Institutions Shape Research Articles

How Global Institutions Matter: Education for All and the Rise of Education as a Humanitarian Response

This article examines how global institutions contribute to educational change by analyzing the role of Education for All (EFA) in the recent rise of a global field dedicated to education in emergencies (EiE). I build on new sociological insights to argue that global institutions like EFA, commonly critiqued as ineffectual or mere vehicles for powerful interests, can nonetheless provide cultural ingredients and work spaces for the construction of new agendas. I draw on documentary evidence to suggest that the EFA framing of education as a human right provided a powerful cultural frame justifying EiE as an area of need, and that EFA work spaces helped consolidate and legitimate key EiE initiatives and activists, especially early on. The article expands our understanding of how global institutions shape educational change and adds to existing analyses of the rise of EiE as a new global field of intervention.

Impossible Stillness

In exploring displays in European and North-American museums with regards to Chinese arts, this article discusses how cultural hierarchies from Western hegemonies structure the concept of global art. Here the main focus is on the Meat-Shaped-Stone, carved in Beijing during the late Qing dynasty, and on its travelling trajectory through the international stage. By considering how Western cultural institutions shape practices and languages of incorporation of the other, this article looks at the appearance and disappearance of objects, in the context of the creation of narratives of virtuous national identities, and imaginaries of political salvation through art.

Towards a vernacular aesthetics of liking for information studies

PurposePersonal museums provide the conceptual catalyst for liking as a research approach and inclusivity around “idiosyncratic” knowledges within information research. An adapted research paper format echoes the approach of personal museums: as a commentary on the limits of institutional shaping for the field.Design/methodology/approachPersonal museums are conceptualized as spaces of knowing in-formation, ontological openings that are literally and figuratively entered into, that make a difference to human and material ways of knowing. Karen Barad's agential realism and Sianne Ngai's vernacular aesthetic categories provide the theoretical lenses through which the researcher's 2018 visit to one personal museum is revisited.FindingsAn ethnographic account of the author's visit to the Communist Consumer Museum (CCM) in Timişoara, Romania shows how its improvisational, friendly and intimate atmosphere exposes it as a space of entanglements in a quantum sense, emphasizing the inseparability of human and material realms and how knowledges are always in-formation. Such entanglements create atmospheres generative of different ways of thinking about information and knowledge.Originality/valueHuman expressions of liking reveal material agencies as ways of knowing and information beyond the realm of human experience and meaning. A vernacular aesthetics of liking is presented as a way to resist the marginalizing tendencies of knowledges classified as unconventional, idiosyncratic or eccentric. This approach is one way of resisting the assumptions of channel thinking that often shape how information is studied.

A Multiplicity of Selves-in-Coalition: A Decolonial Feminist Witnessing Through Autoethnography

Abstract: This article offers a specific methodology: an autoethnography of decolonial feminist witnessing to invite the reader into the world of the praxis of navigating institutional spaces recognizing where these entrances and departures are imperfect, messy, violent, and filled with resistance. The author offers examples of coalitional work through local and transnational experiences that were fostered through survivance in colonial systems. Recognizing how multiple institutions shape people's lives, this article highlights lived exemplars where the author traverses academic and legal institutions. The author reflects on witnessing in the courts as a legal expert witness. The role of narrative and witnessing is central to a decolonial feminist praxis; therefore, the author reflects on a state-wide consortium to end violence, where opportunities to narrate stories were facilitated in a performance. To conclude, the author reflects the self-in-coalition as a response to the material violence of coloniality in institutions.

Review of “Prisons of Debt: The Afterlives of Incarcerated Fathers”

The criminal legal system is an institution that creates, maintains, and exacerbates inequalities between people entangled in the system and those who escape such entanglement. Contact with the criminal legal system, and the surveillance associated with such contact, has increased rapidly over the past 50 years. In response, a now established body of research documents the repercussions of contact with the criminal legal system for individual and family well-being. In Prisons of Debt: The Afterlives of Incarcerated Fathers, Lynne Haney provides the first large-scale and rigorous accounting of the mutually reinforcing linkages between the criminal legal system and the child support system. This book is a thoughtful and careful accounting of how these two institutions influence one another to create compounding disadvantages for the vulnerable men who become entangled in these systems. Furthermore, by illuminating how individuals enduring involvement with the criminal legal system and the child support system engage in narratives of fatherhood, this book is also about how these two institutions shape family life.

