Shannon's Communication Research Articles

Resource Allocation for UAV-RIS-Assisted NOMA-Based URLLC Systems

This work focuses on maximizing the sum rate of ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) systems by leveraging unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted reconfigurable intelligent surface (UAV-RIS) to provide short packet services for users based on the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) protocol. To optimize the sum rate of system, a joint optimization is performed with respect to the power allocation, UAV position, decoding order, and RIS phase shifts. As the original problem is a non-convex integer optimization problem, it is challenging to obtain the optimal solution. Therefore, approximate solutions are derived using successive convex approximation (SCA), slack variables, and penalty-based methods. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed resource allocation algorithm compared with the benchmark algorithm with orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme. In addition, this work emphasizes the performance gap between the proposed communication system and the traditional Shannon communication system in terms of throughput and the performance capacity sacrificed to achieve lower latency.

Semantics-Native Communication via Contextual Reasoning

Recently, machine learning (ML) has shown its effectiveness in improving communication efficiency by reinstating the semantics of bits. To understand its underlying principles, we propose a novel stochastic model of semantic communication, dubbed semantics-native communication (SNC). Inspired from human communication, we consider a point-topoint SNC scenario where a speaker has an intention of referring to an entity, extracts its semantic concepts, and maps these concepts into symbols that are communicated to a target listener through the traditional Shannon communication channel. Next, we recall rational humans who can communicate more efficiently by reasoning about the others’ contexts before communication, referred to as contextual reasoning. This motivates us to propose a novel SNC framework harnessing agent states as side information in a way that the speaker locally and iteratively communicates with a virtual agent having the listener’s state, and vice versa. Theoretically, we prove the convergence of contextual reasoning, at which it minimizes the bit length while guaranteeing a target reliability. Simulation results corroborate that contextual reasoning based SNC can significantly reduce bit lengths, and be a robust solution to imperfect agent states by quantizing the entity-concept-symbol mapping before contextual reasoning.

Experimental studies of communication channel bandwidth of millimeter wave range indoors

There is a rapid development of technologies worldwide that have access to the Internet, independently exchange data, and upload collected information to cloud storage. Every year, the amount of data transmitted from things and people on the Internet is approximately two zettabytes. The volume of data on the Internet is constantly growing. According to the Internet Live Stats service, more than 50,000 search queries are made on Google every second, 120,000 videos are viewed on YouTube, and almost 2.5 million e-mails are sent. Therefore, it is expedient to implement the fifth generation of communication, which will work in the millimeter range. Promising technologies for building 5G and its implementation include small base stations, which are analogs of conventional mobile network base stations. Within settlements, small base stations should be located short distances from each other (approximately 250 meters). From such parameters, it can be concluded that it will be necessary to use thousands of such stations to cover even a small city, forming a single network that will transmit data to 5G users. Among the advantages, it can be noted that due to the small size of the antennas, they can be placed on any elements of structures and buildings (for example, on the walls of buildings, pillars, etc.) without additional obstacles. The paper presents and investigates the bandwidth of the millimeter wave range indoor communication channel. The structure of the modem and the format of the control command, the dependence of the transmission speed C on the length of the radio line of the IEEE 802.11ad 60 GHz communication system in point-to-point mode (Indoor LOS) and (Indoor NLOS) are presented. In work, there are theoretical assessments of the achievable data transfer rates based on the bandwidth of the Shannon communication channel and practically possible data transfer rates for various segments of the information transfer network for the IEEE 802.11ad standard equipment using different modulation and coding schemes (MCS).

Optical wireless communication using camera and RGB display

In this paper, a theoretical framework for Optical Wireless Communication using RGB color model with computer monitor display and digital camera is proposed. The motivation is to find a cheaper alternative to physical network switches and wired and optical cables in communication networks that can be leveraged for computer clusters, thus reducing time and costs for purchase, setup, maintenance, power consumption and cooling. Also, providing better data transfer rates, scalability and band width conservation. The framework is distinguished from related work by the use of RGB for data encoding at various bit-depths. Greater data transfer rates than existing Optical Wireless Communication systems are possible. A computer monitor displays a grid of changing colors controlled by a transmitting host. The color in a grid cell represents one or more data bits as per the RGB codes used. The RGB codes can be computed by logically partitioning the RGB cube, a geometrical representation of the RGB model. A camera on a receiving host, samples the colors to obtain the data bits. Mathematical expressions are derived to compute the RGB codes and mappings to data bits. The upper bound of the data rate is derived and compared with the well-known Shannon communication theorem. The framework is extended to include an array of digital cameras for parallel data copy in a computer cluster and the data rate is determined. Theoretically, the data rate can increase beyond the Gigabit/second realm, and into Terabit/second realm.

