Shape Of Condyle Research Articles

Prevalence of anatomic variations of temporomandibular joint on orthopantomogram and cone-beam computed tomography: A retrospective study

Maxillofacial radiography by means of orthopantamogram is used as a routine screening tool in the diagnosis and treatment planning in various fields of dentistry and is found to be less expensive when compared to other advanced imaging modalities like computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and cone-beam computed tomography. Morphological variations in the shape of mandibular condyle, coronoid process and sigmoid notch have been documented in the literature as indispensable aids in anthropological and forensic studies. 100 OPG and CBCT scans of same participants, comprising of 200 temporo-mandibular joints were evaluated for anatomical variations in shapes of mandibular condyle, coronoid process and sigmoid notch. The prevalence of various morphological variations were correlated with age and gender and subjected to statistical analysis. The most common shape of condyle, coronoid process and sigmoid notch on OPG was round, whereas on CBCT the most common shape of condyle, coronoid process and sigmoid notch were flat, triangular and wide respectively. Variations in the morphology of shape of mandibular condyle, coronoid process and sigmoid notch using panoramic radiographs can be tentatively used as a screening tool in human identification, owing to its ready availability and low cost.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Analysis of Mandibular Condyles' Diameters in Patient with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Temporomandibular Joint Affection: A Cross-Sectional Investigation.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate through analysis using CBCT the transverse and axial diameters of the mandibular condyles in subjects affected by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and compare them with those of healthy subjects. Methods: The study was conducted on CBCT scans from the digital archive of the Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, including patients with JIA and using healthy subjects as controls. Inclusion criteria: aged between 7 and 25 years old at the time of the CBCT examination; Caucasian ethnicity; diagnosis of JIA according to the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria documented in patients' records; TMJ involvement; good quality CBCTs covering our region of interest (ROI), from the glabella to the mandibular inferior border; no previous orthodontic/orthopedic treatment; no history of craniofacial trauma or congenital birth defects involving the craniofacial area. Each CBCT scan underwent examination using 3Diagnosys® software. Since data were normally distributed, parametric tests were used for analysis. The sample was divided into three groups: (1) bilateral JIA subjects, (2) unilateral JIA subjects, and (3) healthy controls. Results: We found a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.0001) in the transverse diameter (TR-Diam) of the affected condyles by an average of 1.7 mm, while the axial diameter (AX-Diam) again showed a slight reduction, on average by 0.1 mm, with a non-statistically significant value. Another comparison was made between the unaffected condyles of patients with unilateral JIA and the healthy condyles of the control group. The unilateral unaffected condyles were found to be slightly smaller than those of healthy patients, but without statistically significant differences. We found that in both JIA males and females, the condylar growth tends to stop earlier than the healthy ones. Conclusions: The transverse diameter was found to be more affected than the axial one, causing typical bone resorption and condylar shape. Moreover, we showed that the pathology, in the case of unilateral JIA, does not compromise only the affected condyles; the corresponding condyle that seems to be healthy is actually partially compromised. In addition, we observed that the growth of affected condyles of JIA subjects tends to stop earlier than the condyles of the healthy controls.

Explainable deep learning and biomechanical modeling for TMJ disorder morphological risk factors.

Clarifying multifactorial musculoskeletal disorder etiologies supports risk analysis, development of targeted prevention, and treatment modalities. Deep learning enables comprehensive risk factor identification through systematic analyses of disease data sets but does not provide sufficient context for mechanistic understanding, limiting clinical applicability for etiological investigations. Conversely, multiscale biomechanical modeling can evaluate mechanistic etiology within the relevant biomechanical and physiological context. We propose a hybrid approach combining 3D explainable deep learning and multiscale biomechanical modeling; we applied this approach to investigate temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder etiology by systematically identifying risk factors and elucidating mechanistic relationships between risk factors and TMJ biomechanics and mechanobiology. Our 3D convolutional neural network recognized TMJ disorder patients through participant-specific morphological features in condylar, ramus, and chin. Driven by deep learning model outputs, biomechanical modeling revealed that small mandibular size and flat condylar shape were associated with increased TMJ disorder risk through increased joint force, decreased tissue nutrient availability and cell ATP production, and increased TMJ disc strain energy density. Combining explainable deep learning and multiscale biomechanical modeling addresses the "mechanism unknown" limitation undermining translational confidence in clinical applications of deep learning and increases methodological accessibility for smaller clinical data sets by providing the crucial biomechanical context.

