Shape Of Letter Research Articles

Differentiation of External Morphology of Zetomimidae (Acari: Oribatida) in Light of the Ontogeny of Two Species

The morphology of juvenile stages and ontogeny of Heterozetes palustris (Willmann, 1917) and Zetomimus furcatus (Pearce & Warburton, 1906) are redescribed and illustrated. The juveniles of the former species have most prodorsal and gastronotal setae long, and smooth integument with microtuberculate cerotegument, while those of the latter species have most prodorsal and gastronotal setae short, with three pairs of longer and thicker setae in the posterior part of gastronotum, tuberculate integument, and two darker stripes, transverse and longitudinal, in the shape of letter T, with microtuberculate cerotegument. Most of nymphs of Z. furcatus bear one scalp, and rarely 2–3 scalps of previous instars that adhere to the gastronotum, which is observed here for the first time. The adults of both species have several morphological characters of Ceratozetoidea, while their juveniles lack a humeral organ and distinct sclerites, which occur in most Ceratozetoidea.

Numerical Simulation of Effect on Billet Casting Q235 under Inner-Out Cooler

There is a new idea on the billet casting Q235 with size of 165mm×165 mm,It involves a couple technology to cool molten steel both from inside and outside, namely: to emplace an inner cooler -a pipe with the shape of letter U in the mould. It aims to increase the thermal conductivity and improve the inner structure of the billet. With the help of Fluent -a kind of CFD business soft ware, a numerical simulation is undertaken to testify the condition of the molten steel in the inner-outer cooling mould coupled by flow field and temperature field.

The Use of Partial Discharges as an Online Monitoring System for Underground Cable Joints

With their vast amount of joints, underground cable systems are expensive to maintain; therefore, measurement equipment must be cost-effective. This study proposes the long-term placement of partial-discharge (PD) monitoring units at cable joints. The unit consists of a peak detect circuit and a digital signal processor for acquiring and converting the sensors' PD signals into discharge sequence data, whose data are then provided to a remote computer for analysis and display of the condition of the cable joint. Finally, a cable joint with artificial defects was tested by accelerated aging tests to verify the performance of the equipment. Two characteristics, namely, the average discharge quantity (Qave) and the discharge phase region, are proposed and plotted against each other to render an evolution locus, which reveals a shape of an upside-down letter N. The locus allows a judgment to be made on the state of the insulation in the cable joint. These results further justify work to further develop the method as an online cable monitoring system.

Wasteless Splitting of Metal Round Bars Basing on Cross-Wedge Rolling Process

This paper presents research works on a new method of wasteless splitting of metal round bars. This method is connected with rolling on the bar circumference of a groove in the shape of letter V, and, later, on repeated rotary bending of the bar separate part, leading to the metal cracking. Special tools sets, in which a flat-wedged rolling mill LUW-2 used at the Lublin University of Technology was equipped with, were applied in the splitting process. A typical set includes: mounting, cutting knife and bending pad. Laboratory tests confirmed the effectiveness of the worked out splitting method. This process was also analyzed theoretically, basing on finite element method (FEM). In calculations, the influence of process basic parameters on the cracking process was analyzed: knife forming angle, rolled groove depth, bending angle and length of the cut bar part. The possibility of brittle fracture (on the basis of Saint-Venant hypothesis) and ductile fracture (on the basis of Cockroft-Latham) presence was analyzed.

Modeling of Scaphocephaly Using Superelastic Titanium-Nickel Rings: A Preliminary Report

As long as resection of sagittal suture eliminates craniostenosis it leads to desired cranium broadening and shortening solely in the case of children under six months of age. In the majority of cases, especially in older children, boat-shaped cranium remains rather unchanged and its effective modeling requires extensive dissection and osteotomy of the whole cranium vault (e.g., frontal, occipital and parietal bones). Lauritzen's method is an alternative solution. It consists of distraction of cranium vault bones with the aid of steel springs. In order to simplify and improve the efficacy of treatment since 2002, the authors originated the application of titanium-nickel rings to model the cranium. After the sparing excision of cranium vault sutures in the shape of letter "H" the compressed ring is given in the sagittal axis oval shape and in this form it is fixed to osseous margins. The ring's expansion at the same time broadens and shortens the cranium vault. Material was analyzed from 7 children (range, 9 months to 4 years of age), who were treated in the years 2002-2006 because of sagittal craniostenosis. Observations made so far and good treatment results indicate purposefulness of discussed treatment continuation.

