends in its qualitative changes, and the consequences of this process. The analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue gives understanding of the lack of research on certain elements and factors that affect the dynamics of processes occurring in modern trade against the background of global economic events and shifts, such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine, etc. Therefore, to understand the general trends in the development of international trade and the world economy as a whole, special attention should be paid to the study of changes occurring in the foreign trade of key players, the leaders of global trade. An analysis of the aggregated geographic structure of world trade shows a clear separation of three regions where the centers of export and import of goods are concentrated: Asia, Europe, and North America. Three other large regions (Africa, South and Central America, Australia and New Zealand) cannot have a significant impact on the overall situation, as their combined share in world trade is only about 7.5%. The last six years have seen continuing trends of changes in the group of leaders, which are connected with the further redistribution of world markets, continue. But, if North America did not manage to achieve a positive trade balance, even during the tough foreign trade policy of D. Trump, Europe and Asia, however, maintained an excess of exports over imports, although imports grew more dynamically. Five leading countries have been identified by the indicator of total turnover in 2021. These five include China, the US, the Netherlands and Japan. They represent the three centers of world trade. Their total share in world exports is 37.4%, and in world imports - 38.0%. This gives reason to hypothesize that the general state and structure of world trade largely depend on the activities of these countries. Examining the changes that have taken place in the product structure of exports, it is possible to highlight several trends that are common to all leading countries. First of all, over the last 6 years, the specific weight of fuel and mineral supplies to the world market has increased in the structure of both global exports and all leading countries’ exports. Secondly, the growth of the specific weight of exports of chemical industry products can be attributed to the general trends of both world trade and certain leading countries. Thirdly, in contrast to the previous two upward trends, the share of trade in telecommunications equipment shows an overall downward trend. To assess the degree of synchronization of the structure of world trade and foreign trade of the leading countries, the correlation coefficients of these structures have been calculated. The most closely related to the world export structure is the US export structure, and the most closely related to the world import structure is the Germany’s import structure. This not only confirms the hypothesis about the decisive influence of these leading countries on world markets, but also provides grounds for forecasting world trends based on the study of foreign trade of individual countries. Thus, the conducted analysis showed that certain changes are taking place in the aggregated geographical structure of world trade, which are associated with the rapid expansion of the specific weight of the Asian region. North America and Europe are losing their positions both in terms of the international trade turnover and in terms of its individual components

БАНКІВСЬКЕ КРЕДИТУВАННЯ СІЛЬГОСПВИРОБНИКІВ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ ЯК ПРОТИДІЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНІЙ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧІЙ КРИЗІ

The article analyzes the place and role of Ukraine's agro-industrial complex in world food exports and found that in 2020/21 Ukraine's share in world exports of wheat was 3%, corn – 2%, barley – 5%, sunflower seeds – 27%. Ukraine has traditionally exported grain by the Black Sea to many countries around the world. Russia's war against Ukraine has caused devastating damage to Ukraine's economy, and in particular to the agro-industrial complex, which has disrupted wheat exports and could lead to a protracted food crisis in Africa and Asia. The purpose of the article is to study the nature and benefits of bank loans to farmers under the program of state guarantees of 80% during the sowing campaign in 2022 and to predict the state of food security. To achieve the goal of publication and obtain sound conclusions, the authors used the method of systematic research, which includes observation of research objects, hypothetical-deductive method, chronological research and statistical analysis. Results. Lending to farmers in the spring plays an important role in agricultural production. To conduct the 2022 sowing campaign, farmers need a total of UAH 100 billion, of which UAH 25 billion is credit. The state of war in the country forced to reconsider the terms of lending to farmers and provide them with support in the form of state guarantees on a portfolio basis up to 80% of the total debt. The program is aimed at farmers with a sown area of 100 to 10,000 hectares. The money received can be used to buy fertilizers, seeds, fuel, salaries for employees. 15 banks take part in the program. At the end of May 2022, farmers received UAH 31.489 billion in loans, of which 80% under the program of state portfolio guarantees – UAH 20.297 billion (64.5%). As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the state support of Ukrainian farmers and the active position of the banking system made it possible to conduct a timely sowing campaign in 2022. This means that Ukraine will have a harvest in 2022/23 and will be able to meet its food export obligations and maintain global food security. Only export routes need to be restored!

