Shape Characters Research Articles

사설시조에 나타난 여성캐릭터 형상

본 연구는 ‘시조와 여성’이라는 기획주제의 일환으로서 사설시조를 대상으로 하여 텍스트에 투영된 여성의 욕망과 이를 처리하는 태도와 모습을 통해 다양한 여성 캐릭터를 추출하기 위한 시도이다. 서사문학에서는 사건과 사건을 결합하여 그 속에서 행동하는 인간을 통해 자신이 어떠한 사람인지를 드러내고 인물의 성격이나 특성을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 이와 달리 시가문학에서는 인간을 드러내기 위한 구체적인 사건의 결합이나 나열을 통해서라기보다는 그 자체로서의 존재하는 인간을 보여준다고 할 수 있다. 시적 상황을 하나의 이야기나 사건으로 가정할 때, 그 안에서 목소리를 내고 있는 중심화자는 당연히 그 시적 정황의 주인공이며, 해결되지 못한 문제들로 인해 시적 화자가 드러내는 정서는 곧 하나의 인물이 고민하는 갈등의 표출이라고 볼 수 있다. 시가문학으로부터 인물의 캐릭터를 추출하고자 하는 또 하나의 가능성과 타당성을 마련할 수 있는 것은, 인간의 ‘욕망’이나 ‘열망’이라는 측면에서 접근해 볼 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.BR 본고에서는 여성화자 주인공들이 지니고 있는 최종 욕망, 그 중에서도 특히 그녀들의 성적욕망을 중심으로 이를 성취하기 위한 의지와 그에 따른 갈등의 표출방식에 접근한다. 이에 따라 여성인물의 캐릭터를 크게 성적욕망과는 무관한 ‘烈女型’과 그와 달리 성적욕망과 밀접한 관련을 맺는 ‘淫女型’ 캐릭터로 나누었다. 그리고 음녀형을 좀 더 세분화하여 이를 다시 여섯 개의 항목으로 분류하여 작품에 나타난 여성에 적용하였다. 이러한 논의는 캐릭터에 관한 원천소스를 시가문학에서 추출하고자하는 하나의 시도라고 할 수 있다.

PASOS: a method for the phylogenetic analysis of shape ontogenies.

We present a novel phylogenetic approach to infer ancestral ontogenies of shape characters described as landmark configurations. The method is rooted in previously published theoretical developments to analyse landmark data in a phylogenetic context with parsimony as the optimality criterion, in this case using the minimization of differences in landmark position to define not only ancestral shapes but also the changes in developmental timing between ancestor-descendant shape ontogenies. Evolutionary changes along the tree represent changes in relative developmental timing between ontogenetic trajectories (possible heterochronic events) and changes in shape within each stage. The method requires the user to determine the shape of the specimens between two standard events, for instance birth and onset of sexual maturity. Once the ontogenetic trajectory is discretized into a series of consecutive stages, the method enables the user to identify changes in developmental timing associated with changes in the offset and/or onset of the shape ontogenetic trajectories. The method is implemented in a C language program called SPASOS. The analysis of two empirical examples (anurans and felids) using this novel method yielded results in agreement with previous hypotheses about shape evolution in these groups based on non-phylogenetic analyses.

Molecular and morphometric combo reveals extraordinary hidden diversity in European polychaetes from the Phyllodocidae family

Molecular and morphometric combo reveals extraordinary hidden diversity in European polychaetes from the Phyllodocidae family

Moć kolektiva i identitet ženskih likova u prozi Laze K. Lazarevića

The prose of Serbian realists is rich in contents that uphold the cultural pattern of a patriarchal community and the subordinate position of an individual living within. The subject matter of patriarchal family is dominant in the prose of Laza Lazarević who insists on depicting conflicts stemming from distinctive psychological problems of individual people inside a community. This paper emphasizes the author's artistic picture of female searching for identity and also deviation from stereotypic shaping of female characters. The introductory part of the paper presents a short review of a patriarchal cultural pattern of the writer's time and the position of individuals inside the community. The central part consists of the female characters' analysis in short stories "at the Well" and "The School Icon". The final section of the paper interprets the author's orientation towards final solutions in which we see heroines who, in spite of the initial conflict, continue their lives in accordance with the community norms.