Definition of parameters readiness and channel capacity of millimeter wave range

The paper is devoted to the problem of using the next generation 5G millimeter radio waves (MM DV) in wireless communication systems. The aim of the work is to clarify the calculation method and estimate the readiness parameters and performance of communication channels in the millimeter wavelength range when deploying 5G communication network segments in various climatic zones of Ukraine. The paper presents the model and practical results of estimating the budget of the communication line, on the basis of which the achievable distances between the transmitter and the receiver for various climatic zones of Ukraine are determined. A theoretical assessment of the achievable information transfer rates based on the Shannon communication channel capacity is given, and an estimate of the practically achievable data transfer rates for various segments of the information transmission network for IEEE 802.11ad standard equipment using various modulation and coding schemes (MCS) is given.

Self-organisation of symbolic information

Information is encountered in two different appearances, in native form by arbitrary physical structures, or in symbolic form by coded sequences of letters or the like. The self-organised emergence of symbolic information from structural information is referred to as a ritualisation transition. Occurring at some stage in evolutionary history, ritualisation transitions have in common that after the crossover, arbitrary symbols are issued and recognised by information-processing devices, by transmitters and receivers in the sense of Shannon's communication theory. Symbolic information-processing systems exhibit the fundamental code symmetry whose key features, such as largely lossless copying or persistence under hostile conditions, may elucidate the reasons for the repeated successful occurrence of ritualisation phenomena in evolution history. Ritualisation examples are briefly reviewed such as the origin of life, the appearance of human languages, the establishment of emergent social categories such as money, or the development of digital computers. In addition to their role as carriers of symbolic information, symbols are physical structures which also represent structural information. For a thermodynamic description of symbols and their arrangements, it appears reasonable to distinguish between Boltzmann entropy, Clausius entropy and Pauling entropy. Thermodynamic properties of symbols imply that their lifetimes are limited by the 2nd law.

On Zero-Error Communication via Quantum Channels in the Presence of Noiseless Feedback

We initiate the study of zero-error communication via quantum channels when the receiver and sender have at their disposal a noiseless feedback channel of unlimited quantum capacity, generalizing Shannon's zero-error communication theory with instantaneous feedback. We first show that this capacity is a function only of the linear span of Choi-Kraus operators of the channel, which generalizes the bipartite equivocation graph of a classical channel, and which we dub "non-commutative bipartite graph". Then we go on to show that the feedback-assisted capacity is non-zero (with constant activating noiseless communication) if and only if the non-commutative bipartite graph is non-trivial, and give a number of equivalent characterizations. This result involves a far-reaching extension of the "conclusive exclusion" of quantum states [Pusey/Barrett/Rudolph, Nature Phys. 8:475-478]. We then present an upper bound on the feedback-assisted zero-error capacity, motivated by a conjecture originally made by Shannon and proved later by Ahlswede. We demonstrate this bound to have many good properties, including being additive and given by a minimax formula. We also prove that this quantity is the entanglement-assisted capacity against an adversarially chosen channel from the set of all channels with the same Choi-Kraus span, which can also be interpreted as the feedback-assisted unambiguous capacity. The proof relies on a generalization of the "Postselection Lemma" [Christandl/Koenig/Renner, PRL 102:020504] that allows to reflect additional constraints, and which we believe to be of independent interest. We illustrate our ideas with a number of examples, including classical-quantum channels and Weyl diagonal channels, and close with an extensive discussion of open questions.

Software Complexity Analysis Based on Shannon Entropy Theory and C&K Metrics

This work presents an analysis of software complexity based on Shannon Communication Theory using Chidamber and Kemerer (C and K) Metrics. The complexity affects effort and cost of software development and maintenance. The main software artifact is its architecture which depends on good balance of structural decisions based on coupling and cohesion concepts. The entropy concept can help us to measure the disorder level of the system. This work proposes using entropy as reference to control software design based on C&K metrics. I also define thresholds for some metrics and calculate the entropy of jUnit software used as an example. The results are good that suggest next steps in software complexity.