Vibronic transitions in the vicinity of the dynamical instability of the final state

Optical spectra of some centres in crystals display unusual shapes resembling an anisotropic lambda letter. We have found that this kind of spectra can be observed in case the final electronic state has soft vibrational dynamics. To describe these spectra we have proposed a method which allows one to consider an arbitrary quadratic vibronic coupling with phonons. The numerical calculations have been done in the case when the optical transition takes place in the vicinity of a nearly stable or an unstable state. We have found that in this case a strong enhancement of the low-energy phonon sideband appears. As a result, the spectrum (or its envelope) has indeed the shape of an asymmetrical lambda letter. It may also reveal the Airy-type oscillations characteristic of a nearly free motion in the final state.

The fine structures of Cystocaulus ocreatus (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) and the related lung pathology

Abstract In the present study, the fine surface structures of Cystocaulus ocreatus and its worm as well as brood nodules obtained from the lung of Akkaraman sheep are demonstrated by scanning electron and light microscopy. The mouth of the parasite obtained from the worm nodules is located at the anterior tip and encircled by a collar of tissue. The mouth opening appears as three slits conjoined in the shape of a capital case letter Y, creating three lips. The mouth is surrounded by six papillae just behind the collar. The anterior end was similar in both sexes and covered by numerous wrinkles. Female parasite has a bell-shaped pro-vagina. The posterior end of the female parasite was sharply pointed. The male parasite has a bursa. In the worm nodule, curled parasites were enclosed by a capsula and no eggs and larvae of the parasite were observed. In the brood nodule, heavily affected alveoli and bronchioles contained excessive amounts of larvae and eggs.

Optical spectra of systems with nearly unstable excited states: modulated lambda-shaped spectra

Absorption spectra of faded small molecules in superfluid droplets of 4He display an oscillating structure of the zero-phonon lines. To understand the origin of these oscillations, we have examined the theory of optical spectra of impurity centres in condensed matter. The attention was paid to the case of the optical transition taking place in the vicinity of a nearly stable or an unstable state. In this case the ratio of the mean vibration frequencies in the final and initial states is small. We have found that in this case a strong enhancement of the low-energy phonon sideband appears. As a result, the spectrum (or its envelope) has the shape of an asymmetrical lambda letter. It may also reveal Airy-type oscillations, characteristic of a nearly free motion in the final state. Such oscillations have been observed in the hot luminescence of self-trapped excitons in Xe crystals. In our opinion, of an analogous origin is the oscillating structure of the zero-phonon lines in superfluid droplets of 4He.

Structure of the ESCRT-II endosomal trafficking complex.

The multivesicular-body (MVB) pathway delivers transmembrane proteins and lipids to the lumen of the endosome. The multivesicular-body sorting pathway has crucial roles in growth-factor-receptor downregulation, developmental signalling, regulation of the immune response and the budding of certain enveloped viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus. Ubiquitination is a signal for sorting into the MVB pathway, which also requires the functions of three protein complexes, termed ESCRT-I, -II and -III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport). Here we report the crystal structure of the core of the yeast ESCRT-II complex, which contains one molecule of the Vps protein Vps22, the carboxy-terminal domain of Vps36 and two molecules of Vps25, and has the shape of a capital letter 'Y'. The amino-terminal coiled coil of Vps22 and the flexible linker leading to the ubiquitin-binding NZF domain of Vps36 both protrude from the tip of one branch of the 'Y'. Vps22 and Vps36 form nearly equivalent interactions with the two Vps25 molecules at the centre of the 'Y'. The structure suggests how ubiquitinated cargo could be passed between ESCRT components of the MVB pathway through the sequential transfer of ubiquitinated cargo from one complex to the next.