Bilateral alloplastic temporomandibular joint reconstruction with orthognathic surgery: a case report of idiopathic condylar resorption

Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR) also known as cheerleader’s syndrome, progressive condylar resorption, idiopathic condylysis, and condylar atrophy can be defined as chronic ongoing changes of condylar shape and decrease in mass. It is characterized by an excessive physical stress to the articular structures of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) that exceeds the normal adaptive capacity. Consequently, leading to decrease condylar head volume, decrease ramus height, progressive mandibular retrusion in adults, or decreased growth rate in adolescents. A case report of a 30-year-old female based on the history, clinical, and radiographic examination has class II skeletal relationship secondary to bilateral ICR, receded chin, vertical maxillary excess (VME) and canting. Surgical treatment plan was established using 3D Systems, Inc., (“3DS”) VSP® and case was managed by bilateral total alloplastic temporomandibular joint reconstruction (BATMJR) with orthognathic surgery to do LeFort I, bilateral condylectomy, genioplasty, and inferior border osteotomy. The case report includes one-year follow-up which shows stable outcome, emphasizing long-term success of comprehensive treatment strategy in addressing skeletal class II malocclusion associated with ICR.

Effect of Different Treatment Modalities for Condylar Fractures in Childhood on Mandibular Symmetry and Temporomandibular Joint Function: A Retrospective Study.

In a retrospective study of the effects of different treatment modalities of condylar fractures in childhood on mandibular symmetry and temporomandibular function, the cases selected for this article were adult patients who had sustained a condylar fracture in childhood. The aim was to investigate the effects of condylar fractures in children on the development and function of the mandible and their specific manifestations after the completion of mandibular development. According to the different treatment modalities, the patients were divided into the conservative treatment group and the open surgical treatment group, and the effects of the 2 treatment modalities on the patients' condylar healing, the difference in growth ability, and the symmetry of the jaws were evaluated. The effects of different treatment modalities of children's condylar fracture on the growth, development, and function of the mandible were investigated using the Ai and Di, the grading of the imaging results, and the 3-dimensional CT fixation measurements from the aspects of both clinical examination and imaging examination. The 2 groups had condylar malalignment and condylar morphology abnormality, and there was one case of joint ankylosis in the surgical treatment group. There was a statistical difference in the evaluation of condylar reconstruction between the 2 groups, and the condylar reconstruction in the surgical treatment group was better than that in the conservative treatment, and there was a statistical difference between the condylar length, condylar width, condylar height, and depth of TMJ fossa between the healthy side and the affected side in the closed treatment group. There was a statistical difference in the height of the mandibular ascending branch between the healthy side and the affected side, and the unilateral condylar fracture was treated conservatively; the difference in the bony chin point deviation between the 2 groups was not statistically significant. In children, after conservative treatment of condylar fracture, the growth of condylar process is poor, and the condylar shape and position are not as good as surgical repositioning, but through the proliferation of temporomandibular joint fossa, it can make up for the insufficient height of condylar process, which has no effect on the symmetry of the mandible, and the surgical treatment can achieve good anatomical repositioning, which has a greater effect on the symmetry of the mandible than the conservative treatment.