Election type and the logic of pre-election violence: Evidence from Zimbabwe

Election violence is often conceptualized as a form of coercive campaigning, but the literature has not fully explored how electoral institutions shape incentives for competition and violence. We argue that the logic of subnational electoral competition – and with it incentives for violence – differs in presidential and legislative elections. In presidential elections, national-level considerations dominate incentives for violence. Presidential elections are usually decided by winning a majority of votes in a single, national district, incentivizing parties to demobilize voters with violence in strongholds. In contrast, election violence is subject to district-level incentives in legislative elections. District-level incentives imply that parties focus on winning the majority of districts, and therefore center violent campaigning on the most competitive districts. We test our argument with georeferenced, constituency-level data from Zimbabwe, a case that fits our scope conditions of holding competitive elections, violence by the incumbent, and majoritarian electoral rule. We find that most violence takes place in strongholds in presidential elections, especially in opposition strongholds. In contrast, competitive constituencies are targeted in legislative contests.

Implementation of Islamic Higher Education Development Management in Indonesia

Since the inauguration of Islamic Higher Education (STI) in Jakarta in July 1945, before Indonesia gained independence, the growth of Islamic tertiary institutions has been ongoing in Indonesia. Since then, Islamic tertiary institutions have started to flourish and change. After STI’s creation, it became UII (Indonesian Islamic University). Following advancements at the UII faculty of religion, PTAIN (State Islamic Religious College), IAIN, and STAIN were nationalized. Additionally, private Islamic higher education took the shape of universities, institutions, or high schools. The three primary pillars of the new higher education paradigm are as follows: First, increased independence (greater autonomy) in management or autonomy. Second, increased responsibility or accountability, not just in terms of financial resources more responsibly, as well as in scientific research, educational materials, and on-going initiatives. Third, improved quality assurance through continuous internal assessments and National Accreditation Board external assessments (BAN).

Judiciary institutions and violent crime in American Indian nations

AbstractIn many American Indian nations the security situation is dire. While scholars have studied how institutions shape economic development in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) nations, the role of AIAN institutions for security and violent crime has received much less attention—despite the extensive literature highlighting the important role of effective and legitimate institutions in the long‐term decline of violence. We analyze how varying types of American Indian polities and judiciary institutions fare in tackling violent crime using data across 146 American Indian polities. Our findings indicate that more autonomous American Indian criminal justice institutions with specialized court systems are associated with lower violent crime. However, customary justice institutions do not appear to be effective in reducing violent crime, highlighting the problem of cultural mismatch between traditional and formal justice systems. We argue that analyzing AIAN nations provides important insights into how institutional legitimacy can shape violent crime.

Comparing regulatory processes in genome editing and autonomous vehicles: How institutional environments shape sociotechnical imaginaries

AbstractThis study compares the regulation of two emerging technologies, the CRISPR genome‐editing system and Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) in the United States. The study draws on 33 in‐depth interviews with innovation and governance experts to study the relationship between their regulatory environments and developing beliefs about these technologies. Using sociotechnical imaginaries as a framework, we explore how social actors envision technologically driven futures and the social order that enables them. These imaginaries are essential to emerging technologies, where experts build a framework of potentialities for innovation still underway. While scholarship has documented how sociotechnical imaginaries arise among policymakers, groups of scientists, state and local stakeholders, and public actors in different countries, less has been said about how regulatory organizations and their actors shape expectations around technologies that are in the early and middle stages of development. This article finds that regulatory institutions shape emerging imaginaries along three related axes: the distribution of authority, technological novelty, and risk. Interviewees negotiate these three contingencies differently based on relevant extant regulatory structures and ideologies, resulting in distinct imaginaries around each technology. CRISPR actors envision genome editing as largely diminishing biomedical harm and eventually suitable for health markets, while CAV actors diverge on whether self‐driving cars alleviate or exacerbate risk and how they may enter roads. That organizational structures and practices of regulation inform broadly held sociotechnical imaginaries bears significance for studies of innovation trajectories, suggesting regulators can take an active role in shaping how risks and benefits of emerging technology are defined.

Indigenous entrepreneurship? Setting the record straight

We provide an historical essay synthesising the macro societal processes that affected Indigenous peoples’ entrepreneurial and trade activities in Canada from pre-contact to 1920. Adopting Indigenous entrepreneurship and institutional theory lenses, we find that the evolution of legal, political, and socio-economic forces converged to undermine Indigenous peoples’ entrepreneurial activity and well-being in Canada. Our narrative suggests a dynamic view of the relationship between entrepreneurship and institutions and the role of power. Whereas Baumol’s view is that institutions shape entrepreneurship by determining the relative payoffs to productive or unproductive entrepreneurship, our narrative shows the ways in which unequal benefits to various entrepreneurs change institutions over time. This advances the field of entrepreneurship by historically situating entrepreneurial processes in settler society and exposing the role of power in the relationship between entrepreneurship and institutions in society over time.