The Uncertainty Relation Between the Signals as a Criterion for Evaluation of Physical Data Rate

A more detailed representation of Shannon's formula for determining the channel capacity is developed. In a modified form it takes into account the parameters of the signal in both time and frequency range. One of the components introduced to the modified ratio of the Shannon communication channel throughput is the uncertainty relation. A new method of calculating the uncertainty relation for the signals is proposed and described. Examples of calculations of the uncertainty relation for different classes of signals using existing methods and the proposed approach are presented.

Experimental round-robin differential phase-shift quantum key distribution

In conventional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, security is guaranteed by estimating the amount of leaked information through monitoring signal disturbance, which, in practice, is generally caused by environmental noise and device imperfections rather than eavesdropping. Such estimation therefore tends to overrate the amount of leaked information in practice, leads to a fundamental threshold of the bit error rate. The threshold becomes a bottleneck of the development of practical QKD systems. In classical communication, according to Shannon's communication theory, information can transform through a noisy channel even if the background noise is very strong compare to the signal and hence the threshold of the bit error rate tends to 50%. One might wonder whether a QKD scheme can also tolerate error rate as high as 50%. The question is answered affirmatively with the recent work of round-robin differential phase-shift (RRDPS) protocol, which breaks through the fundamental threshold of the bit error rate and indicates another potential direction in the field of quantum cryptography. The key challenge to realize the RRDPS scheme lies on the measurement device, which requires a variable-delay interferometer. The delay needs to be chosen from a set of predetermined values randomly. Such measurement can be realized by switching between many interferometers with different delays at a high speed in accordance with the system repetition rate. The more delay values can be chosen from, the higher error rate can be tolerated. By designing an optical system with multiple switches and employing an active phase stabilization technology, we successfully construct a variable-delay interferometer with 128 actively selectable delays. With this measurement, we experimentally demonstrate the RRDPS QKD protocol and obtain a final key rate of 15.54 bps via a total loss of 18 dB and 8.9% error rate.

Experimental measurement of a high resolution CMOS detector coupled to CsI scintillators under X-ray radiation

The purpose of the present study was to assess the information content of structured CsI:Tl scintillating screens, specially treated to be compatible to a CMOS digital imaging optical sensor, in terms of the information capacity (IC), based on Shannon's mathematical communication theory. IC was assessed after the experimental determination of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and the Normalized Noise Power Spectrum (NNPS) in the mammography and general radiography energy range. The CMOS sensor was coupled to three columnar CsI:Tl scintillator screens obtained from the same manufacturer with thicknesses of 130, 140 and 170 μm respectively, which were placed in direct contact with the optical sensor. The MTF was measured using the slanted-edge method while NNPS was determined by 2D Fourier transforming of uniformly exposed images. Both parameters were assessed by irradiation under the mammographic W/Rh (130, 140 and 170 μm CsI screens) and the RQA-5 (140 and 170 μm CsI screens) (IEC 62220-1) beam qualities. The detector response function was linear for the exposure range under investigation. At 70 kVp, under the RQA-5 conditions IC values were found to range between 2229 and 2340 bits/mm2. At 28 kVp the corresponding IC values were found to range between 2262 and 2968 bits/mm2. The information content of CsI:Tl scintillating screens in combination to the high resolution CMOS sensor, investigated in the present study, where found optimized for use in digital mammography imaging systems.

Information as a Probabilistic Difference Maker

By virtue of what do alarm calls and facial expressions carry natural information? The answer I defend in this paper is that they carry natural information by virtue of changing the probabilities of various states of affairs, relative to background data. The Probabilistic Difference Maker Theory (PDMT) of natural information that I introduce here is inspired by Dretske's [1981] seminal analysis of natural information, but parts ways with it by eschewing the requirements that information transmission must be nomically underwritten, mind-independent, and knowledge-yielding. PDMT includes both a qualitative account of information transmission and a measure of natural information in keeping with the basic principles of Shannon's communication theory and Bayesian confirmation theory. It also includes a new account of the informational content of a signal, understood as the combination of the incremental and overall support that the signal provides for all states of affairs at the source. Finally, I compare and contrast PDMT with other probabilistic and non-probabilistic theories of natural information, most notably Millikan's [2013] recent theory of natural information as non-accidental pattern repetition.