BMP2 rs1005464 is associated with mandibular condyle size variation

This study aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in endochondral development-related genes and mandibular condyle shape, size, volume, and symmetry traits. Cone-beam Computed Tomographies and genomic DNA from 118 individuals were evaluated (age range: 15–66 years). Data from twelve 3D landmarks on mandibular condyles were submitted to morphometric analyses including Procrustes fit, principal component analysis, and estimation of centroid sizes and fluctuating asymmetry scores. Condylar volumes were additionally measured. Seven SNPs across BMP2, BMP4, RUNX2 and SMAD6 were genotyped. Linear models were fit to evaluate the effect of the SNPs on the mandibular condyles’ quantitative traits. Only the association between BMP2 rs1005464 and centroid size remained significant after adjusting to account for the false discovery rate due to multiple testing. Individuals carrying at least one A allele for this SNP showed larger condylar size than common homozygotes GG (β = 0.043; 95% CI: 0.014—0.071; P value = 0.028). The model including BMP2 rs1005464, age and sex of the participants explained 17% of the variation in condylar size. Shape, volume, and symmetry were not associated with the evaluated SNPs. These results suggest that BMP2 rs1005464 might be associated with variation in the mandibular condyles size.

Age-related mandibular condyle morphological variations: a panoramic radiography study at RSGMP Universitas Airlangga

Objectives: This research aims to find out the variations of the mandibular condyle shape based on age on panoramic radiography. Materials and Methods: This study uses secondary data from 200 digital panoramic radiographs of patients at the dental hospital (RSGM) of Universitas Airlangga aged 20-65 years in 2019, 2020, and 2021, which have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data is presented in the form of tables and graphs with simple statistical calculations, and reliability tests were carried out with intraclass correlation (ICC) methods using SPSS. Results: There are variations of the condyle shape in five age groups, the age I (20-25 Years), age II (26-35 years), age III (36-45 years), age IV (46-55 years), age V (56-65 years). Conclusion: There are condyle shape variabilities in several age groups. In age I (20-25 years), age II (26-35 years), age III (36-45 years), and age IV (46-55 years) the most variation of the condyle shape is rounded, at age V (56-65 years) the most variation of the condyle shape is rounded and pointed. Furthermore, the morphology of the condylar structures may exhibit variances and are not consistently uniform.

Mandibular Condyle Shape and Symmetry in 4- to 19-Year-Old Children and Early Adolescents

Background: The prevalence of TMD (temporomandibular disorder) in children and early adolescents varies widely. TMD can cause permanent facial deformities and affect occlusion and speech, which will affect growth, development, and quality of life. For prevention, early detection is needed. However, early detection is often not possible due to a lack of understanding of the normal shape of the condyle. Research on the normal shape of the condyle and symmetry in children and early adolescents has not been much done. Purpose: To evaluate the shape of normal condyles in a population of children and early adolescents aged 4–19 years and determine the most dominant shape and symmetry. Methods: 220 mandibular condyles of 110 children aged 4–19 years (mean 11.4 years) were analyzed retrospectively using an orthopantomograph. Condyle types in primary, mixed, and permanent dentition were categorized according to Yale (convex, rounded, flat, angled) and Chaudhry classification (oval, diamond, bird beak, crooked). Right and left mandibular condyle symmetry was observed according to a previous study by Ribeiro. Results: In primary, mixed, and permanent dentition, the most dominant condyle shapes were (Yale, Chaudhry): 91.6% rounded, 100% oval; 95.8% rounded, 97.9% oval; 98% rounded, 97% oval, respectively. Asymmetry in the right and left mandibular condyles was not found in primary dentition; there were 2 cases in mixed dentition and 3 cases in permanent dentition. Conclusion: In children and early adolescents aged 4–19 years, the normal condyles found are: rounded, convex, angled (Yale), and oval, diamond, or bird beak (Chaudhry). The condyles are dominated by rounded and oval shapes. The incidence of asymmetry in the right and left mandibular condyles probably increases with age.

