Shape Of Law Research Articles

Validation of fracture envelopes of structural adhesives for mixed-mode strength prediction of bonded joints

In the design of adhesive structures, it is extremely important to accurately predict their strength and fracture properties (critical strain energy release rate in tension, GIC, and shear, GIIC). In most cases, the loads occur in mixed-mode (tension plus shear). Thus, it is of great importance the perception of fracture in these conditions, namely of the strain energy release rates in tension, GI, and shear, GII, relative to different crack propagation criteria or fracture envelopes. This comparison allows to determine the most suitable energetic propagation criterion to be used in cohesive zone models (CZM). The main objective of this work is to verify, by CZM, which is the power parameter (a) that best suits the energetic crack propagation criterion for CZM modelling, using single-lap joints (SLJ) and double-lap joints (DLJ) with aluminium adherends and bonded with three different adhesives. With this purpose, numerical simulations of the SLJ and DLJ are carried out, and the maximum load (Pm) is compared with experiments. For the Araldite® AV138 and Araldite® 2015, the energetic criterion resulting from the experimental work provided matching numerical results and, thus, the fracture envelopes were validated. The Sikaforce® 7752 results were slightly offset due to CZM law shape issues.

Formulation of a mixed-mode multilinear cohesive zone law in an interface finite element for modelling delamination with R-curve effects

A constitutive model for an interface finite element is proposed to enable simulation of delamination in composite materials with R-curve effects. The constitutive model is formulated in the framework of cohesive zone modelling (CZM). In essence, a multilinear CZ law with an arbitrary number of line segments is developed. The CZ law seeks to enable constitutive modelling of failure mechanisms on multiple scales within the fracture process zone and reduce conventional a priori assumptions regarding the shape of the CZ law. The CZ law relies on damage mechanics, an equivalent one-dimensional formulation, and criteria for mode interactions to simulate delamination under mixed-mode loading. Special emphasis is put on the derivation of interpolation formulas and a constitutive tangent stiffness tensor for the multilinear formulation. The constitutive model is implemented in the commercial FE program ANSYS Mechanical, for implicit finite element analysis (FEA), using user-programmable features. The implementation is verified through single interface element numerical studies, and its applicability is demonstrated by simulating an experiment of quasi-static delamination showing large-scale fiber bridging in pure mode I DCB glass-fiber epoxy specimens. Experimental measurements and simulation outputs using the novel cohesive element is compared to those of the conventional bi- and trilinear CZ laws.

Beyond Automation: The Law & Political Economy of Workplace Technological Change

Abstract: This article explores how labor and employment laws shape workplace technological change. It focuses on emerging data-driven technologies such as machine learning, the branch of artificial intelligence that has sparked widespread concern about the future of work. The article argues that labor and employment laws shape employers’ technological choices in two ways. First, those laws help to facilitate technological development by granting employers broad rights to gather workplace data, to develop new technologies using that data, and to implement those technologies into the workplace, typically regardless of workers’ preferences. Second, those laws channel technological development in certain directions, in particular by encouraging companies to use technologies to exert power over workers and therefore cut labor costs. This analysis has policy implications. Among other things, it suggests that ensuring a decent future of work may require reforms to guarantee workers a voice in the development and deployment of workplace technologies.

FRP-confined tuff masonry columns: regular and irregular stone arrangement

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) represents one of the most diffuse and effective strengthening technique for retrofitting columns in existing buildings when presenting insufficient mechanical properties. In fact, the confinement effect provided by wraps with high-tensile strength and stiffness induces significant enhancement of the mechanical behaviour.In this paper experimental results of axial compression tests on both un-confined and FRP-confined prismatic yellow tuff masonry columns are presented. In particular, two types of masonry arrangements, regular and irregular, were reproduced in order to investigate the effectiveness of the confinement on column typologies widely used in the past in Southern Italy and Mediterranean basin. The performed experimental tests allowed to obtain the constitutive axial and transversal stress-strain laws and to evaluate the improvement of the mechanical behaviour, in terms of strength and ductility, due to FRP confinement. The results have highlighted a significant difference in the shape of the constitutive law for confined masonry with respect to the one of confined concrete.Contrary to FRP confined concrete members, in the case of confined masonry members specific theoretical constitutive model has been not yet developed. To this aim, in this paper the various stress-strain laws developed for FRP-confined concrete elements has been applied to masonry elements too and a comparative analyses between experimental and theoretical results has been carried out.

