Shape Of Condyle Research Articles

Variation in condylar morphology in different malocclusion among Indians.

Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) joint and the condyle of mandible are observed in the radiographs of the skull and the jaw. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the predictability of four different shapes of condyle in skeletal class I, II and III malocclusion. The four commonly visualized shapes are oval, bird beak, diamond and crooked were assessed using an ortho pantomogram (OPG). Each of the malocclusion was visualized for different shapes of the condyle. 987 OPGs were radiographically evaluated and the morphology of 1974 condylar heads was visualized. The shapes of the condyles were grouped under four different types. Data shows that oval shaped condyle was most common followed by bird beak. There was variability in the diamond and crooked shape and was lesser than the other types. Thus, the shapes of the condyle are useful predictable guide in deciding the nature of the occlusion.

Evaluation of Cortical Bone Formation on Mandibular Condyle in Asymptomatic Adolescents and Young Adults Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

The aim of this study was to evaluate cortical bone formation on the mandibular condyle using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in asymptomatic adolescents and young adults and to evaluate the relationship between age and sex. CBCT images that can evaluate the shape of the mandibular condyle were selected from asymptomatic patients aged 13-25. The degree of cortication on the mandibular condyle (CMC) was evaluated using CBCT images reconstructed in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. CBCT data of 829 patients (413 males, 416 females) were selected and then the left and right images of all patients were acquired; consequently, a total of 1658 temporomandibular joint-related images were evaluated in this study. The degree of CMC was correlated with age in men and women (p < 0.05). The frequency of CMC 0 disappeared in woman aged 20 years and in men aged 21 years. Cortical bone formation of the mandibular condyle was completed at age 22 years in women and 24 years in men. The degrees of cortical bone formation of the mandibular condyle between men and women showed significant differences between the ages of 15-19 and 22 years. This difference can be interpreted as a different mandible growth period between the sexes.

Evaluation of mandibular condylar morphology using orthopantomogram in South Indian population.

The most complex and important portion of the body and masticatory system are the temporomandibular joint. The growth of mandibular bone in both sagittal and vertical directions is by the condylar process. This study is done to determine different shapes of mandibular condyles using orthopantomographs (OPGs). The study's goal was to determine the morphology of the mandibular condyle in South Indians. One hundred digital OPGs with no defects were selected and obtained from private dental institutes and hospitals in Chennai for this study. The morphology of the mandibular condyle was studied and tabulated. Using the SPSS software, the Chi-square test was done to find associations between demographics and morphology. The study was an attempt to find the prevalent shape of the condylar head using a panoramic radiograph. Fifty-one percent were oval in shape, 20.5% were bird beak in shape, 13.6% were diamond in shape, and 14.9% were crooked finger in shape. The results suggest an oval-oval shape in more frequency among both genders. OPGs are the most commonly used and interpreted radiographs, due to their low radiation and easy availability among dentists. Hence, the shape of the mandibular condyle can also be determined using OPGs; future studies are to be conducted in large samples to make the context evident.

Cone-beam CT analysis of vertical control of mandible and changes of temporomandibular joint in adult patients with skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion with high angle