Analysis of Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations

The Indian Ocean woven together by transmission of trade, commands the control of majority of the world’s cargo ships, one third of the worlds cargo traffic and two thirds of total world’s oil shipments. The main aim of this paper is to analyse Real GDP, Imports and Exports of Indian Ocean RIM Association Member Nations. Time period of the study is from 1980 to 2019. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) contributes 11.7 per cent share in world exports, in case of member nations highest share is of Singapore 2.1 per cent followed by India and UAE 1.7 per cent, Australia 1.5 per cent, Thailand and Malaysia 1.3 per cent. Indonesia, South Africa, Bangladesh, Oman, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Sri Lanka the share in world exports is less than 1 per cent.

Opportunities and Threats for Innovative Import Substitution in Russia

The article examines the development of import substitution in Russia from the historical perspective, confirming the need for an innovative strategy instead of the model of catch-up development. The study investigates international and domestic approaches to the implementation and impact of innovations, noting achievements and considerable potential of Russian science. Analysis of certain economic indicators for the period 2017-2019 revealed positive trends in the development of agricultural industry, negative dynamics of industrial production, a decline in manufacturing production and growth in mining. A decrease in research and development expenditures and a decline in the number of design, design and survey organizations, and researchers led to a decrease in production share of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries in gross domestic product. There is a slight increase in exports, including its share in world exports. The problems and achievements of import substitution are considered on the example of the agricultural and aviation industries. The SWOT analysis identified the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the development of Russian import substitution, considering the innovative component. Finally, the paper proposes an author’s approach to a cross-sectoral assessment of import substitute products in order to create an effective import substitution mechanism, considering the innovative component.

Аналіз сучасного стану світового ринку транспортних послуг

Transport services have long been one of the leading components of the global services market. In the last four years, their share in world exports of services has varied from 18.5% in 2013 to 17.1% in 2017. The largest importer and exporter of transportationservices is the United States, and the largest share in the export of transport services is in sea and road transport.As a result of globalization, two major international projects have emerged in the market that bring to get her entities from different countries to achieve a commongoal. The first project is called “The New silk road”. It is a transport route form ovingrail freight and passengers by land from China’s industrial centers to Europe. It is currently a significant source of investment and an incentive to increase counter-trade between participating countries. The second project, called Nord Stream 2, is a pipeline with atotal capacity of 55 billion cubic meters of gas per year off the Russian coastvia the Baltic Sea to Germany. The project has caused controversy on the part of the EU and has not been supported by the US.As for Ukraine, transportation is currently one of the leading components of Ukrainian export of services. They account for 49.1% of Ukraine’s exports of services in 2018. The structure of export of transport services in Ukraine is quite diversified. The largest share of exports is pipeline transport - 51% of the total. 21% of exports cover air transport, and rail and sea transport 9% each. In Ukraine, sea and air transport are actively developing. There is a reduction in transit - in 2018 transit decreased by 7.1%.

What determines the economic size of a nation in the world: Determinants of a nation’s share in world GDP vs. per capita GDP

This study examines the determinants of economic size of a nation measured as its share in world GDP, in comparison with the conventional determinants of per capita income growth. These two indicators are complementary. The former represents the economic size (power) of a nation, whereas the latter stands for people’s standard of living. This paper first proves that the determinants of these two different aspects of economic growth are different. It then goes on to verify the followings. First, the determinants of the GDP share of each nation are the variables that represent the share of each nation in the world, such as shares in world population, investment, human capital, exports, R&D investment, and financial capital flows. Second, currency undervaluation promotes per capita GDP growth via increasing exports, but tends to reduce a country’s share in world GDP because undervaluation depreciates its GDP at market exchange rate, whereas its indirect effect through export share changes is uncertain due to the zero sum nature of competitive undervaluation among nations. Third, trades are important in world GDP share determination as long as it is measured by share in world exports which represent economic rivalry among nations. The study conducts conventional country-panel econometric analyses after it proposes some theoretical basis for such empirics.