Three-dimensional spatial analysis of the temporomandibular joint in adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion before and after orthodontic treatment: a retrospective study

BackgroundTo investigate changes in the three-dimensional (3D) spatial morphology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and condyle position in adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion using a 3D spatial measurement method and to investigate the similarities and differences in the effects of fixed appliance and clear aligner treatments on the TMJ.MethodsCone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 47 adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion (25, fixed appliance group; 22, clear aligner group) were collected before and after treatment. Mimics 21.0 was used to reconstruct the TMJ 3D model. Fourteen measurement items, such as the anterior, upper, and posterior joint spaces, were measured directly on the 3D model and compared.ResultsPost-orthodontic treatment, the shape and position of the condyle changed in adult patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion. Reduction in the anterior joint space and increase in the posterior joint space after orthodontic treatment were significant in both fixed appliance and clear aligner treatments; the condyle moved forward to the center of the fossa. The superior joint space and depth of the glenoid fossa increased after clear aligner treatment, but there was no significant change after fixed appliance treatment.ConclusionsThe condylar shape and position in patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion changed significantly post-treatment, indicating that the condyle undergoes adaptive reconstruction during orthodontic treatment in these patients. These results provide a reference for diagnosis, design of treatment plan, and monitoring of treatment in orthodontic clinics.

Morphology of Mandibular Condyle in The Population of Sarawak: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study Using Digital Panoramic Radiograph

Introduction: The morphology of the condyles changes naturally with age, gender, face type, occlusal force, functional load, malocclusion type, and the right and left sides. Although condylar shape and size differ throughout populations, there have been few investigations on condylar morphology, particularly in the Malaysian population. Methods: This retrospective, observational, cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of Sarawak General Hospital from September 2021 to March 2022, involving radiographic assessment of condylar morphology from 893 panoramic radiographs. Age, gender, ethnicity and dentition status using Eichner index were extracted from the data. Descriptive statistics were used. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to determine the association between the independent variables (age, gender, ethnicity and dentition status) and the shape of the mandibular condyle. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Only 450 panoramic radiographs were included in this study. The condyles were outlined and grouped into four categories, namely pointed (40.2%), round (32.8), angled (18.8), and flat (8.2%). Condylar morphology was found to be significantly associated with gender (p&lt;0.005) and insignificant with other independent variables. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the most prevalent condylar morphology among the Sarawak population is the pointed shape, in contrast with other previous studies that reported the round shape condylar morphology as the majority shape.

Efek jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior terhadap bentuk kondilus di rsgm-p fkg usakti melalui radiografi panoramik (Laporan Penelitian)

Background: Effects of tooth loss is the cause of occlusal imbalance that can cause changes in the shape of the condyle, which usually occurs after the age of 30 years. The condyle shapes were classified into 6 types; normal, osteophyte, flattening, erosion, subcortical cyst, and sclerosis. Objective: Determine whether there is an effect of the number of posterior tooth loss on the condyle shape in adult aged 30-45 years using panoramic radiography at Radiology Installation of the RSGM-P FoD, Trisakti University. Research method: Cross-sectional approach to the condyle shape from 80 panoramic radiograph samples with the number of tooth loss &lt;3 and ≥3 posterior teeth at Radiology Installation of the RSGM-P FoD, Trisakti University with subjects aged 30-45 years. Result: In the number of posterior tooth loss &lt;3 teeth and ≥ 3 teeth on the right and left sides, the condyle shapes are generally normal. There are pathological shapes that is most found is flattening and the least found is osteophyte. No subcortical cyst was found. Condylar process which undergoes more changes is on the left side and the prevalence in women is higher. The research data was analysed using Chi-square test with the result p &gt; 0.05. Conclusion: There is no significant effect between the number of posterior tooth loss on the condyle shape in adult subject aged 30-45 years using panoramic radiography at the Radiology Installation of the RSGM-P FoD, Trisakti University.

Association between the Temporomandibular Joint Morphology and Chewing Pattern.