Objective: To investigate the shape and position changes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in adult skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion with high angle patients after vertical mandibular control, and the correlation between vertical mandibular changes and condylar position changes. Methods: Twenty adult skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion with high angle patients [6 males and 14 females, aged (21.4±2.4) years] who underwent extraction treatment and active vertical control in the Department of Orthodontics, Lanzhou University Stomatological Hospital from October 2017 to November 2020 were selected. Cone-beam CT data of the patient before and after treatment were imported into Invivo Dental 5.0 software for three-dimensional reconstruction and correction, and the vertical index of mandible in reconstructed lateral cephalogram (mandibular plane angle, posterior anterior height ratio, mandibular true rotation angle) were measured. Incisal angle and variables of condyle shape, position and articular fossa shape were measured. Paired t test was performed on the results before and after treatment, and the correlation between mandibular vertical changes and condylar position changes was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient calculation. Results: After treatment, the overbite and overjet were within normal range, and the vertical height of the molars was controlled. Compared with the measurement before treatment, mandibular plane angle and mandibular true rotation angle were decreased by 2.05°±1.22° (t=7.60, P<0.001) and 1.42°±1.92° (t=3.54, P=0.002), respectively. The posterior anterior height ratio was increased by (1.89±3.32)% (t=2.56, P=0.019). After treatment, the mediolateral diameter of condyle, the anteroposterior diameter of condyle, the maximum cross-sectional area of condyle, the height of condyle head, the width of articular fossa, the depth of articular fossa and the articular nodular angle were increased by (0.55±0.76) mm (t=-2.73, P=0.015), (0.27±3.51) mm (t=-3.23, P=0.006), (6.01±7.36) mm2 (t=-2.80, P=0.013), (0.33±0.72) mm (t=-2.14, P=0.046), (0.56±0.93) mm (t=-2.37, P=0.032), 0.33 (0.14, 0.51) mm (Z=-2.76, P=0.006) and 1.50°±2.40° (t=-2.44, P=0.028), respectively. The internal condylar space and the external condylar space were decreased by (0.33±0.49) mm (t=2.31, P=0.035) and (0.20±0.23) mm (t=3.58, P=0.003), respectively. Before orthodontic treatment, 6 patients were with anterior displacement of the condyle, 7 patients with central position of the condyle, and 7 patients with posterior displacement of the condyle. After correction, patients who were with central position of the condyle have not changed much. The posterior displaced condyle in 2 patients and anterior displaced condyle in 3 patients became in central position after treatment. The joint space index was closer to the central position in 3 patients with anterior displacement and 3 patients with posterior displacement. The position of condyle in 1 patient with posterior displacement and 1 patient with anterior displacement remained basically unchanged. There was a significant negative correlation between the change of the posterior-anterior height ratio and the change of the internal condylar space in patients (r=-0.52, P=0.019), and a low correlation with the contral condylar space and the external condylar space(r=-0.48, P=0.031; r=-0.47, P=0.035). Conclusions: Skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion with high angle adult patients achieved normal overbite and overjet and remodeling of condyle and articular fossa occurred after orthodontic treatmnet and vertical control. There was a certain negative correlation between the change of posterior-anterior height ratio and the change of condylar position.

Unveiling the concealed: Variation of Condyle, Coronoid &amp; Sigmoid Notch in the local population of Pakistan

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate different morphological variations of coronoid, condyle and sigmoid notch using digital panoramic radiographs. Methods: The study comprised of 409 orthopantomograms (OPG). The different shapes of condyle, coronoid and sigmoid notch was traced and recorded. Both sides were recorded. The data was then subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 21. Results: The most common variation for condylar process was angled, whereas for coronoid process it was round. Wide shape sigmoid notch was the most common type reported. No statistical difference in right and left coronoid and sigmoid notch was present. Conclusion: The variation in shape of condyle, coronoid and sigmoid notch was found different when compared with different ethnicities. Further studies using a larger group of population can give a further evidence if these OPG’s can be used as a mean of personal identification. Keywords: Forensic odontology, condyle, coronoid, mandible.