Fruit and vegetable exports in the post-liberalization era: The Indian experience

The liberalization of agricultural trade brought about by the economic reforms of 1991, the subsequent WTO agreement and the proliferating Regional Trading Agreements have opened opportunities as well as challenges for India’s horticultural trade. This paper analyses the performance of horticultural exports from the country in terms of growth, instability, dynamics, diversification and stability with respect to commodities and markets and the constraints in terms of the Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) faced and delineates the opportunities and strategies required to be followed by the sector for a sustainable growth. The horticultural exports from the country have grown significantly in both quantity and value terms during the period from 1991 to 2016. The highest share in the exports of horticultural products from India was accounted by grapes for which the major markets were Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom, UAE, Germany and Saudi Arabia. Among the vegetables, India accounted for about 9.4 per cent of share in world exports of onion and the main destinations were Bangladesh, Malaysia, UAE and Sri Lanka. The horticultural exports have shown increased commodity diversification as well as geographical diversification due to increased market access in developed countries. Even though the tariffs have come down there by increasing the exports, the NTMs, especially quality issues in connection with sanitary and phyto-sanitary regulations have increased in the post- liberalization era. Given the inherent potential and rising competiveness of the India’s horticultural sector, the removal of product specific constraints, especially production of commodities of international standards could definitely help in sustaining the growth of horticultural exports.

The Turkish economy and the challenge of technology: a trade perspective

AbstractThis article provides an analysis of Turkish trade deficits from the perspective of technology, with particular focus on the period that began with the new millennium. It draws special attention to the technological structure of Turkish exports vis-à-vis Turkey’s major trade partners and illustrates how Turkish trade deficits are primarily structural in nature and essentially caused by weak technology as compared with Turkey’s partners. Turkish products lack competitiveness, particularly in the case of relatively higher technology goods. The future prospects for Turkey are discussed in relation to the present level of the country’s technology infrastructure, and it is emphasized that, if Turkey is to achieve a better trade balance and a prominent share of world exports in the future, merely increasing its business sector’s weak R&D expenditures will not be sufficient, as the country needs also to provide a sufficient number of researchers in order to increase its technological capacity. Moreover, in the case of both R&D expenditures and researchers, quality as well as quantity is required, with the number and quality of the latter in particular being crucial both for innovating and for absorbing foreign technology.

РОЗВИТОК СВІТОВОГО РИНКУ ПОСЛУГ В УМОВАХ ТУРБУЛЕНТНОСТІ ТА ЗМІН

The author's research of the current state and features of the development of the world market for services in conditions of turbulence of world processes was carried; the world leaders of the service sector in the global dimension and leaders of the most dynamic articles of service categories were identified; the share of world exports of services by countries by the level of their economic development was justified; weaknesses in the assessment of indicators of international trade in services were identified; the research is based on UNCTAD statistics.

Worker-Level Consequences of Import Shocks

We analyse the effects of imports on employment and earnings by distinguishing between import competition in final products and firms’ use of imports in production (offshoring). We use Finnish worker-firm data merged with product-level trade data. We focus on Chinese imports and instrument them by changes in China’s share of world exports. Both types of importing increase the job loss risk for all workers and, in particular, for workers in production occupations. An increase in import competition has larger negative effects than an increase in offshoring. Production workers suffer the largest earnings losses, while for high-skilled workers the wage-effect is positive.