From Undermining to Strengthening:

Abstract Among the most pressing issues that remain unresolved in the process of negotiating a new international legally binding instrument (ILBI) on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) are the institutional arrangements, as they underpin the treaty as a whole. This article seeks to shed new light on the question of what institutional shape the ILBI should take, by closely analysing the pluralistic governance model that is reflected in the BBNJ Draft text and exploring its potential normative and institutional interactions with the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention), under which a vast network of marine protected areas (MPAs) has been put in place. The BBNJ ILBI has great potential to strengthen regional bodies in their endeavours to establish MPAs as opposed to ‘undermine’ them.

Not by intuitions alone: Institutions shape our ownership behaviour.

Every day, people make decisions about who owns what. What cognitive processes produce this? The target article emphasises the role of biologically evolved intuitions about competition and cooperation. We elaborate the role of cultural evolutionary processes for solving coordination problems. A model based fully on biological evolution misses important insights for explaining the arbitrariness and historical contingency in ownership beliefs.

Characteristics of national enculturation and awareness of national symbols among young people in Hungary

The civic values of a 21st century man, the acquisition of the traditions and symbols of his own national culture are changing. The sustainability of the process of national enculturation and the significant impact exerted by the media pose serious challenges for the leaders of states, the creators of school systems and methodologies, as well as the representatives of arts. One of the most effective and dominant actors in enculturation can be the state, which maintains the institutions shaping their methodology, gives direction for and often specifies the content through funding, and provides public law definitions of the symbols that can be decisive for citizens in this process of enculturation. The younger generation’s openness for cultural traditions and their historical memory are of particular interest here. The concept of enculturation was introduced by M. J. Herskovits (1962). Enculturation is a most comprehensive learning process. This means the acquisition of basic skills which are indispensable for all human beings. These skills are gained through the help provided by the institutions and forms of activity established by the society and through education. To continue this idea, these skills are indispensable in the Hungarian society, where they are gained through the help of the institutions and forms of activity established by the society, such as language, religion, technology, art, and sport, and through education. Education is the most important means of reproducing the culture of a society in the individual and passing it on to each generation. My study was designed to briefly represent the results of a micro-survey, which paved the way for a collection of nation-wide data. I collected the presented research data during a small sample survey to prepare a questionnaire (pending) to gain a deeper understanding of the national memory of university students. The form of the study is a research paper. It reflects a state at a given point of the research, commenting on the relevant findings of literature, and raising new dilemmas in a changing youth scenario, which I would like to analyse in their deeper patterns later.

Strategi Membangun Kepercayaan terhadap Lembaga Kepolisian melalui Pendekatan Sosio Institusional Komperatif

The police need the public's trust to do their job well. Recognizing this, police organizations across Europe are applying a variety of methods to gain trust or trust-building strategies. In its implementation, trust in the police and the legitimacy of the police pay less attention to what the police do to increase trust. In this regard the author will outline an approach to understanding strategies for building police trust in their social and institutional contexts by applying a comparative and dynamic perspective. Illustrating the value of a socio-institutional approach to trust-building strategies, each of these phases is discussed in the context of a comparative and dynamic study of police trust building strategies in England and Wales, Denmark, and the Netherlands. It is said that a more sophisticated understanding of building trust in its social and institutional context not only tells us something about the police, but also helps us understand how state institutions shape and maintain their position in the complex environment of our changing society.

Requirements for the application of total quality in the university educational system in light of the information and technological revolution

Purpose: This study aims to identify the requirements for the application of total quality in the university educational system in light of the information and technological revolution. Methods: The qualitative analytical descriptive approach was used, the limitations of which are restricted to higher education institutions. Results: The study concluded the need for a feasible and effective educational system, centered on the student through his interaction and active participation, in which computer technologies and information and communication technology represented in local networks and the global Internet play a promising role based on the concept and philosophy of total quality in education. Conclusions: It is concluded that the nature of modern business requires educational and academic institutions to prepare students with a different set of skills other than those adopted by the old education system. The shape of educational institutions will be very different from what it is now, and the shape of the classroom will differ so that there will be a computer for each student, and departments in faculties will be able to communicate with different libraries to get what they want from references, scientific materials or educational software, and the shape of the course will differ from the usual It is likely that it will be replaced by a floppy or optical disk, and there will be a new type of teacher and students.