Printed Odia Numeral Recognition Using Stacked Autoencoder

Automatic recognition of both printed and handwritten characters is the most progressive research area since last few periods. The printed character recognition rate still desires concentration of researchers because of variations in shape, size and design of characters. Odia is the native language of Odisha. Less works have been accounted in Odia script classification. Complex printed character recognition constantly demands a better feature extraction method for such diversified characters. Purpose of this manuscript is to apply autoencoder technique considering a suitable classifier for Odia printed numeral recognition. Autoencoder proved to be a better method in performance for dimensionality reduction as well as classification of Odia numerals.

Citrus hystrix DC dari Jawa Tengah dan Sumba Timur Koleksi Kebun Raya Bogor

ABSTRACT Both Citrus macroptera Montrouz. and Citrus micrantha Wester were cited as different species from C. hystrix by several authors. Morphological characters that can be used to differentiate those species are leaf shape and fruit. C. hystrix is cultivated at Bogor Botanic Gardens originated from Central Java Province and East Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. In previous study, C. hystrix, both from Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara, did not produce flowers as well fruit yet. The only useful characters for differentiation of the species were leaf morphology and its thorns. Therefore, further study is needed. The research was carried out from January 2013 to December 2018 at Bogor Botanic Gardens and the Anatomy and Cytology Laboratory, Botany Department, Research Center of Biology LIPI. Flower and fruit morphology have been observed on C. hystrix originated from both Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara as well as from other localities which is commonly used. To support this reasearch then leaf and petiole anatomy have been done. The result showed that morphological characters of leaf shape and fruit of C. hystrix where originated from Central Java, differed from C. hystrix originated from East Nusa Tenggara and those are commonly used by local people. However, based on leaf and petiole anatomy observations of all specimens used on this research are quantitavely similar, so that these results are not supported the morphological characters observation. Therefore, it is assumed that both C. hystrix, originated from Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara, as variety of C. hystrix that commonly used by local people.

Seed micromorphology and its taxonomic evidence in subfamily Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae).

Seed micromorphology of 13 species, belonging to four genera of subfamily Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae) were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in order to assess their diagnostic significance at generic level and provide additional evidence on species delimitation, as well as correct identification and phylogenetic position. Genera and species of subfamily Alsinoideae exhibit great variation in ultrastructure and a high diversity of novel micromorphological characters were observed. Variation in seed shape, color, hilum, anticlinal wall, epidermal cell, cell surface, margins, and quantitative characters as length and width were studied in detail, compared, illustrated, and their taxonomic significant were discussed. Seed shapes of the species were classified as reniform, round, angular, subcircular, subreniform, and elliptical pyriform, with sub-central, central, basal, and nearly basal hilum. Wavy, irregular, tetragonal, and elongated epidermal cells structure has been observed as an exomorphological character. The present findings show that the micromorphology of subfamily Alsinoideae provides taxonomic information and is helpful to distinguish different species. The results also explained that SEM morphology of seeds provide important data about affinity among taxa and give potential characters in delimitation of members of subfamily Alsinoideae at generic and species level. A principal component analysis allowed to highlight the most outsiders among seed micromorphology with a possible explanation. Taxonomic keys were developed based on micromorphological characters to delimit the species and useful for their quick identification within subfamily Alsinoideae.

Echa "Idź i patrz" Elema Klimowa w dwóch polskich filmach antywojennych – "Mieście 44" Jana Komasy oraz "Wołyniu" Wojciecha Smarzowskiego

The subject of interest in this text are the relations between the famous Elem Klimow’s Come and See and two Polish movies made in the second decade of the 21st century – Jan Komasa’s Warsaw 44 and Wojciech Smarzowski’s Wołyń. These relations are considered at the genetic level, the level of historical references, the genological level and the plane of audiovisual material created in films. The analysis leads to the conclusion that genological issues play the most important role in building these relationships, among them the shape of the main character’s figure.The text can be treated as a contribution to reflection on the genre distinctiveness of the anti-war film.

RIGIOLEPIS AND VACCINIUM (ERICACEAE) IN BORNEO

Rigiolepis and Vaccinium of Borneo are revised, and their characteristics are discussed. Brief comments on distinguishing Vaccinium and Rigiolepis from related genera in the Ericaceae are made. Vaccinium sect. Bracteata is now considered the only section of Vaccinium occurring in Borneo. The chief reason for reinstating Rigiolepis as a genus is the distinctive 10-locular ovary whose structure has been overlooked in recent studies, while the supporting characters of multiple axillary flower buds, flower size, anther shape and fruit colour provide for easy recognition. New keys are provided to all 42 species, and all accepted taxa are described. Ten taxa are new to science and 17 new combinations are made. An addendum gives the combinations to be used for the two species of Rigiolepis presently known to occur outside Borneo.