This study aimed to investigate whether the morphology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is associated with chewing patterns while considering skeletal morphology, sex, age, and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). A cross-sectional observational study of 102 TMJs of 80 patients (age 16-40 years) was performed using pretreatment records of cone-beam computed tomography imaging of the TMJ, mandibular kinesiographic records of gum chewing, lateral and posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs, patient history, and pretreatment questionnaires. To select appropriate TMJ measurements, linear regression analyses were performed using TMJ measurements as dependent variables and chewing patterns as the independent variable with adjustment for other covariates, including Nasion-B plane (SNB) angle, Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), amount of lateral mandibular shift, sex, age, and symptoms of TMD. In multiple linear regression models adjusted for other covariates, the length of the horizontal short axis of the condyle and radius of the condyle at 135° from the medial pole were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the chewing patterns in the frontal plane on the working side. "Non-bilateral grinding" displayed a more rounded shape of the mandibular condyle. Conversely, "bilateral grinding" exhibited a flatter shape in the anteroposterior aspect. These findings suggest that the mandibular condyle morphology might be related to skeletal and masticatory function, including chewing patterns.

The effect of myotonic dystrophy type 1 on temporomandibular joint and dentofacial morphology: A CBCT analysis.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neuromuscular multisystem disease. Early involvement of facial muscles may produce an extra load on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in DM1. This study aimed to investigate the morphological analyses of the bone components of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and dentofacial morphology in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Sixty-six individuals (33 DM1, and 33 healthy subjects) age ranging from 20 to 69 were included in the study. Clinical examinations of the patients' TMJ regions and evaluation of dentofacial morphology (maxillary deficiency, open-bite, deep palate and cross-bite) were performed. Dental occlusion was determined based on Angle's classification. CBCT images were evaluated regarding mandibular condyle morphology (convex, angled, flat and round) and osseous changes observed in the condyle (normal, osteophyte, erosion, flattening, sclerosis). DM1-specific morphological and bony TMJ alterations were determined. DM1 patients showed a high prevalence of morphological and osseous TMJ changes, and statistically significant skeletal alterations. The analysis of CBCT scans indicated the prevalent condylar shape among patients with DM1 was flat, the main osseous abnormality was flattening, there was a tendency towards skeletal Class II and a posterior cross-bite was frequently detected in DM1 patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders on the parameters evaluated in both groups. Adult patients with DM1 presented a high frequency of crossbite, tendency to skeletal Class II and morphological osseous alterations of TMJ. The analysis of the morphological condylar alterations in patients with DM1 may be beneficial in the diagnosis of TMJ disorders. This study reveals DM1-specific morphological and osseous TMJ alterations to provide an appropriate orthodontic/orthognathic treatment planning to patients.

Comparison of the femoral condylar ellipse line and the surgical epicondylar axis: 3D measurement by MRI scans in healthy Chinese people.

The sagittal shapes of the femoral condyles were thought to consist of circles. However, the line connecting the centers of circles was not consistent with the surgical epicondylar axis (SEA) which was commonly used in surgery. Recently, ellipses have been proposed as an alternative method to represent the sagittal femoral condylar shape. Does the condylar ellipse line (CEL) coincide with the SEA in 3D MRI reconstruction analysis? From May to August 2021, a total of 80 healthy subjects were scanned by MRI on the right knee in this retrospective study. The ellipses on the most distal slices of the medial and lateral condyles were determined. A line connecting the centers of the medial and lateral ellipses was the CEL. A line connecting the deepest point of the medial sulcus and the most prominent point of the lateral epicondyle was the SEA. Angular measurement of the SEA and the CEL relative to the posterior condylar line (PCL) and the distal condylar line (DCL) was performed on an axial and coronal view of the 3D model, respectively. Measurements were compared between males and females by using the independent-samples t-test. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between SEA-PCL and CEL-PCL, SEA-DCL, and CEL-DCL. On the axial view, the mean SEA-CEL was 0.35° ± 0.96°. SEA-PCL (2.91° ± 1.40°) had a high correlation with CEL-PCL (3.27° ± 1.11°) (r = 0.731, p < 0.001). On the coronal view, the mean coronal SEA-CEL was 1.35° ± 1.13°. SEA-DCL (1.35° ± 1.13°) had a low correlation with CEL-DCL (0.18° ± 0.84°) (r = 0.319, p = 0.007). On the sagittal view, the outlet points of the CEL on the medial and lateral epicondyles were anatomically located in the anteroinferior direction to the SEA. CEL traversed the medial and lateral epicondyles, which has a mean deviation of 0.35° with SEA on axial view and a mean deviation of 0.18° with DCL on coronal view. This study suggested that the ellipse approach is an improved scheme for representing the femoral condylar shape.