Extended finite element modelling of aluminium stepped-adhesive joints

ABSTRACTFor the joint strength prediction of bonded joints, Fracture Mechanics-based techniques are often used. In this context, the tensile and shear toughness of the adhesives are two of the most important parameters to predict the joint behaviour. The Finite Element Method has been used for strength prediction in the last decades. Cohesive zone modelling coupled to a FEM analysis is generally accepted as an accurate method. More recently, the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) has emerged. This work aims to validate the XFEM to predict the behaviour of stepped-lap joints with different overlap lengths. Three adhesives, Araldite® AV138, Araldite® 2015 and Sikaforce® 7752, whose properties are quite different, were tested. Peel and shear stresses in the bondline were analysed, which allows an analysis of the behaviour of the three adhesives under different geometrical conditions. For the XFEM strength prediction, different damage initiation criteria were used, based either on stresses or strains. The damage law shape was also evaluated, namely the linear and exponential damage propagation laws. The XFEM was found to be adequate to predict the joint strength using the Quadratic Stress and Maximum Stress damage initiation criteria.

DustKING - the story continues: dust attenuation in NGC 628

Dust attenuation is a crucial but highly uncertain parameter that hampers the determination of intrinsic galaxy properties, such as stellar masses, star formation rates and star formation histories. The shape of the dust attenuation law is not expected to be uniform between galaxies, nor within a galaxy. Our DustKING project was introduced at the first BINA workshop in 2016 and aims to study the variations of dust attenuation curves in nearby galaxies. At the second BINA workshop in 2018, I presented the results of our pilot study for the spiral galaxy NGC 628. We find that the average attenuation law of this galaxy is characterised by a MW-like bump and a steep UV slope. Furthermore, we observe intriguing variations within the galaxy, with regions of high AV exhibiting a shallower attenuation curve. Finally, we discuss how our work might benefit from data taken with the UVIT from the Indian AstroSat mission.

"I also am a Barolong": Re Bethell and shaping of marriage law and conflict of laws doctrine

"I also am a Barolong": Re Bethell and shaping of marriage law and conflict of laws doctrine

Kilka uwag w przedmiocie tworzenia w Polsce lokalnego prawa podatkowego

Kilka uwag w przedmiocie tworzenia w Polsce lokalnego prawa podatkowego. W polskim systemie podatkowym wystepują podatki zasilające zarowno budzet centralny, jak i budzety najnizszego szczebla samorządu terytorialnego, jakimi są gminy. Wladztwo podatkowe gmin ograniczone jest przepisami ustawy, a zatem to ustawodawca w istocie decyduje o ksztalcie lokalnego prawa podatkowego. W ostatnim czasie jego dzialania doprowadzają do znacznej obnizki dochodow wlasnych gmin bez rekompensaty utraconych przez nie dochodow. W opracowaniu wskazano, jakimi metodami ustawodawca ingeruje w podatkowe dochody gmin. Zjawisko to jest o tyle niepokojące, ze zwykle wiąze sie z naruszeniem powszechnie akceptowanych zasad przyzwoitej legislacji.

Interatomic force laws that evade dynamic measurement.

Measurement of the force between two atoms is performed routinely with the atomic force microscope. The shape of this interatomic force law is now found to directly regulate this capability: rapidly varying interatomic force laws, which are common in nature, can corrupt their own measurement.

Customary Land titling and inter-generational wealth transfer in Malawi: Will secondary Land rights holders maintain their Land rights?