Phylogenetic analysis of stemmed points from Patagonia: Shape change and morphospace evolution

This work is focused in the study of Patagonian lithic projectile points shape variation from a phylogenetic perspective pursuing three main aims: first, generate a model of projectile point shape diversification and morphospace evolution; second, estimate shape variation through time, and finally, assess the robustness of previous results using the same methods but in a larger sample with better spatial coverage. A previous work using geometric morphometric and cladistic methods suggested a pattern of general morphological diversification across Patagonia related, at least in part, to the spatial distance between cases, distinguishing two main clades in northern (43-45° S) and southern (50-52° S) Patagonia. In the present work to study this pattern in a more detailed level, a sample of ca. 1200 projectile points was used to obtain statistically different morphological classes performing unsupervised K-means searching. Shape characters were used to describe the different taxonomic units and to perform the phylogenetic analysis (through the Neighbor Joining and Maximun Parsimony methods) using as an ancestor the earliest point type known to the region (Fishtail point). The new results suggest that projectile points with longer and narrow blades and smaller stems evolved later in Patagonia and occupy a different sector of morphospace that could be related to the emergence of different technical systems, like the bow and arrow. However, these results do not support the previous ones of a projectile point diversification pattern mediated by spatial distance, maybe due to the reduction of contrast between the extreme north and south of Patagonia by the larger spatial coverage used in the present analysis.

New tribal placement and review of Parapucaya Prell and Pucaya Ohaus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae).

The dynastine scarab genera Parapucaya Prell and Pucaya Ohaus have been historically classified in Pentodontini; however, that tribal classification is not supported under the current tribal circumscriptions. A discussion justifying the transfer of the genera Parapucaya and Pucaya from Pentodontini into Cyclocephalini is presented. This research is based on morphological observations (mandible shape and wing characters among others) and molecular data (genes 28S, COI, and 16S/ND1). A review of both genera is included, providing descriptions, diagnoses, distribution data, illustrations, and keys to species. A revised key to the world genera of Cyclocephalini is also included.

Micromorphological study of Centaurea L. (Asteraceae); some taxa of eight sections analysed with scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy

This study deals with the pollen morphological characterization of 36 taxa (Sections; Cheirolepis 3, Cynaroides 14, Rhizocalathium 5, Grossheimia 3, Chartolepis 3, Pseudophaeopappus 1, Plumosipappus 1 and Phaeopappus 6) belonging to the genus Centaurea. Pollen slides were prepared using the Acetolysis technique. Light Microscope examination showed pollen grains to be tricolporate, isopolar, radially symmetrical, oblate-spheroidal, prolate-spheroidal, subprolate, tectum perforate and scabrate. We identified two basic types of pollen grains, designated type I (Scabrate), type II (Microechinate). 34 taxa evaluated resemble Wagenitz’s Jacea pollen type and 2 taxa Montana pollen type. We present micrographs of pollen grains, together with descriptions of the characteristics of their structure. We found that the pollen characters (shape, exine structure, sculpturing) were useful for classification.

Phylogeny, character evolution and spatiotemporal diversification of the species-rich and world-wide distributed tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae).

