Shape Of Foundation Research Articles

Moral Foundations, Intuitions of Justice, and the Intricacies of Punitive Sentiment

Research on punitive attitudes has, so far, focused largely on people's retributive attitudes toward offenders. However, a large theoretical body of research indicates that concerns about different types of offenses and victims may be just as important in structuring punitive attitudes. Particularly, Moral Foundations Theory suggests that distinct punitive attitudes may be based in intuitive moral concerns (“moral foundations”) about offenses that victimize individuals, groups, and the “divine,” referring to bodily purity or sanctity. In this study, I develop measures of what I term “victim-centered punitiveness,” and use data from a nationwide survey of adult Americans (N = 915) to compare the sources of offender- and victim-centered punitiveness. As expected, different moral foundations shape offender- and victim-centered punitiveness in different ways, suggesting that they have distinct intuitive, moral bases. Other factors, including racial resentment, also have distinct effects on each type of punitiveness.

Experimental Study for the Optimization of Foundation Shapes on Soft Soil

Geotechnical engineers are faced with challenges in selecting safe and economic solutions for the foundations of light structures resting on deep layers of soft clay. Changing the bottom of foundation shape into shell-shaped footings is a solution to avoid using deep foundations or other costly soil improvement schemes. This paper introduces different foundation bottom shapes that resemble the footing stress distribution over the underlying soft soils in an effort to minimize its effect. Elliptical, trapezoidal and inverted folded footings have been used as an alternative to the conventional flat shallow footings. The purpose of the current study is to present the optimal shape of the foundations, which achieves soil stress reduction, settlements, and consequently lower footing thickness and reinforcements.

Engineering Analysis of Foundation Slab Settlement and Deformation for a High-Rise Building on a Nonuniform Rock Bed

The development of a Gersevanov Institute procedure is given for analyzing bed settlement under a slab foundation, with consideration of the foundation shape, uneven load, and bed nonuniformity. In the proposed procedure alternative, which has been adapted for the analysis of foundation slabs on a nonuniform rock bed, the load distribution under the slab bottom is taken from the results of a finite-element analysis of a building structure on a base assumed to be absolutely inelastic. Implementation of the analytical procedure is shown using the example of calculating the settlement and deformation of a high-rise building slab, for which a "weakened" area was identified in the bed during surveys. Stochastic simulation of additional "columns" of geological engineering boreholes is carried out to estimate the impact of insufficiently complete information on the properties of the rock mass. The impact of bed nonuniformity on the results of analyzing settlement, slab tilt, and forces within the slab are analyzed.

Performance of isolated and folded footings

Abstract Folded foundations have been used as an alternative to the conventional flat shallow foundations, in situations involving heavy loads or weak soils. They can be geometrically shaped in many forms especially for isolated footings. The purpose of this paper is introducing an alternative foundation shape that reduces the cost of foundations by reducing the amount of reinforcing steel by minimizing or even eliminating the tension zones in the folded isolated footings. Also, achieving lower soil stresses through changing the isolated footing shape will consequently reduce the expected settlements and the footing stresses. Experimental and numerical studies are performed on five (5) quarter scale footings of which one (1) footing of flat shape is tested as a reference sample and four (4) footings are of folded shape by folding angles of 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40° with the horizontal. Results showed that the folded isolated footings achieve economic design by decreasing the quantities of reinforcement. It also induced less soil settlements, and stresses. In addition, the tensile stresses in the reinforced concrete footing body are also less in folded isolated footings than the flat one. Results show that the folded isolated footing have a better load carrying capacity when compared with the conventional slab/flat footing of similar cross sectional area for both cases of experimental and numerical analysis. Highlights The purpose of this paper is achieving lower soil stresses through changing the isolated footing shape will consequently reduce the expected settlements and the footing stresses resulting from differential settlements. Experimental and numerical studies are perform using five (5) quarter scale footings of which one (1) footing of flat shape as a reference sample and four (4) footings are of folded shape by a folding angles of 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees with the horizontal. The most effective and preferable value of the folding angle (?), is equal to 30 degrees. Good agreement is reached between the experimental and numerical results. Results showed that the maximum tensile stresses in steel bars decreased by about 48% for folded isolated footing case when compared with conventional flat ones

Three-dimensional accuracy with two-dimensional computation speed: using the Kiva™ numerical framework to improve foundation heat transfer calculations

Calculation of heat transfer from building foundations is a computationally intensive three-dimensional problem that can require several weeks to solve using current computing hardware. The Kiva numerical framework was developed to compare foundation heat transfer calculation methods and determine approaches that reduce computation time without sacrificing a balance of capability, ease-of-use, and accuracy. This paper demonstrates the application of the Kiva framework to determine an accurate method of approximating three-dimensional heat transfer effects using two-dimensional coordinate systems. In two-dimensions, problems that would otherwise take days or weeks to solve can be solved in less than a minute. Three existing two-dimensional approximation methods along with a new boundary layer adjustment method are tested across a range of foundation types, shapes, and insulation configurations. The boundary layer adjustment method is shown to provide results within 3% mean absolute deviation from the three-dimensional solution.