Malawi promulgated Customary Land Act, 2016, as a step towards achieving triple objectives of land tenure security, efficient land-use and improved land market. Customary land, however, consists of multiple and competing land rights. Mobilizing the concept of intergenerational wealth transfer, this paper explores the extent to which secondary land rights are going to be preserved within the new law. The paper explores three questions namely: what provisions has the new law provided for registration of secondary land rights? How is the new law shaping motivations for registration of secondary land rights? What are the likely outcomes of the new law on land tenure security of secondary land rights? Employing mixed research methodology, the study findings demonstrate that the assumption that land titling will protect secondary land rights is grossly misplaced. Instead, land insecurity among secondary land rights holders may become more visible and worse than before. This is largely so because the new law has failed to respond to the lineal logic of customary land rights embedded in lineal kinship.

The Treadmill of Production and the Treadmill of Law: Propositions for Analyzing Law, Ecological Disorganization and Crime

ABSTRACTTreadmill of production (ToP) arguments have significant implications for the study of environmental crime. A current limitation of those arguments involves their application to environmental law and its enforcement. We argue that a treadmill of law (ToL) shapes and maintains production through lawmaking and enforcement practices, issues that have yet to receive significant attention in the ToP literature. To illustrate the connection between the ToL and ToP and to facilitate political economic analysis of this connection, we make and discuss three propositions. In particular, we suggest that the ToL will (1) oppose the enhancement of environmental regulation through acts of state corporate crime, if necessary; (2) fail to enforce criminal laws in ways that would alter production practices; and (3) define intense opposition to ToP interests and actors as criminal.

Utworzenie Kasy Oszczędności w Wolnym Mieście Krakowie i jej działalność w latach 1844-1857

The article presents the activity of the Savings Bank in Cracow between 1844 and 1857. It recreates the course of works undertaken during its creation by the Representatives Assembly. The basic ideological assumptions on which it was based were shown. Moreover, the paper presents the participation in the creation process of the Brotherhood of Mercy and of the Mount of Piety (Latin Mons Pietatis). The legal basis of the Savings Bank’s functioning was analyzed in detail. The foundation had the shape of statutory law from the 3rd of July 1844, the organization of the Management of the Savings Bank, the rules of depositing and withdrawing the savings, keeping accountancy and its control by the authorities. Also detailed data was included pertaining to the size of the deposit and the size of the withdrawal made from the Savings Bank. The basis of the article consists of the archival materials from the National Archive in Cracow and of the announcements made by the Management of the Savings Bank, which were published in “The Governmental Gazette”.

Trends in the Development of the International Trade Law

The international trade exchanges and their continuous development imply the existence of certain regulations under the shape of laws, conventions, treaties, legal tools which ensure stability and legal security for the traders and the commercial relationships.
 The process to issue cohesive regulations in the matter of the international trade takes place not only in the area of direct relationships between states, but most often under the auspices of international organizations.

Making and Shaping the Law of Armed Conflict

Who makes international humanitarian law? That is the subject of this article. Is it states and only states? Or are other actors also involved? What is the role of international courts and tribunals? And where does the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross fit? Drawing on ideas of communities of practice and interactional international law, this article argues that it is the community of international humanitarian lawyers that makes international humanitarian law through a process of dialogic interaction. This community includes states, international courts and tribunals, the International Committee of the Red Cross, academics, and others. Through interaction in the selection of issues, during the drafting of outputs, and following the publication of the finished product, the community makes and shapes international humanitarian law. States thus play an important role in law-making, particularly insofar as the conclusion of treaties and the formation of customary international law are concerned. However, states have tended not to react to the interpretation, application and identification of the law by other members of the community of international humanitarian lawyers. This relative silence on the part of states has had a number of consequences. Silence has been taken as acquiescence. The response of other members of the community to the publication of an output has taken on a greater significance. And states have been side-lined. The Article concludes by discussing ways in which states can be more active in the making and shaping of international humanitarian law.