Main Act or Side Show? Model Agreements by International Institutions and Their Reuse in Investment Treaty Texts

ABSTRACT Scholars and negotiators often assert that model treaty texts published by international institutions (IIs) shape investment treaty design. This paper empirically investigates the reuse of international institutions’ treaty templates. It tracks the imprint of six international institution templates on the text of negotiated international investment agreements (IIAs) using the Electronic Database of Investment Treaties. We find that the overall impact of international institution models has been low. No international investment agreement in our dataset was copied from an international institution’s model wholesale. On average, annual similarity between model texts and negotiated investment treaties is lower than 40% and significantly lower than the influence of international institutions’ models in the structurally similar international tax treaty regime. However, we do find evidence of an impact of international institutions' language on specific salient clauses. For example, the text of key investment protection clauses in the 1967 Draft Convention of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development was reproduced in hundreds of international investment agreements and novel clauses on investor responsibility first introduced in the 2006 International Institute for Sustainable Development model have subsequently been copied verbatim into negotiated international investment agreements. Our work concludes by discussing explanations for the comparatively low imprint of international institutions, notes other pathways for these institutions to influence treaty design, and sketches out an agenda for future research.

Analyzing the impacts of informal institutional factors affecting gender inequality: Evidence from 43 countries

Gender inequality is a socio-culturally constructed concept that people often take for granted. Since informal institutions, built on culture and traditions, significantly contribute to gender bias, examining the institutional factors that play into this effect may help determine the underlying causes of gender inequality. This study adopted seven gender-related perceptions from the World Value Survey (WVS) Wave 7 to test the different effects of informal institutions in 43 countries, utilizing disaggregate regression analyses to reduce the heterogeneity of the data. Socio-economic factors, including gender, education level, and income level, were added in the sub-analyses to identify the additional impacts of informal institutions. All seven factors in the main analysis and 53 out of 56 factors in the sub-analyses affected gender inequality at various levels of significance. Interestingly, more women than men were supportive of gender-biased perceptions in the sub-analyses. The results demonstrate how informal institutions shape and influence people’s thoughts and views around them regardless of gender or socio-economic level. Therefore, taking deliberate measures to change people’s attitudes toward gender issues is critical. Based on the results, a series of policy recommendations is suggested: introducing citizen participation to enhance transparency and fight corruption, conducting gender inequality-related campaigns using various media platforms, increasing cooperation with international organizations and agencies to set up proper gender-related mechanisms, and ensuring equal access to resources and opportunities.

Institutional Analyses of Refugee Protection

Abstract This article uses empirical institutional studies to illustrate the ways in which institutional analyses help scholars to understand key features of refugee protection, such as discretion, interpretation, compliance, and advocacy. The ideals of international law must be implemented in practice by people on the ground, and those people are embedded in institutions. Sometimes these institutions are elements of a powerful administrative state and sometimes they take the form of international organizations, which are themselves massive bureaucracies. Institutions shape and constrain the choices of decision-makers, they incentivize certain behaviours and discourage others, and when institutions interact with one another and pursue their agenda, they can create conflict. Institutional analyses help us to understand how law works, not just ‘on the books’, but in action, because they involve an examination of both the formal rules and the informal agency culture that helps shape outcomes.

Institutions and the politics of agency in COVID-19 response: Federalism, executive power, and public health policy in Brazil, India, and the U.S.

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 was one of the rare events that shocked almost every world government simultaneously, thus creating an unusual opportunity to understand how political institutions shape policy decisions. There have been many analyses of what governments did. We focus instead on what they could do, focusing on the institutional politics of agency – how institutions empower rather than how they constrain, and how they affect public policy decisions. We examine public health measures in the first wave (March-September 2020) in Brazil, India, and the U.S. to understand how the interplay of institutions in a complex federal context shaped COVID-19 policy-responses. We find similar patterns of concentrated federal executive agency with limited constraints. In each case, when federal leadership failed public health policy responses, federated, subnational states were left to compensate for these inefficiencies without necessary resources.

Settler colonialism within the settler state: remaking the past through the built environment in Casablanca*

ABSTRACT This paper frames Morocco as a settler state in order to map how the structural logic of settler colonialism persists through the transformation of the built environment in contemporary Casablanca. Rather than focus on commonly-referenced settler states, such as Israel or America, this paper analyzes Morocco, where formal decolonization occurred through the end of the French Protectorate 1956, but there has been an ongoing settler colonial project in Western Sahara since 1975. The logic of elimination of Indigenous populations and territorial expansion of the settler polity endure through urban planning, documentation of the built environment, and architectural preservation. I argue that the structural logic of settler colonialism was produced by the convergence of French military strategy of domination during the Protectorate era was adapted through forms of knowledge and institutions shaping urban space through architectural preservation in contemporary Casablanca. I map the production of knowledge by French academics, then show how this knowledge shaped the preservation agenda that reproduced the structural logic of settler colonialism. The entanglement of institutions, forms of knowledge, and the applications of that knowledge by preservationists highlights how the structural logic of settler colonialism adapts to the changing conditions for settler colonial theory.