Sagittal femoral condylar shape varies along a continuum from spherical to ovoid: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Considerable anatomic variations of sagittal femoral condylar shape have been reported, with a continuum between spherical (or single-radius) and ovoid (or multi-radius) condyles. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to critically appraise and synthesise the available literature on the sagittal femoral profile. The hypothesis was that studies would reveal considerable variability among individuals, but also in their methodology to quantify sagittal profiles. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. On 10 September 2021 two authors searched for Level I to IV studies that reported on the sagittal curvature of the medial and/or lateral femoral condyles using the MEDLINE®, EMBASE® and Cochrane Library. Results were summarised by tabulating means, standard deviations and/or ranges for the reported radii-of-curvature, or ellipsoidal semi-major and semi-minor lengths of the condyles. To quantify sagittal 'ovoidicity' and asymmetry, results were stratified according to coordinate reference frame (posterior condylar axis (PCA), clinical and surgical transepicondylar axis (cTEA and sTEA), unified sagittal plane (USP), or unclear) and summarised in forest plots as standardised mean differences (SMD). Thirty-eight articles wereeligible for full text extraction, quantifyingsagittal radii-of-curvature by best-fit circles (BFC), ellipsoids, polynomials, spherical or cylindrical fitting. Studies with clear definition of the measurement plane revealed that both condyles were generally ovoid, with considerably greater 'ovoidicity' at the medial condyle (SMD, 4.09) versus the lateral condyle (SMD, 3.33). In addition, distal condylar radii were greater medially when measured normal to the TEA (cTEA: SMD, 0.81; sTEA: SMD, 0.79), but greater laterally when measured in a USP (SMD, -0.83). Posterior condylar radii were greater laterally when measured in a USP (SMD, -0.60). Studies reported considerable variability of sagittal femoral condylar radii-of-curvature, which arenot incremental, but rathera continuum that ranges from spherical to ovoid. Although this variation could be accommodated by single-, dual- and multi-radii femoral components, a surgeon typically uses only one or two TKA designs. Hence, there is a risk of mismatch between the native and prosthetic sagittal profile that could result in mid-flexion ligament imbalance unless other parameters are changed. These findings support the drive towards patient-specific implants to potentially achieve accurate sagittal bone-implant fit through implant customisation. IV.

Evaluation of Condylar Morphology Using Orthopantomogram among Patient Reporting at Sandeman Provincial Hospital Quetta

Objective: To assess the condylar morphology using orthopantomogram among adult patient. Study design: Cross sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Orthodontics, Dental Section, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, from June 2020 to December 2020. Material and methods: All patients presented to orthodontic department who fulfilled inclusion criteria were included in this study. One hundred and eighty candidates were included and underwent Orthopantomogram. Reports were assessed and condylar shape was noted. Data was analyzed by using SPSS. Vs. 20. Results: The mean age of candidates was 25.5 ± 5 years. There were 90 (50%) males and 90 (50%) females. In left side, the condylar shape was oval in 101 (56.0%) while in right side, condylar shape was oval in 100 (55.6%) cases. In left side, the condylar shape was bird beak like in 32 (18.0%) while in right side, condylar shape was bird beak like in 33 (18.3%) cases. In left side, the condylar shape was diamond like in 26 (14.4%) while in right side, condylar shape was diamond like in 27 (15.0%) cases. In left side, the condylar shape was crooked finger like in 21 (11.7%) while in right side, condylar shape was crooked finger like in 20 (11.0%) cases. Conclusion: Thus in our population, the most common condylar shape was observed to be oval type followed by bird beak type. Keywords: Condylar morphology, Orthopantomogram, Orthodontics

Assessment of Condylar Shape through Digital Panoramic Radiograph among Nepalese Population: A Proposal for Classification

Background Panoramic radiograph is the first and most commonly advised radiograph for screening of temporomandibular joints/condyles. Different shapes of the mandible have been discussed by various authors with no consensus for a definite classification for condyle shape. This study was conducted with the objective to observe various shapes of condyles, symmetry of bilateral condyles, and variations of condyle shapes among males and females. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on digital panoramic radiographs available at a tertiary center of Lalitpur from 25.12.2020 to 20.06.2021 after ethical approval from the institutional review board (reference no. 077/078/27). Panoramic radiographs were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and various shapes of condyles were noted on HP 15 inch flat LED monitor (1280 × 1024). The collected data was analyzed using SPSS (chi-square test: a p value of < 0.05 was considered significant). Intra- and interobserver agreement was observed for condylar shapes. Results Among the selected 850 panoramic radiographs (1700 condyles), most of them, i.e., 1343 (79%), were round/oval, followed by flattened, i.e., 149 (8.76%), diamond/angled, i.e., 93 (5.47%), crooked finger shaped, i.e., 28 (1.6%), and mixed, i.e., 46 (2.7%), and the least common shape observed was bifid, i.e., 40 (2.3%) (18 (2.1%) left condyle and 22 (2.6%) right condyle). Conclusions Six different types of condyle shapes were noted: type I, oval; type II, flat; type III, diamond; type IV, mixed; type V, bifid; and type VI, crooked finger among the study population of Lalitpur.

Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Ossification After Intraoral Condylectomy.

Lateral pterygoid muscle ossification has not been reported in condylectomy patients. This study aimed to explore the incidence, risk factors, and imaging characteristics of 38 cases with lateral pterygoid muscle ossification among 54 patients after condylectomy via intraoral approach. This retrospective study included 54 patients following simultaneous orthognathic surgery and condylectomy with coronoid process resection via intraoral approach. The authors evaluated the preoperative, 1 week, 6 months, and 1 year or more postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans for the presence of lateral pterygoid muscle ossification and its characteristics. Sex, age at the time of surgery, disease course, affected side, preoperative alkaline phosphatase, pathology diagnosis, the height of the removed condyle, condylar shape, operator, preoperative temporomandibular joint movement, and clinical symptoms were assessed as risk factors for ossification. No incidence of lateral pterygoid muscle ossification was found on preoperative CT images. Various small-size osseous masses were observed in the lateral pterygoid muscles on postoperative 6 months CT images in 38/54 patients (70.37%) after condylectomy. But no apparent enlargement of the osseous masses was found. No patients complained of clinical discomfort or functional disorder during the follow-up period (23.11 ± 13.16 months). No significant risk factors for ossification were found. Lateral pterygoid muscle ossification is relatively common in patients after condylectomy via intraoral approach. However, its enlargement is self-limited and remains stable 6 months after surgery. it has no adverse effects on the temporomandibular joint functional movement.

Assessment of Morphological Variation of the Mandibular Condylar Process, Coronoid Process, and Sigmoid Notch in Temporomandibular Joints of Adult Population Using Digital Orthopantomogram Based on Age and Gender –A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Orthopantomogram, a form of radiography that uses X-ray technology and is used in the diagnosis and treatment planning in various fields of dentistry, has been found to be less expensive than other advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the shape of mandibular condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch in various age groups and among the gender. Methods: A study was conducted using 150 digital orthopantomograms of patients. The different shapes of condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch were traced in computer using Galileos software. Statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained. A Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the P-value which was ascertained to be significant if &lt;0.05. Results: The condylar shapes commonly observed among males and females were round, coronoid process shapes were triangular in shape and round, and sigmoid notches were wide. These variations in condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch are most commonly seen in the age group of 20–30 years. When compared between gender-wise and age-wise, there were no statistical significance differences found with these variations. Conclusion: In the present study, morphological variation in the shape of the condylar process, coronoid process, and sigmoid notch was observed among the adult population. Knowing these variations can help detect gender, age, and diagnoses of pathologies.

Analysis of the relationship between condylar changes and anterior disc displacement with reduction: a preliminary study

ObjectivesTo predict temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR) from condylar shape, position, and dimensions obtained from CBCT images.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 17 patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders diagnosed by history taking according to the chart of the American Association of orthodontists, clinical examination according to the Helkimo index and MRI. CBCT and MRI examinations were performed within one-week interval. Disc position, diagnosed by MRI was used as the gold standard. TMJs with posterior disc displacement or anterior disc displacement without reduction were excluded. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on CBCT images to find the correlation between condylar variables and ADDWR. A logistic regression model was created to estimate ADDWR from condylar dimensions (height, width and depth).ResultsCondylar shape and condylar position in the glenoid fossa were significantly correlated with ADDWR (P < 0.05). Condylar width, height and depth were significantly smaller in condyles with ADDWR compared to condylar dimensions in normal disc position. Logistic regression analysis could be used to predict the probability of anterior disc displacement with reduction from condylar dimensions.ConclusionCondylar shape, position, and dimensions assessed by CBCT are significantly correlated with ADDWR of the TMJ. Substituting the values of condylar width, height and depth in the equation suggests the probability of ADDWR.