Finite fracture mechanics and cohesive crack model: Weight functions vs. cohesive laws

The present work represents the prosecution of a previous paper [Short cracks and V-notches: Finite Fracture Mechanics vs. Cohesive Crack Model (2016). P. Cornetti, A. Sapora, A. Carpinteri. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 168:2–12] aiming to corroborate the use of Finite Fracture Mechanics by showing that its failure load estimates are very close to the ones provided by the well-established Cohesive Crack Model. While the above paper focused only on the Dugdale cohesive law and the original Finite Fracture Mechanics approach, here we consider generic cohesive laws of power law type and propose an extension of Finite Fracture Mechanics based on stress weight functions. We argue that excellent agreement between the models is found provided proper correspondence rules between the shape of the cohesive laws and of the weight functions are given. As a test bench for this conjecture, we choose the Griffith crack geometry, where we are able to achieve the solutions in a semi-analytical way for both the models. Finally, we show that similar results can be obtained also by varying the domain of the weight function while keeping fixed its shape.

Corporate Transparency Laws: A Hollow Victory?

The article examines reporting laws to determine if and how these laws shape corporate conduct and protect human rights. Since 2010 a wave of laws with extraterritorial effects has appeared as home states of multinationals began to mandate social disclosures. However, opinions as to their importance differ and some wonder whether these transparency laws are ‘a hollow victory’. What is the evidence regarding the effectiveness of these laws? If they work, what are the exact pathways for change? The laws selected for analysis cover corporate sustainability, slavery, conflict minerals, revenue transparency, and corporate governance. To assess the impacts and potential of these laws, the article distinguishes between dynamics that are internal and external to the corporation, and between direct and more remote effects. Drawing on the evidence surrounding these transparency laws, their place in the regulatory regime for global value chains as well as the functions this regulatory method fulfils in relation to human rights are discussed.

Beyond Forensic Poetry: Lyric and Legal Languages in Contemporary Poems

In the field of Law and Literature studies, contributions on poetry are rare. This article focuses on a selection of contemporary poetic works: Cornelius Eady’s A Brutal Imagination (2001), Frédéric Boyer’s Le Goût du suicide lent (1999), Maurizio Cucchi’s Il disperso (1976) and Corrado Benigni’s Tribunale della mente (2012). Their lyrical shaping of law establishes a difference from the model of “forensic” poetry that can be found in Charles Reznikoff’s Testimony (1978–1979). Through them, this contribution shows how it is possible to challenge a reflection on the language of lyric poetry and that of law at the same time, if we interpret the lyric poetry as a non-narrative discourse.

Validation of a direct method to predict the strength of adhesively bonded joints

Cohesive zone models (CZM) are a powerful tool for the design of bonded structures, but they require careful estimation of the cohesive laws for reliable results. This work experimentally evaluates by the J-integral/direct method the tensile and shear CZM laws of three adhesives with distinct ductility. Additionally, by the direct method, the precise shape of the cohesive law in tension and shear of the adhesives is defined. The double-cantilever beam (DCB) and end-notched flexure (ENF) specimens were considered to obtain the tensile and shear CZM laws of the adhesives, respectively. After obtaining the tensile and shear CZM laws, triangular, exponential and trapezoidal CZM laws were built to reproduce their behaviour. Validation of these CZM laws was undertaken with a mixed-mode geometry (double-lap joint) considering the same three adhesives and varying overlap lengths (LO). The strength prediction by this technique revealed accurate predictions for a given CZM law shape, depending on the adhesive ductility, although all CZM law shapes were moderately accurate.

Corporate transparency laws

The article examines reporting laws to determine if and how these laws shape corporate conduct and protect human rights. Since 2010 a wave of laws with extraterritorial effects has appeared as home states of multinationals began to mandate social disclosures. However, opinions as to their importance differ and some wonder whether these transparency laws are ‘a hollow victory’. What is the evidence regarding the effectiveness of these laws? If they work, what are the exact pathways for change? The laws selected for analysis cover corporate sustainability, slavery, conflict minerals, revenue transparency, and corporate governance. To assess the impacts and potential of these laws, the article distinguishes between dynamics that are internal and external to the corporation, and between direct and more remote effects. Drawing on the evidence surrounding these transparency laws, their place in the regulatory regime for global value chains as well as the functions this regulatory method fulfils in relation to human rights are discussed.

Wisconsin and the Shaping of American Law

Wisconsin and the Shaping of American Law