Dynamic Interaction Between Rigid Surface Foundations on Multi-Layered Half Space

A numerical approach is presented to calculate the dynamic response of a group of rigid surface foundations. The formulation is unconditionally stable and has the computational simplicity with only the algebraic calculations involved. It imposes no limit to the foundation shape, foundation separations, thickness of the layered medium and magnitude of frequency. In the analysis, the foundation–ground interface is discretized into a number of sub square-regions. The Green’s function, which is obtained by the Fourier–Bessel transform and precise integration method, is employed to calculate the dynamic response of each sub-region. Finally, a system of linear algebraic equation in terms of the contact forces within each sub-region is observed, which leads to the desired dynamic impedance functions of the foundations. Comparison is carried out between the proposed method and the solutions available in the literature. Parametric studies on the dynamic interaction between adjacent foundations are also described. Addressed in this study are the effects of the distance and direction of foundation alignment. Several conclusions are drawn the significance of each factor. Illustrative results for a case of several closely-spaced foundations are also presented. Although the dynamic interaction analysis of foundations is concerned here, further applications of this approach can be extended to the interaction analysis of structures.

Evaluation of Foundation Settlement under Various Added Loads in Different Locations of Iraq Using Finite Element

Settlement is an important criterion in the design of the foundations. It is classifying into immediate (or elastic) settlement and consolidated settlement (primary and secondary). The factors that affect the shallow foundation settlement are the applied loads, soil stiffness, and geometric shape of foundation. Calculations of settlement depend on the parameters of soil which can be obtained from field and laboratory tests. Field and laboratory tests were conducted for twenty three sites in three different regions in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad, and Basrah). In this research, field and laboratory tests results adopted for two sites from each region depended on the maximum and minimum bearing capacity values. Settlement for each site was calculated using numerical (mathematical) calculations and PLAXIS software under different added loads. The results of settlements beneath the foundation were competing for the sites with maximum value of bearing capacity in Mosul; Baghdad and Basrah. Also, the comparison conducted for sites of minimum bearing capacity value and the results showed different settlement values of each site. The change of settlement values under different loads was linearly in the six sites using numerical (mathematical) calculations. While, the settlement values obtained from PLAXIS software for sites with maximum bearing capacity value showed that Mosul site had the highest value due to the type of soil layers and the difference models of soil used in the software. Basrah site had a settlement value higher than Baghdad site due to the soil layers of sand type only. PLAXIS results for sites with minimum bearing capacity showed that for Basrah site the soil went to failure. While, the settlement values for Mosul and Baghdad sites were close to each other due to have nearly same soil layers. Therefore, high rise buildings could not be used in some sites. Also, soil in some locations and under some added loads needed to be improved before the implementation of any constructions.

Deformation Characteristics and Control Techniques at the Shiziping Earth Core Rockfill Dam

AbstractThis paper presents a representative engineering case, the Shiziping dam, to illustrate deformation controls of highrise earth core rockfill dams in seismic areas. Techniques for controlling dam deformation, including structure design, foundation treatment, material properties, and construction are discussed in detail. Field monitoring data and deformation characteristics were reviewed to verify control effectiveness. The deformation during the construction and initial impoundment period accounted for 70–85% of the overall deformation; the deformation was primarily influenced by weight, wetting behavior, and creep. Creep stabilized 7 or 8 months after the completion of construction. The total deformation is caused by fill and foundation materials. Uneven deformation is mainly caused by foundation shape, foundation compression symmetry, and uniformity of fill materials. Uneven deformation may be improved by using reasonable dam zone and fill material designs and appropriately increasing core wall c...

INTERNET BEING A COMMUNICATOR OFBLAMEWORTHY SOCIETAL PRACTICES

The paper considered the mass communication media being an institution extremely important for social adap-tation, and capable of transforming the public (value) frame of reference. Recognizing the part taken by the mass media as a factor of spiritual and moral society’ advancement requires keeping this in mind when imple-menting the regional strategy for society advancement. The paper reviewed the author's study outcomes reflect-ing preferences of inhabitants of the Tyumen Region in selecting mass media sources and the part taken by the Internet in communicating blameworthy societal practic-es. The authors inferred that using the Internet for the purpose of pastime exerted a destructive impact on the shape of spiritual and moral foundations of society.