Can TMJ morphological alterations impede TMJ agony?

Introduction: The relation between temporomandibular joint morphology and its incoordination is an arena which is not ventured in much even though many researches have been done but still it is a drop in the ocean of such a vast and complicated structure of the human TMJ anatomy. Objective: To evaluate morphological variations of temporomandibular joint in healthy and disorder patients using computed tomography. Study Design: A total of 20 temporomandibular joint disorder patients and 10 patients with normal TMJs and Class I occlusion were studied. The study was conducted at SUM Hospital and Oral Medicine and Radiology department, IDS Bhubaneswar with TMJ as chief complaint during a period from September 2016 to November 2016. Symptomatic group and asymptomatic group based on according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/ TMD) were selected. The present research on TMJ morphology has been designed to investigate parameters like shape of condyle, glenoid fossa and articular eminence in relation to various temporomandibular disorders (TMD).The patients were enrolled with symptoms or signs such as pain, restricted mouth opening, deviation, clicking. A series of morphological parameters with teeth in maximum intercusspation were studied in CT scan. &#x0D;

Morphometric anlaysis of mandibular coronoid, condyle and sigmoid shape using panoromic view for personal identification in south Indian population.

ObjectiveThe shape of the condyle, coronoid, and the intervening sigmoid notch is unique due to attachments and direction of pull of temporalis muscle, different chewing habits, hormones, etc. So morphometric variation of these mandibular landmarks can be used in individual identification.Material And MethodsThe study was carried out on 500 panoramic view images. Visual tracing assisted assessment of thousand sides (left and right) was done. Sexual dimorphism of left and right mandibular ramus parts (sigmoid notch bordered by coronoid and condylar process). The shape of coronoid process, condyle, and sigmoid notch were interpreted.ResultsThe most prevalent shape of sigmoid notch was wide variant (41.2%), condyle was convex type (50%) and coronoid was round (53.4%). Condyle and coronoid showed asymmetry between right and left with p-value 0.001 and 0.019, respectively. This study has illustrated that triangular-shaped coronoid was more in females (p-value 0.012).ConclusionSexual dimorphism is observed in the shape of the mandible due to masticatory activity at the point of insertion of temporalis muscle, biting force, hormones, and various genetic reasons. The results have exemplified that the morphometric variation of condyle, coronoid and sigmoid notch can be used as a tool for personal identification.

New species and new records of Reteporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from Greenland waters.

New species and new records of the cheilostome bryozoan family Phidoloporidae are reported from the poorly studied shelf and continental slope of Greenland. Reteporella vitta n. sp. differs from congeners in the shape and size of fenestrulae, the size of autozooids and their arrangement within the colony, features of the orificial complex, including the indistinctly denticulate distal rim, shape of the condyles and height of the peristome, as well as the shape and location of the suboral avicularium, and the morphology of the ovicell. Reteporella obscura n. sp. differs from other Reteporella species in a unique combination of the following characters: colony surface texture, shape of orifice and condyles, shape of the suboral avicularium, and the morphology of the ovicell. Other specimens of Reteporella from Greenland were identified as R. watersi (Nordgaard, 1907), firstly recorded in southern and western parts of the study area, and as R. grimaldii (Jullien, 1903) and R. beaniana (King, 1846), previously known only from some localities of western and eastern Greenland and recorded abundantly in 2016. Reteporella watersi specimens from Greenland differ from conspecific material from the Faroe Islands in lacking oral spines and in the size of zooidal characters.