Nigeria in World Ginger Trade: An analysis of performance from 2008 – 2012

This study assessed the performance of Nigeria in the world ginger trade using available secondary data from the United Nations commodity trade statistics. The trade performance of Nigeria was based on world ginger export characteristics, value of trade and quantity traded from 2008 to 2012 assessed on yearly and cumulative bases. The result indicates that during the five year period, Nigeria recorded an annual growth of 39%. But in the year 2011-2012, Nigeria lost in terms of price during this period by 24% despite the fact that the unit price for Nigeria ginger was higher ($2,463/ton) than the world average ($727). In terms of share in world exports, Nigeria contributed only 3.6% and listed on 6th position for ginger export. The world is paying prime price for Germany's ($3,758), UK's ($3,450) and Nigerian ($2,463) Ginger. Nigeria ginger during the period under review contributed a total of $115.564m on the basis of value to the world ginger value of $2401.756m representing a share of 4.81%. Cumulatively, a total of 51,483 tons of ginger was contributed by Nigeria to the world ginger market which is 1.35% of the world total (3,800,098 tons) during the period under review. This study revealed that Nigeria has over the years been an active participant in the world ginger trade and has contributed significantly to its growth. On the overall, the performance of Nigeria in the world ginger trade during the period under review cannot be described as blazing because the country has the largest area under ginger cultivation in the world and her ginger is one of the world’s best and highly valued in terms of unit price. It is therefore recommended that the ginger transformation program be sustained so as to boost local production and activate the ginger value chain for greater production, processing and marketing efficiency.Keywords: Ginger, export, trade, value, quantity, period, market

Geographical aspects of Russia’s participation in the international movement of capital

Extent of Russia’s participation in the international movement of capital. Developed countries are domi� nant exporters and importers of capital in the world, while less developed countries (emerging markets) occupy a secondary position. Thus, in general, in 2000–2008, their capital exports amounted to 4.131 trillion USD, while imports stood at 5.439 tril� lion USD (see Table 1), i.e., 10 and 12% of world exports and imports of capital, respectively. The low share of less developed countries (emerg� ing markets) in world exports of capital is primarily due to their level of economic development. They have not yet accumulated sufficient capital resources, espe� cially, real capital, and, most importantly, at the stage of early industrialization and, moreover, at the active stage of industrialization the need for capital is enor� mous. It can be seen from the fact that the rate of gross capital formation (the ratio of the real, i.e., nonfinan� cial, capital to GDP) in less developed countries is higher than in the group of developed countries. With regard to capital imports, the low level of economic development in emerging markets (it usually corre� lates with indicators of the investment climate) pre� vents the import of capital. In a huge group of countries with emerging markets (Table 2 only shows twenty countries of this group, which are leading in terms of GDP), according to the absolute volume of exports and imports of capital, Russia is only second to China (China’s GDP in 2008 exceeded that of Russia by 2.7 times at the exchange rate) and far superior to Brazil, India, and other lead� ing emerging markets. In 2000–2008, Russia’s share in world exports and imports of capital amounted to 1.4 and 1.1%, while these figures were 1.6 and 2.3% in China, 0.3 and 0.7% in Brazil, and 0.1 and 0.7% in India, respectively. Orientation of Russia’s exports and imports of cap� ital towards offshore countries. The Bank of Russia

Тенденции развития мировой товарной торговли в 1990–2008 гг.

In today's world there are three centers of industrial production: Western Europe, North America and East Asia. These regions account for the lion's share of world exports of industrial products. The financial crisis of 2008-2009 exerted major negative impact on the growth of international trade in these products. The article examines the trade in certain branches of engineering products in 1990-2000, the influence of the global crisis on international trade, as well as the balance of payments problems of major countries and regions of the world.

Fresh and Processed Fruit & Vegetables: Growth in Production and Export from India