Formative evaluation of handwriting quality.

A test developed for formative evaluation of handwriting quality is described and validated. The test is based on a domain of content for the handwriting skill defined in terms of the deviation of the writing in a handwriting specimen from the handwriting standard. A corresponding domain of elementary test items is defined in terms of the means and the variances of the deviations from the handwriting standard in shape, size, and position of each individual letter. The elementary items are scored on a dichotomous scale and cumulated into scores for letter items and a domain-referenced final score that can be interpreted as the fraction of the domain of content of the construct of handwriting quality that is mastered. Validation of the test was based on handwriting specimens from a school class of 23 children, tested in a longitudinal design from Grades 1 through 5. Coefficients of concurrent validity for final scores equal to .91, .86, .88, and .86 were obtained for Grades 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively, using traits of the handwriting scored on an ordinal norm-referenced scale as criteria. Coefficients of intertest, intertask, intrascorer, and interscorer reliability for final scores equal to .87, .86, .94, and .80 were found, respectively, for the handwriting specimens from Grade 2. A survey of previously published handwriting quality tests indicates that most of them are not well suited for formative purposes although most of them were adequate for summative purposes.

Threshold levels of urinary cadmium in relation to increases in urinary β 2-microglobulin among general Japanese populations

Through literature survey, paired data on cadmium (Cd) and β 2-microglobulin (β 2-MG) levels (as corrected for creatinine concentration) in urine (i.e., Cd-Ucr and β 2-MG-Ucr) among Japanese populations were available for 32 groups of men and 58 groups of women in 12 publications. Plotting of the Cd-Ucr and β 2-MG-Ucr data for the groups of women showed that β 2-MG-Ucr stayed unchanged when Cd-Ucr was at lower levels, whereas β 2-MG-Ucr increased sharply when Cd-Ucr was in excess of 10–20 μg/g cr. Regression analysis was made for groups of women with no elevation in β 2-MG-Ucr, and those with >400 or >1000 μg β 2-MG-U/g cr. A threshold Cd-Ucr level in relation to an increase in β 2-MG-Ucr was estimated as Cd-Ucr at the point of intercept of the two regression lines, one with no β 2-MG-Ucr elevation, and the other with >400 or >1000 μg β 2-MG-U/g cr. Cd-Ucr at the point of flexion thus calculated was 11–12 μg/g cr. Such observation was quantitatively reproduced by the analysis of data for men, giving 10–11 μg Cd-U/g cr at the point of flexion. This study suggests that the relationship of β 2-MG-Ucr with Cd-Ucr is not linear but in the shape of letter ‘J’, i.e., β 2-MG-Ucr increases sharply when Cd-Ucr is in excess of 10–12 μg/g cr.