MORPHOLOGY OF CONDYLE- A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY

Background: Mandibular condyle has a variety of morphology. The changes in their shape and size has been attributed to ageing process, developmental abnormalities, distinct diseases, trauma, endocrine shock, radio therapy etc. Panoramic radiographs remain the easiest, safest and most cost-effective screening modality for temporomandibular joint abnormalities. The study aimed to assess the different shapes of condyles using orthopantomograms from the archives of the hospital data. The variations among the sexes and between the right and left sides of an individual were also determined. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at People’s Dental College and Hospital within the time period of 1 year (November 2019- November 2020). Orthopantomogram of patients falling within the inclusion criteria were studied. The different shapes of condylar process were traced using marker pencil for both right and left sides. Data collected was entered in Microsoft Office Excel sheet 2013-- and calculated in SPSS version 24 and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Out of the 874 mandibular condyles of 437 patients, the most common was the oval shaped in both the right (275) and the left sides (277), followed by bird beak, diamond, flat and crooked finger respectively. The oval shaped condyle appeared to be predominant in both sexes. The flat shaped and diamond shaped condyle appeared to be a rarity. Conclusions: The most common shape of condyle was found to be oval shape bilaterally and in both genders. Least observed shapes of condyle were flat shape in female patients and diamond shape in male patients.

Signs, Symptoms, and Morphological Features of Idiopathic Condylar Resorption in Orthodontic Patients: A Survey-Based Study.

Background: Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) is an aggressive degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint that is most frequently observed in teenage girls. However, no specific cause of ICR has been identified. To explore the specific causes of the onset and progression of ICR, we performed a survey-based study on ICR in orthodontic patients and described its subjective symptoms, clinical signs, and condylar morphological features. Methods: A total of 1735 participants were recruited from 2193 orthodontic patients. For each participant, subjective symptoms and clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) were evaluated through clinical examination and a questionnaire. Furthermore, three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) was performed to diagnose ICR. Results: Among the 1735 patients evaluated, ICR was present in two male and ten female patients. All 12 patients had maxillary protrusion and an anterior open bite. Four patients with ICR underwent orthodontic treatment. Based on CT findings, patients with ICR had significantly different condylar sizes and shapes from patients with TMDs alone. Conclusions: The coexistence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sex-hormone imbalance and a history of orthodontic treatment, might lead to the onset of ICR. We suggest that growing patients suspected of having ICR should undergo CT evaluation because CT findings may precede clinical symptoms and signs.

Experimental functional shift-induced osteoarthritis-like changes at the TMJ and altered integrin expression in a rat model.

Mandibular deviation affects the biomechanical environment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and causes thinning of cartilage on the deviated side. We aimed to evaluate, using a rat model, the effect of mandibular functional deviation on the TMJ in relation to the functional roles of integrin β family members. The effects of experimental functional deviation on the TMJ of 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats, randomly assigned to control (n=42) and experimental groups (n=42), were evaluated at 3 days and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks by histological staining, immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and micro-computed tomography. The results showed that the experimental functional shift changed the shape of condyles, thinned the cartilage, and increased the proportion of the hypertrophic layer on the deviated sides of condyles. In addition, the extracellular matrix of the condyle cartilage exhibited degradation at 1 week and subchondral trabecular bone was lost at 4 and 8 weeks. Osteoarthritis (OA)-like changes occurred in the left and right condyles of rats in the experimental group and were aggravated over time. Integrin β family expression, especially integrin β2 , was altered from week 1, possibly related to the OA-like changes. These data may provide insight into the onset of TMJ OA.

Mandibular condylar process remodeling in rats with different bite-altering devices.

The objective was to compare different dental splint models and materials for inducing abnormal loading on the gross morphology and histological appearance of the mandibular condylar processes of Sprague Dawley rats. Three different types of dental splints (resin molar, aluminum incisor, stainless-steel incisor) were placed unilaterally to induce occlusal perturbation for 4 weeks. At that time, mandibular condylar processes were assessed by gross appearance and histology. Quantitative measurements were also conducted on the hematoxylin and eosin images for condyle shape. The results showed that although the condylar cartilage was affected by all splint types, the resin molar splint was associated with the most extensive mandibular condylar process remodeling, which was primarily a slant (skewness) of the lateral aspect of the condylar process. Additionally, quantitative measurements on the histological specimens demonstrated that the split and tilt angle of the left (ipsilateral) condylar processes in the resin molar group (124.8 ± 12.7° and 104.1 ± 12.7°, respectively) increased significantly (p < 0.05) when compared to right (contralateral) condylar processes (104.7 ± 5.8°and 91.6 ± 4.4°, respectively). However, no changes were noted on the thickness of the fibrocartilage layer at medial, central, and lateral regions of the condylar process. Another major finding is the high variability of morphology of the naïve animals. Future studies will assess the impact of longer durations of splinting, age, and sex on the remodeling of the mandibular condylar process, allowing for the development of diagnostics and therapies.