The present study is an attempt to examine the status and growth in fruit & vegetables production, processing capacity and growth and instability in exports. The study is based on secondary data collected from several published and website sources. The production of fruit has grown at an annual compound growth rate of 3.76 and of vegetables at 3.34 per cent, respectively during 1980-2006. The growth of fruit production has been more in India than world production whereas in case of vegetables production it is reverse. Now, it's processing which has assumed paramount importance for commercial exploitation by creating time, form and space utilities. Production of processed fruit & vegetable products has increased at an annual compound growth rate of 11.25 per cent. Capacity of fruit & vegetable processing units increased by 8.5 per cent per annum still the industry has been able to utilize only half of the installed capacity. India witnessed substantial increase in export value of processed fruit & vegetables (16.85% CGR) during the period under study. Dried & processed vegetables ranked first in India's total export of processed fruit & vegetable products in value terms whereas in quantity terms pickles & chutneys occupied first position. The existence of relatively high instability in exports was also witnessed which has implications for promoting exports from the country. In spite of impressive growth in exports, our share in world exports is very low which needs to be increased by taking appropriate research and development policies and relaxing the constraints faced by the processing industry.

The Growing Influence of Emerging Countries in the World Car Industry: An Estimation of Export Potentials in a World Trade Model

In the past ten years, emerging countries have considerably increased their production of cars. Although their share in world exports is still below 10%, these countries are now ready to conquer international markets, since they can produce on a large scale at very low production costs compared with the Northern standards. Given the lack of literature on this topic, the main contribution of this paper is to investigate the export potential of emerging countries in the automotive industry. Based on new developments in the gravity equation, an original world trade model is applied to the car industry. The export potentials are calculated from the residuals of the model with the out-sample technique. The main results show that several large emerging countries enjoy a very significant export potential. These are mainly China, Mexico, Brazil, Russia, Iran, Thailand as well as Indonesia. The growing influence of these countries has strong implications for the Triad. Indeed, Japan, Germany and small European countries have already surpassed their export potential. In fact, only North American countries still exhibit a significant export potential, because their export level is currently low in comparison to what it should be given their huge economic size.

The export-diversifying impact of Japanese and US foreign direct investments in the Indian manufacturing sector

The paper highlights the export-diversifying impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in a developing country. FDI may lead to export diversification in the host country if it positively affects the export intensity of industries that have a low share in world exports. Indirectly, FDI may encourage export diversification through spillover effects: that is, the presence of FDI in an industry may increase the export intensity of domestic firms. The empirical results for the Indian economy in the post-liberalisation period show that FDI from the US has led to diversification of India's exports, both directly and indirectly. However, Japanese FDI has had no significant impact on India's exports.

Beyond Tariffs and Quotas: Why Don't African Manufacturers Export More?

There has been much concern about Africa's recent export performance. Even though tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade have been falling, Africa's share of world exports has declined and most African countries remain highly dependent upon a narrow range of primary commodities for export earnings. This article looks at factors that affect the export performance of manufacturing enterprises in eight African countries. In addition to enterprise characteristics (e.g., size, ownership and education of the manager), policy-related variables also affect export performance. Manufacturing enterprises are less likely to export in countries with restrictive trade and customs regulation and poor customs administration. In contrast, there is less evidence that the quality of domestic transportation infrastructure has a large impact on export performance. Although the coefficient on this variable is negative, it is statistically insignificant in most model specifications.

An example of competitive corporatism? the Dutch political economy 1983–2004 in critical examination

Since 2001 the Netherlands, previously hailed as a model a few years before then, has been hit hard by economic stagnation. In the model view, the impressive rise in Dutch employment was due to the pact between capital and labour on wage restraint. In the view presented here, corporatism was not the source of the employment ‘miracle’ and wage agreements are considered to have acquired a mythical content. In the 1980s unions only acquiesced to drastic wage restraint, and wage restraint was not the path to success. Until 1995 Dutch GDP growth was only average, exports decreased, and so did productivity growth and the country's share of world exports. A better explanation is wage dispersion related to the explosive growth of part-time work and the sharp increase in cheap juvenile labour. Furthermore, demand was encouraged by rising house prices and tax-favoured mortgages were an extra spur in the late 1990s, and made the Dutch ‘miracle’ highly debt-induced. After 2001 people started to save more than borrow, and private consumption decreased. The Netherlands was never a model of competitive corporatism. Nonetheless, competitive corporatism could be a viable strategy for socio-economic development in Europe and an alternative to the dominant liberal one.