Variation of normal condyle shape based on gender in panoramic radiographs

Objectives: To find out information about variations in the normal shape of the condyles based on gender using panoramic radiographic observations and to find out the frequency data for variations in the normal shape of the condyles.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive observational research using 122 panoramic radiographs as secondary data. The panoramic image consisted of 61 male samples and 61 female samples. The condyles were observed by describing the condyle shapes on the right and left sides. Observation of the shape of the condyle was carried out by three observers. Then, the data were tested for reliability by using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient to equalize the perceptions of the three observers.&#x0D; Results: The reliability test using ICC obtained a score &gt; 0.9 which means very good reliability. The most commonly found condyles shape is round and there are differences in shape between the right and left condyles in both males and females.&#x0D; Conclusion: The most common variation of the normal shape of the condyle found in both males and females is round on the right and left sides.

Assessment of mandibular condylar morphology through digital panoramic radiograph: A radiographic study

The temporomandibular joint is one of the most intricate human articulations (TMJ). Each joint is made up of a mandibular condyle and its associated temporal cavity (glenoid fossa and articular eminence). Human mandibular condyle morphology can be divided into six types: Type I: Oval; Type II: Flattened; Type III: Diamond; Type IV: Crooked finger; Type V:Bifid and Type VI: Bird beak. The mandibular condyle appears in several different age groups and individuals in many distinct ways. Condyle remodelling to account for developmental variations, malocclusion, trauma, and other developmental illnesses and diseases are all examples of developmental disorders and diseases that can result from simple developmental variability. Panoramic radiography has been recommended as a screening tool for TMJ patients, and it may be useful to spot major bone abnormalities in the condyle.: The aim of the current study is to observe and record the variations in condyle forms in Punjab (North India) using an Orthopantomographs (OPGs), which were crucial for patient treatment in several branches of dentistry. This retrospective study comprised radiographic evaluation of 400 condylar heads after visualising 200 digitalised OPGs taken for routine investigation. The most common shape of condyle on right observed was oval (43.5%) followed by Bird Beak (20.5%), Diamond (12.5%), Flattened (12%), Crooked finger(6.5%) and Bifid (5%). The most common shape of condyle on left observed was Oval (51%) followed by Bird Beak (15%), Diamond (14%), Flattened (9%), Crooked finger(8%) and Bifid (3%). In Males, the commonest form of left and right condylar morphology was and the least form of right condylar morphology was , whereas the least form of left condylar morphology observed was and In Females, the commonest form of left and right condylar morphology was and the least form of left and right condylar morphology observed was The aim of this study was to determine the most typical radiographic forms of the mandibular condyle on the OPG. Six various condyle shapes—Oval, Flattened, Bird beak, Diamond, Crooked finger, and bifid—have been identified in the current study, with the oval form being the most prevalent on both sides and in both sexes. Bifid is the least typical shape for the right and left condyles.

New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata: Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India.

Spinicaudatan clam shrimps are an evolutionarily ancient lineage restricted to temporary freshwater pools. Use of classical morpho-taxonomic approaches alone have led to some issues in the taxonomy of this group, which are now being resolved through integrative taxonomy. Here, we describe two new leptestherid spiny clam shrimps Leptestheria chalukyae sp. nov. and Leptestheria gomantaki sp. nov. from peninsular India based on their unique morphological characters and distinct phylogenetic position. We also re-describe Leptestheria nobilis and present an overview of the morphological characters of all the Indian leptestherids. Most of the conventional taxonomic characters appear to overlap among all the Indian species, although the combination of occipital condyle shape and the cercopod marginal spines arrangement in combination, appear to be useful in separating leptestherid species.