Assessment of the Morphology and Degenerative Changes in the Temporomandibular Joint Using CBCT according to the Orthodontic Approach: A Scoping Review.

Background Available knowledge about disorders of temporomandibular joint structures and their association with orthodontic variables are still lacking. Objectives This article is aimed at to identifying studies and presenting current information on the relationship between morphology diversity and the occurrence of degenerative changes in structures of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) assessed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the context of craniofacial morphology and malocclusion. Search Methods. The review was conducted by analyzing the PubMed (including Medline), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases up to November 2021 using two different comprehensive search strategies based on keywords as well as additional manual searches. Eligibility Criteria. Selection of the literature was carried out according to the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Methodological quality of the selected studies was evaluated using JBI Critical Appraisal Tool. Results The electronic databases search revealed 3331 records. After applying the eligibility criteria and JBI assessment, a total of 33 studies were extracted and selected to the study. The review was divided into 4 parts, in which the following correlations were assessed in terms of orthodontic variables: TMJ degenerative changes, joint space and condylar position, condylar shape, TMJ articular eminence, and fossa. Conclusions Skeletal and dental class II malocclusion with a retrognathic mandible, a hypodivergent skeletal pattern with a steep mandibular plane, and significant lateral mandibular displacement can be risk factors for developing radiographically detectable degenerative changes. Patients with skeletal and dental class III malocclusion as well as a hyperdivergent skeletal pattern may be at greater risk of TMD occurrence compared with other groups. Further studies are necessary to clarify the relationship between the position of the condylar processes and the presence of degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joints among orthodontic patients.

Is condyle morphology a factor for anterior temporomandibular disc displacement?

To investigate morphological features of the mandibular condyle and its association with anterior temporomandibular disc displacement on sagittal oblique MRI plane. One hundred and twenty patients with temporomandibular MRI examination were retrospectively involved in the study. Patients aged less than 18 years and those with severe osteoarthritis, posterior disk displacement, tumor, abscess, history of a rheumatic disease, facial trauma, and motion artifacts on images were excluded. Three radiologists evaluated all images in consensus. Temporomandibular disc locations were classified as normal, anteriorly displaced with reduction (ADr), and anteriorly displaced without reduction (ADwr) on sagittal oblique T1-weighted images. Condylar shapes were classified as flat, rounded, and angled, and condyle anteroposterior width (c-APW) was measured on these images in closed-mouth position. Ninety six discs were in normal position (40%), 70 discs were ADr (29%), and 74 discs were ADwr (31%). Eighty-four condyles were flat (35%), 100 condyles were rounded (42%), and 56 condyles were angled (23%). Mean c-APW was 7 mm in normal joints, 5.9 mm in ADr, and 5.8 mm in ADwr joints, and it was smaller in joints with anterior disc displacement (p < 0.001). In normal joints, flat and rounded type condylar shape was more common and almost equally prevalent (44% and 43%); however, rounded type was more common among ADr (%47) and angled type was more common among ADwr joints (36%) (p = 0.008). Patients with anterior disc displacement were significantly younger from normal cases and anterior disc displacement was more common among female sex. Mandibular condyle shape alterations and condyle size on sagittal oblique MRI plane are associated with anterior disc displacement. Angled shape was more common among ADwr joints. Joints with anterior disc displacement had smaller c-APW than normal joints.