Referendum w opinii elit politycznych III RP

This draft was inspired by the intention to describe the attitude of the political elites of contemporary Poland to referendums at the national level. To this end, reference is made to the opinions voiced in the period 1989–2011. Consequently, the analysis spans the experience of twenty two years, which is a sufficient period to identify certain regularities. The surveys conducted indicate that Polish citizens have the right to participate in a referendum, but they do not have a right to referendum, that is to initiate a public vote. This shape of the legal foundations for national referendum is a consequence of the fact that political elites are inclined to apply this institution of direct democracy only provided that it is beneficial to them. Therefore, at the national level there is only a top-bottom referendum (supervised by the political elite). It appears that it contradicts the possibility of treating this institution of direct democracy as equal to representative forms of governance.

Activating Christian religious concepts increases intolerance of ambiguity and judgment certainty

How does living in a society in which one is frequently exposed to reminders of its Christian foundations shape one's basic cognitions and behaviors? Following contextual priming logic, being exposed to Christian religious content should render associated norms accessible. One prototypical Christian norm is the reliance on dichotomous moral categories such as right vs. wrong (virtuous vs. sinful). If Christian primes indeed activate this normative structure, it should manifest itself in an increased ambiguity intolerance. We tested this reasoning in five studies. Specifically, we demonstrated that semantically activating Christian concepts increases self-reported ambiguity intolerance (Study 1), preference for a non-ambiguous (vs. ambiguous) visual stimulus (Study 2), as well as judgment certainty as means to reduce experienced ambiguity (Studies 3a & 3b). Finally, we extended our laboratory findings to real-life environments by showing that individuals exposed to a cathedral (vs. a place with civic buildings) reported increased ambiguity intolerance (Study 4).

Electrical resistivity imaging of unknown bridge foundations

ABSTRACTUnknown bridge foundations pose a significant safety risk due to stream scour and erosion. Records from older structures may be non‐existent, incomplete or incorrect. We evaluate 2D and 3D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) as a means to reliably identify the depth of unknown bridge foundations. A survey procedure is described for mixed terrain/water environments in the presence of rough terrain. Some electrodes are installed on the stream banks while others are adapted for underwater use. Tests were conducted at five field sites, including three roadway bridges, a geotechnical test site and a railway bridge, containing drilled shafts and spread footings of both known and unknown depth extent. The 2D data acquisition was carried out in the dipole‐dipole configuration. The 2D ERI method resolved the shape and depth extent of the larger bridge foundations but, with less accuracy, the shape and depth extent of the smaller foundations. The 3D ERI method is time‐consuming and does not add sufficient additional value over 2D ERI to become a practical tool for unknown bridge foundation investigations. The 2D ERI method is a cost‐effective geophysical method that is relatively easy to use by bridge engineers.

Effect of Vertical Cross-Sectional Shape of Foundation on Settlement and Bearing Capacity of Soils

Load-settlement relationships of shallow foundation models with different vertical cross-sectional shapes on different modeled subsoil conditions are presented. Model of shallow foundations with rectangular, wedge and T-shape vertical cross-sections were studied. The study generally shows that bulk of the load resistance of subsoil bases at the instance of shallow foundations with rectangular vertical cross-sectional shapes is mostly associated with the soil beneath the foundation base, while at the instances of those with wedge and T-shape vertical cross-sectional shape, both soil beneath the foundations’ bases and along their vertical stems, is actively involved in the resistance of structural loads.

A non-local two-dimensional foundation model

Classical foundation models such as the Pasternak and the Reissner models have been recently reformulated within the framework of non-local mechanics, by using the gradient theory of elasticity. To contribute to the research effort in this field, this paper presents a two-dimensional foundation model built by using a mechanically based non-local elasticity theory, recently proposed by the authors. The foundation is thought of as an ensemble of soil column elements resting on an elastic base. It is assumed that each column element is acted upon by a local Winkler-like reaction force exerted by the elastic base, by contact shear forces and volume forces due, respectively, to adjacent and non-adjacent column elements. As in the Pasternak model, the contact shear forces involve the second-order derivative of the column element displacement. The volume forces are non-local forces assumed to depend (1) on the relative displacement between the interacting column elements through power-law distance-decaying attenuation functions and (2) on the product between the volumes of the interacting column elements. As a result, the equilibrium equations are fractional differential equations, for which a numerical solution can be readily found based on the finite difference method. Solutions are built for different foundation shapes and loading conditions.