A Gordon Conference Survival Guide

I have the utmost respect for T. S. Eliot, but it seems to me that June, not April, is the cruelest month. With June comes the Gordon Research Conference season, and with it, danger for thousands of unsuspecting scientists. Without proper guidance, a Gordon Conference can wreak havoc with even the most well-conditioned scientist. You will hear about great science, but it is possible to return from one of these conferences weighing 10 pounds more than when you left for it, with a hangover that will last until fall, mosquito bites on parts of your body that you wouldn't think a mosquito could get to, and your spine bent into the shape of a Greek letter. You can suffer heat that would keep a Bedouin in his tent, humidity that rivals that of a Turkish bath, and rain that would induce Noah to start gathering cubits of something. If you are unprepared, your first Gordon Conference could well be your last. But fear not. As a veteran Conference goer, I offer a few tips to help you come through. 1. Don't eat the Brownie Supreme. Gordon Conferences have a special dessert called the Brownie Supreme. Decorum prevents me from describing it in detail, but suffice it to say that if they let this dessert out, ours would no longer be a hungry planet. 2. Don't eat three full meals a day. These conferences have food, and lots of it, so pace yourself. You're going to be there a whole week, and if you don't exercise some restraint, you'll need one of those wide first-class airline seats when you head for home. 3. Expect anything, weather-wise. Pack for days of extreme heat and nights of surprising cold. Pack for rain, hail, snow, sleet—weather of biblical proportions. This is New England. 4. Ask for a large, flat board. Your mattress will appear flat, but when you lie down on it you will suddenly discover the truth of Einstein's assertion that massive objects curve the space around them. Don't spend even a single night on it. Ask for a board to put under your mattress the moment you arrive. 5. Don't try to recapture the glories of your lost athletic youth. Don't play basketball or volleyball in the afternoons; you'll pull something that's best left unpulled. Don't go canoeing. Rent the video of Titanic and you'll understand why. Don't climb one of the mountains without oxygen and a team of Sherpas. Spend the afternoons hiding in the lecture hall; it's usually air-conditioned, and it's the last place they'll look for you. 6. Just because you're living like a graduate student for a week doesn't mean you can still drink like one. I remember one late night at a Gordon Conference bar when one of the conferees came up to me and said, “I know you, you're, uh, you're…” “Greg Petsko,” I replied helpfully. He looked at me with rheumy eyes. “No,” he said, “that's not it.” Unless you want to end up like him, go easy on the binges. 7. Beware the Lobster of Doom. Every year, someone tries lobster for the first time. A significant number of these experimentalists end up sick. If you must try it, do it at the Gastrointestinal Disorders Gordon Conference, not at the Protein Crystallography Gordon Conference. Or better yet, wait and do it at home near a major medical center. 8. Watch out for low-flying insects. New England has mosquitoes, B1-bomber-sized mosquitoes, so you'll need insect repellant—a lot of insect repellant. Ideally, I'd suggest you bathe in the stuff, except that there's no place to take baths at a Gordon Conference, which brings us to one last bit of advice. 9. Shower at off hours. These are dormitory showers. Remember dormitory showers? They have two temperatures, “God, it's hot!” and “God, it's cold!!” If you try to use them at the same time as your fellow conferees, you will rediscover Petsko's third law of hydrodynamics, which states that the shower you are using is always the farthest from the water source. This covers most of the major hazards. Follow this guide and you stand a good chance of making it back. Not unscathed—we're talking about a Gordon Conference, after all—but relatively OK.

A New Calculation Method of Radiation Impedance for Vibrating Surfaces with an Arbitrary Shape

We have investigated a calculation method of obtaining self- and mutual-radiation impedance for a square vibrating surface by computing the mutual radiation effects between each of the elements, in which the square vibrating surface was considered to be an aggregation of infinitesimal square vibrating elements. In this study, by extending this method, we derived a useful equation to calculate the self-radiation impedance for a vibrating surface with an arbitrary shape that can be represented by a set of subsquares. An algorithm to determine the number of identical results is derived and used to reduce the computation time. The validity of the equation for the arbitrary shape is verified by applying it to a square surface consisting of four subsquares, and the result agrees with that of the single large square surface. As examples of arbitrary shapes, the self-radiation impedance for vibrating surfaces with the shape of letter “L” and of a spiral are obtained.

Deficits in visual feature binding under isoluminant conditions.

The contribution of the magnocellular stream to visual feature binding was examined psychophysically through the use of isoluminant stimuli. Subjects were presented with three briefly flashed colored letters arranged in an array and asked to identify the shape and color of the center letter. The rate of illusory conjunctions was much higher when the letters were isoluminant with a gray background, compared to when the letters were either brighter or dimmer. Over 90% of conjunction errors involved pairing the wrong shape with the correct color, rather than vice versa. Directing attention to the target location with a nonisoluminant cue did not reduce illusory conjunctions. High rates of binding errors under isoluminance are interpreted here in terms of abnormalities in visual form processing rather than an attentional effect. In another experiment designed to examine the role of synchrony in feature binding, the rate of illusory conjunctions was highest when flanking letters were presented before the central target letter and not synchronously.

Dividing attention between the color and the shape of objects.