The Rubiaceae tribe Rubieae has a world-wide distribution with up to 1,000 species. These collectively exhibit an enormous ecological and morphological diversity, making Rubieae an excellent group for macro- and microevolutionary studies. Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses used only a limited sampling within the tribe or missed lineages crucial for understanding character evolution in this group. Here, we analyze sequences from two plastid spacer regions as well as morphological and biogeographic data from an extensive and evenly distributed sampling to establish a sound phylogenetic framework. This framework serves as a basis for our investigation of the evolution of important morphological characters and the biogeographic history of the Rubieae. The tribe includes three major clades, the Kelloggiinae Clade (Kelloggia), the Rubiinae Clade (Didymaea, Rubia) and the most species-rich Galiinae Clade (Asperula, Callipeltis, Crucianella, Cruciata, Galium, Mericarpaea, Phuopsis, Sherardia, Valantia). Within the Galiinae Clade, the largest genera Galium and Asperula are para- and polyphyletic, respectively. Smaller clades, however, usually correspond to currently recognized taxa (small genera or sections within genera), which may be used as starting points for a refined classification in this clade. Life-form (perennial versus annual), flower shape (long versus short corolla tube) and fruit characters (dry versus fleshy, with or without uncinate hairs) are highly homoplasious and have changed multiple times independently. Inference on the evolution of leaf whorls, a characteristic feature of the tribe, is sensitive to model choice. Multi-parted leaf whorls appear to have originated from opposite leaves with two small interpetiolar stipules that are subsequently enlarged and increased in number. Early diversification of Rubieae probably started during the Miocene in western Eurasia. Disjunctions between the Old and the New World possibly are due to connections via a North Atlantic land bridge. Diversification of the Galiineae Clade started later in the Miocene, probably in the Mediterranean, from where lineages reached, often multiple times, Africa, eastern Asia and further on the Americas and Australia.

Lethrus (Lethrus) thracicus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae), a new species from the European part of Turkey.

Lethrus (Lethrus) thracicus Král Hillert, new species, from Thrace, north-western Turkey is described. The new species is compared with the morphologically similar species L. (L.) apterus (Laxmann, 1770), L. (L.) ares Král, Rejsek Schneider, 2001 and L. (L.) schneideri Král Hillert, 2013. Relevant diagnostic male characters (shape of mandibles, ventral mandible processes, pronotum and parameres) are illustrated. The name Lethrus subaeneus Fairmaire, 1866 is considered a nomen nudum.

Shh Plays an Inhibitory Role in Cusp Patterning by Regulation of Sostdc1

Crown shapes in mammalian teeth vary considerably from species to species, and morphological characters in crown shape have been used to identify species. Cusp pattern is one of the characters in crown shape. In the processes governing the formation of cusp pattern, the Shh pathway has been implicated as an important player. Suppression of Shh signaling activity in vitro in explant assays appears to induce supernumerary cusp formation in wild-type tooth germs. However, the in vivo role of Shh signaling in cusp pattern formation and the molecular mechanisms by which Shh regulates cusp patterning are not clear. Here, through in vivo phenotypic analyses of mice in which Shh activity was suppressed and compared with wild-type mice, we characterized differences in the location, number, incidence, and shape of supernumerary cusps in molars at embryonic day 15.5. We found that the distances between cusps were reduced in molars of Shh activity–suppressed mice in vivo. These findings confirm and extend the previous idea that Shh acts as an inhibitor in the reaction-diffusion model for cusp pattern formation by negatively regulating the intercuspal distance. We uncovered a significant reduction of expression level of Sostdc1, which encodes a secreted modulator of Wnt signaling, after suppression of Shh activity. The supernumerary cusp formation in Sostdc1−/− mice and compound Sostdc1 and Lrp mutant mice indicates a strong association between Wnt and Shh signaling pathways in cusp patterning. In further support of this idea, there is a high degree of similarity in the supernumerary cusp patterns of mice lacking Sostdc1 or Shh at embryonic day 15.5. These results suggest that Shh plays an inhibitory role in cusp pattern formation by modulating Wnt signaling through the positive regulation of Sostdc1.

Identification of selected monogeneans using image processing, artificial neural network and K-nearest neighbor

Abstract Over the last two decades, improvements in developing computational tools made significant contributions to the classification of biological specimens` images to their correspondence species. These days, identification of biological species is much easier for taxonomist and even non-taxonomists due to the development of automated computer techniques and systems. In this study, we developed a fully automated identification model for monogenean images based on the shape characters of the haptoral organs of eight species: Sinodiplectanotrema malayanum, Diplectanum jaculator,Trianchoratus pahangensis, Trianchoratus lonianchoratus, Trianchoratus malayensis, Metahaliotrema ypsilocleithru, Metahaliotrema mizellei and Metahaliotrema similis. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method was used to reduce the dimension of extracted feature vectors which were then used in classification with the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifiers for identification of monogenean specimens of eight species. The need for the discovery of new characters for identification of species has been acknowledged for log by systematic parasitology. Using overall form of anchors and bars for extraction of features were lead to achieve acceptable results in automated classification of monogenean. To date, this is the first fully automated identification model for monogeneans with an accuracy of 86.25% using KNN and 93.1% using ANN.