A simplified mechanically based model for predicting partially drained behaviour of penetrometers and shallow foundations

An analytical model is described for the behaviour of shallow foundations subjected to partially drained vertical penetration. The model is based on a simplified mechanical approach, allowing the calibration of model parameters for different foundation shape, size and soil conditions. As shown through simple examples, the resulting model exhibits (with some limitations) behaviour that closely resembles that obtained from geotechnical centrifuge experiments of a T-bar penetrometer and a circular spudcan footing installed at a variety of rates. An extension of the model to combined vertical and horizontal loading is also possible, although this would require further calibration with experimental data. The model retains a simplicity that may find application in the coupled analysis of offshore structures with foundations that are subjected to loading under different rates and drainage.

TORSIONAL INPUT MOTION DUE TO FOUNDATION'S SHAPE AND COMPOSITE FOUNDATION

In this paper, analytical examinations have been carried out in order to understand the torsional input motion induced by foundation's shape and the use of composite foundation. Analytical models are divided into five general categories; L-shape foundation or triangle-shape foundation supported by identical piles, square shape foundation supported by different diameter piles or supported by different length piles, and square foundation with partially embedment. It is clarified that the difference of pile section and partial embedment influences a lot on torsional input motion while the effect of foundation's shape and difference of pile length is not so much.

Limit Analysis of Rigid Foundations on Floating Columns

This study applies the limit analysis to estimate the bearing capacity of a rigid foundation on a soil reinforced by a group of floating columns. The lower bounds of the bearing capacity are derived in terms of a dimensionless factor that depends on the characteristics of the soil and the inclusion, the area replacement ratio, the columns length, and a uniform surcharge surrounding the foundation. The established results are valid for a variety of reinforcing configurations in terms of arbitrary foundation shape and any randomly distributed column arrangements under the foundation. The computation of the bearing capacity is extended to the kinematic approach of the limit analysis for reinforcement of purely cohesive soils. For symmetrical column arrangement the upper bound of bearing capacity factor is calculated by the Prandtl’s mechanism failure. Previous results established for the reinforcement case by end-bearing columns remain valid when considering floating columns. Nevertheless, a limitation on th...

Model Test on Inundation Swelling Deformation of Expansive Soil Foundation

AbstractA large model test of 10 m ×2.5 m ×4.1 m in length, width and height was carried out to study the swelling deformation and water content of expansive soil foundation under deep inundation. The water content, surface heave and deep heave were measured in the test. It is indicated that (1) the swelling deformation and water content are influenced by the dry density of soil and the foundation pressure; (2) the water content-time curves can be divided into initial, sudden and steady phases; (3) the larger the overburden pressure is, the less the surface heave is, so the swelling deformation decreases with the increase of overburden pressure; (4) the deformation characteristics of expansive soil foundation can be divided into compression, no deformation, swelling deformation or the composite; (5) the depth of swelling deformation is related to the pressure, size and shape of foundation.

Settlement of Shallow Circular Foundations with Structural Skirts Resting on Sand

This paper presents the findings of an experimental study concerning a method of reducing the settlement of shallow circular foundations on sand. It involves the use of structural skirts fixed to the edges of foundations. The experiments were performed in a large tank setting and the footing was instrumented in order to measure normal stresses and settlement. A series of tests were conducted to study the settlements of a circular footing with and without structural skirts. Test results indicate that this type of reinforcement reduces the settlement of subgrade and modifies the stress-displacement behaviour of the footing. A settlement Reduction Factor (SRF) was proposed, which takes into account the influence of various parameters that affect settlements. Results show that the use of structural skirts can produce enhanced settlement reduction in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 depending on stress applied and skirt depth. Given these levels of settlements reduction, it is concluded that the use of structural skirts to reduce the settlement of shallow foundations on dense sand is of practical significance. Further testing is recommended for different foundation shapes with structural skirts resting on different soil types.

How Foundations Shape Social Movements: The Construction of an Organizational Field and the Rise of Forest Certification

Social movement scholars have demonstrated that foundation patronage channels social movements away from radical activities toward moderate goals, but accounts of how this process occurs are underdeveloped. Existing research typically focuses on foundations' differential selection of grant recipients (i.e., “cherry-picking” nonthreatening groups) and transformation of particular recipient organizations over time (i.e., professionalizing grassroots groups). Scholars have overlooked ways in which foundations shape social movements by building or restructuring entire organizational fields. Foundation-led “field-building” activities may embed social movement organizations (SMOs) in new contexts and enroll them in new projects, thus channeling protest in subtle ways. This argument is illustrated with the case of forest certification—a form of governance created in the 1990s as a moderate, market-based alternative to disruptive environmental boycotts. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, I show how foundations coordinated their grant-making to build a field of forest certification, enrolled social movement organizations in this project, and used the leverage of protest to further their fieldbuilding agenda.