In many dual-task experiments, the priority observers give to each task is experimentally varied. Most experiments using this methodology have studied the effect of dividing attention between spatially distinct objects. We examined performance when attention had to be divided between stimulus attributes other than spatial location. In the first experiment, observers identified the color and the shape of a single letter. Accuracy was the same for single- and dual-task conditions, and a trial-by-trial analysis revealed a strong positive correlation in the correct identification of the color and the shape. In the second experiment, color and shape judgments were separated in space, with opposite results: Dual-task performance was worse than single-task performance, and the trial-by-trial analysis indicated a strong negative correlation between tasks. The results indicated that often only one dimension was processed within a trial. The results support object and space models of attention.

Visual perception of motor anticipation in cursive handwriting: influence of spatial and movement information on the prediction of forthcoming letters.

The execution of a graphemic sequence is constrained by spatial demands that result in fluctuations of letter shape and movement time. When producing two letters (ll, le, or ln) the movement time and the letter shape of the first letter depend on the execution constraints of the second one. The motor system thus anticipates the production of the forthcoming graphemic sequence during the production of the first letter. An experiment is reported the aim of which was to examine whether the visual system could exploit this anticipatory information to predict the identity of the letter following the l. Different ls belonging to ll, le, and ln were presented on a screen. Subjects had to predict to which couple of letters (ll, le, or ln) the presented l belonged to, by using information on the shape of the l and/or the movement that produced it. Results showed that the percentages of correct responses were higher in the conditions where the stimulus provided kinematic information than in the condition in which only spatial information was available. The ability to predict the forthcoming letter seems to be mediated by implicit knowledge on motor anticipation rules.

Buckling microtubules in vesicles.

We study microtubules in vesicles using micropipet aspiration. A single microtubule in a vesicle buckles as aspiration increases the tension in the membrane, yielding a measure of the persistence length, 6.3 mm. A linear bundle of microtubules deforms the membrane into the shape of the Greek letter $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. Under tension, this shape undergoes an abrupt and irreversible transition to a sphere and the microtubules are reorganized into a peripheral ring.

Statistical characteristics of polarization of pulse signals in vertical probing of the ionosphere

In the model of equatorial bubbles (2)-(6), the effects of plasma diamagnetism are taken into account. The results of numerical experiments show that the gradient plasma drift and related diamagnetic currents have no marked effect on the dynamics and structure of RayleighTaylor inhomogeneities greatly extended along the field lines, for both the linear and nonlinear stages of development. The action of the gradient drift is manifested only in the formation of the structure of the current cells. For the boundary conditions (7) and (8), eliminating the local frequency of solutions of system (2)-(6), the diamagnetic current in the region of integration forms a structure in the shape of Greek letter g. This current flows into the region occupied by the inhomogeneity in the west, flows around it in a clockwise direction, and flows out in the east. Disregarding the diamagnetism, the current lines are practically parallel to the y-axis.

Derrida and Dante: Differance and the Eagle in the Sphere of Jupiter

In Cantos XVIII through XX of the Paradiso, Dante draws an unusual image in the Heaven of Jupiter. The living lights in this sphere first mark out or trace (segnare) for Dante's eyes the shape of the individual letters, one by one and in succession, of the opening phrase of the Book of Wisdom, DILIGITE JUSTITIAM, QUI JUDICATIS TERRAM. The shape of the last letter, "M," is held while other souls (altre luci) descend on it to form a lily. Then, "piui di mille / luci" (Par. XVIII, 11. 103-4)1 from the "M" form the head and neck of an eagle, with the souls who form the lily completing the design (la 'mprenta). The distinctiveness of this image is not due to its being an eagle: other eagle images have appeared in the Paradiso and throughout the Commedia.2 Its unusualness lies rather in its formation, transformation, and representational function at this particular moment in the Paradiso. Dante himself clearly intends the eagle as the symbol of Divine Justice,3 and most commentators speak from this vantage.4 However, John Freccero uses different tactics in his introduction to Ciardi's translation of the Paradiso. For Freccero this third cantica should be studied as poetry, since "few of us still believe in a paradise in any form, much less in the possibility of reaching it in this life."5