Exploring How Canadian Voters Evaluate Leader Character in Three Cases: Justin Trudeau, Hillary Clinton, and Donald Trump

In exploratory research, we investigate whether a recently developed framework of leader character, grounded in the business administration literature, has any utility for understanding how citizens value the character of modern political leaders. We are interested in whether the entire leader character framework, or only a subset of its dimensions, are valued by Canadians in political leaders. An opinion poll of 506 Canadians in the fall of 2016 examines how they responded to the framework, which dimensions of leader character they value highly, and how they employed it to evaluate three well-known politicians who were then in the media spotlight: Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau; and American presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The results suggest Canadians possess a clear, distinct set of preferences with respect to the ideal shape of leader character. This finding is salient toward understanding the modern political culture of Canada, as well as addressing speculation that the rise of populism in many countries suggests voters might embrace a leader in the mould of American president Donald Trump.

Image Enhancement Background for High Damage Malay Manuscripts using Adaptive Threshold Binarization

Jawi Manuscripts handwritten which are kept at Malaysia National Library (MNL), has aged over decades. Regardless of the intensive sustainable process conducted by MNL, these manuscripts are still not maintained in good quality, and neither can easily be read nor better view. Even thought, many states of the art methods have developed for image enhancement, none of them can solve extremely bad quality manuscripts. The quality of old Malay Manuscripts can be categorize into three types, namely: the background image is uneven, image effects and image effects expand patch. The aim of this paper is to discuss the methods used to value add the quality of the manuscript. Our propose methods consist of several main methods, such as: Local Adaptive Equalization, Image Intensity Values, Automatic Threshold PP, and Adaptive Threshold Filtering. This paper is intend to achieve a better view image that geared to ease reading. Error Bit Phase achievement (TKB) has a smaller error value for proposed method (Adaptive Threshold Filtering Process / PAM) namely 0.0316 compared with Otsu’s Threshold Method / MNAO, Binary Threshold Value Method / MNAP, and Automatic Local Threshold Value Method / MNATA. The precision achievement (namely on ink bleed images) is using a proposed method more than 95% is compared with the state of the art methods MNAO, MNAP, MNATA and their performances are 75.82%, 90.68%, and 91.2% subsequently. However, this paper’s achievement is using a proposed method / PAM, MNAO, MNAP, and MNATA for correspondingly the image of ink bleed case are 45.74%, 54.80%, 53.23% and 46.02%. Conclusion, the proposed method produces a better character shape in comparison to other methods.

ANALISIS MATA PELAJARAN FIKIH KELAS X MATERI ZAKAT DAN HIKMAHNYA DI MADRASAH ALIYAH

National education functions to develop the ability and shape of dignified national character and civilization in order to educate the life of the nation, aims to develop the potential of students to become faithful and fearful people of God Almighty, noble, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent and become a democratic and responsible citizen. To achieve this goal, one of the fields of study that must be learned by students in madrasas is Islamic Religious Education (PAI). Jurisprudence education is one of the Islamic religious education that is applied in educational institutions, ranging from basic education to Islamic higher education as a means of realizing educational goals, forming people who understand the Islamic shari'ah. This article tries to analyze the subject matter of X-class fiqh material and its wisdom in Madrasah Aliyah from the aspect of conformity between material content and core competencies and basic competencies, between material and social development and children's intelligence, between learning materials and methods and also between material and evaluation. Keywords: Analysis, Zakat, Fiqh, Madrasa Aliyah

Eksistensi Cerita Rakyat Sebagai Media Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Sekolah Dasar

The purpose of this paper is to explain the existence of folklore as a medium for character building for students, especially in elementary school. Folk stories have noble values in society. Therefore, it is very appropriate to be used as a medium in shaping character especially for elementary school children. Various character characters depicted in the story can be imitated or imitated by children, usually good contrasting characters are portrayed with evil characters, so that students / readers hate and hostile to evil figures, even curse them, otherwise good characters are lauded and even imitated by their actions. This shows, that the mind and feelings are directly involved naturally. Therefore, it is advisable to keep a fairytale culture before going to sleep, because children can ask questions directly or give feedback about what has been heard from the narrator, while helping to preserve the native culture of the archipelago.