Morphology of the occipital condyle and its surgical implications: Computed tomographic study

Abstract Background: Considering the morphology of the bilateral occipital condyles is fundamental during surgical procedures of the craniovertebral junction region due to their proximity to critical neurovascular structures. This study elucidates the variant shapes of the occipital condyle in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Materials and Methods: The configuration of 672 occipital condyles was retrospectively evaluated on cranial computed tomographic images of Nigerian adults (137 females and 199 males). After the study protocol was approved, these were accessed in the imaging database of the Radiology Department in a referral center. Data analysis was implemented by Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 and summarized in percentages. Gender, age group, and side comparisons were assessed using the chi-square test with significance at P &lt; 0.05. Results: The oval shape (434, 64.6%) was the most common, followed by the kidney shape (166, 24.7%), while the round shape was rare (4, 0.6%). The shapes showed significant gender differences (P = 0.038) but were not associated with side or age (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion: The study highlights the different occipital condyle conformations in the population studied, emphasizing the need for radiological evaluation before surgical procedures of the posterior cranial fossa and the upper vertebral column.

Relationship between development of the condylar cortex and the changes in condyle morphology: a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) observational study.

A correct understanding of the mandibular condyle morphology may help clinicians judge the normal range of morphological variations of asymptomatic patients or the pathological conditions correctly. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the status of condyle cortication and condyle morphology, and to investigate the relationship between the development of the condylar cortex and the changes of condyle morphology. The present study was an observational study. A total of 1,010 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were collected retrospectively. The mandibular condyle morphology was observed in axial (concave, convex, plane and others for anterior and posterior facets), coronal (plane, convex, angled and round for superior facet) and sagittal (round and plane for superior facet) views, and the condylar cortication was grouped into three types (undeveloped, developing and developed). Analytical statistics were performed to detect a relationship between the cortication status and morphology of the condyles. For males and females, the mean age was 15.11±2.71 and 14.25±2.60 years (for condylar bone without cortication), 19.45±3.92 and 18.65±3.45 years (with developing cortical bone), 23.63±3.36 and 23.86±3.73 years (with developed cortical bone), respectively. The condyle morphology with a plane form in the anterior aspect, a convex form in the posterior aspect, a convex form in the coronal view and a round form in the sagittal view was the most often recorded condyle morphologies (13.2%). After the cortical bone of condyle completely forms, the plane form was significantly increased in the superior surface in both sagittal and coronal views. The condylar shape gradually changes with growth and development of the condyle bone cortex. The more mature the bone cortex is, the higher the probability that the condyle will have an uneven shape, which may mean that the condyle morphology may change due to remodeling during growth and development.

Three-dimensional evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults with various skeletal patterns.

Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults and to identify its correlation with skeletal malocclusion patterns. Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 135 adult patients were used in this study and classified into groups according to four criteria: (1) sex (male and female); (2) sagittal skeletal discrepancy (Class I, Class II, and Class III); (3) vertical skeletal discrepancy (hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent); and age (group 1 ≤ 20 years, 21 ≤ group 2 < 30, and group 3 ≥ 30 years). The morphometrical variables were mandibular condyle height and width, and the morphological variable was the mandibular condyle shape in coronal and sagittal sections. Three-dimensional standard tessellation language files were created using itk-snap (open-source software), and measurements were performed using Meshmixer (open-source software). The mandibular condyle height was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with class III malocclusion than in those with class I or II malocclusion; the mandibular condyle width was not significantly different among different sexes, age groups, and sagittal and vertical malocclusions. There were no statistical associations between various mandibular condyle shapes and the sexes, age groups, and skeletal malocclusions. The condylar height was greatest in patients with class III malocclusion. The condylar height and width were greater among males than in females. The mandibular condyle shapes observed in sagittal and coronal sections did not affect the skeletal malocclusion patterns.