Differences of Information Management between Fashion Show Video and Fashion Film: Focusing on Cases of Chanel

As media technology is developing, methods to present fashion products and communicate with audiences are also evolving. Designers and fashion brands are always on the lookout for more effective methods to deliver what designers intend through new products. The purpose of this research is to analyze different ways in which people perceive, cognize, and memorize the digital media of fashion show videos and fashion films in the communication process. Considering the difference in communication methods, this study is based on Shannon's communication model, Foulger's ecological model of the communication process, and Kopec's information management theory. In this research, Chanel's 2010 Cruise collection and fashion film, RememberNow, were used as content stimuli. The results indicate that there are significant differences between fashion shows and fashion films in terms of perception (p< .005), cognition (p< .005), and memorization (p< .005). This research will provide prospective methods for fashion designers and fashion firms to effectively deliver the latest fashion information to their audiences.

How do the amplitude fluctuations affect the neuronal transmission efficiency

Tremendous effort is done to understand the nature of neuronal coding, its high efficiency and mechanisms governing it. Paprocki and Szczepanski [13] explored the model of neuron proposed by Levy and Baxter [12] and analyzed the efficiency with respect to the synaptic failure, activation threshold, firing rate and type of the input source. In this paper we study influence of the amplitude fluctuations (damping, uniform and amplifying), another important component in neuronal computations. The efficiency is understood in the sense of mutual information (between input and output signals), which constitutes the fundamental concept of the Shannon communication theory. Using high quality entropy estimators we determined maximal values of the mutual information between input and output neuronal signals for simple neuronal architecture. We observed that this maximal efficiency remains nearly constant, almost regardless of the fluctuation type. We have also found that for wide range of thresholds, both for damping and amplifying fluctuations, the mutual information behaves in an opposite way to the corresponding correlations between input and output signals. These calculations confirm that the neuronal coding is much more subtle than the straightforward intuitive optimization of input–output correlations.

Binary Sequences Using Chaotic Dynamics and Their Applications to Communications

Shannon's communication system has three essential parts: (1) source, (2) receiver, and (3) channel. Since the usual or real communication systems are of a statistical nature, the performance of the system can never be described in a deterministic sense rather, it is always given in statistical terms. There are several close relationships between information sources and chaos because “chaos” is both of a deterministic and of a probabilistic nature. We review statistical properties of sequences of i.i.d. binary random variables (BRVs) generated by chaotic dynamics: (1) generation method of sequences of i.i.d. BRVs; and (2) designs of Spreading Spectrum (SS) codes generated by a Markov chain.

The Value of Information for Populations in Varying Environments

The notion of information pervades informal descriptions of biological systems, but formal treatments face the problem of defining a quantitative measure of information rooted in a concept of fitness, which is itself an elusive notion. Here, we present a model of population dynamics where this problem is amenable to a mathematical analysis. In the limit where any information about future environmental variations is common to the members of the population, our model is equivalent to known models of financial investment. In this case, the population can be interpreted as a portfolio of financial assets and previous analyses have shown that a key quantity of Shannon's communication theory, the mutual information, sets a fundamental limit on the value of information. We show that this bound can be violated when accounting for features that are irrelevant in finance but inherent to biological systems, such as the stochasticity present at the individual level. This leads us to generalize the measures of uncertainty and information usually encountered in information theory.

Formal Method of Encryption Using 9’S Complement

In this paper we show how implemented one time security encryption scheme is more lucid, effective. However it is more complex in nature of attacker view. The one-time pad encryption scheme itself is mathematically unbreakable. (See Claude Shannon's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems). Therefore, the attacker will focus on breaking the key instead of the cipher text. Random key stream can be used to create lifetime supply of keys for one time pads. Here we provided the practical approach that you can use to set up your own one-time pad encryption. Permutation techniques can be used in conjunction with other technique includes substitution, encryption function etc. for effective performance. The goal of this paper to show how the one-time pad encryption technique can be achieved including complement approach technique.

Implemented Encryption Scheme (One Time Pad ) using 9’S Complement

In this articles we show how implemented one time security encryption scheme is more lucid , effective , However it is more complex in nature of attacker view. The one-time pad encryption scheme itself is mathematically unbreakable. (see Claude Shannon's Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems). Therefore, the attacker will focus on breaking the key instead of the cipher text. Random key stream can be used to create lifetime supply of keys for one time pads. Here we provided the practical approach that you can use to set up your own one-time pad encryption. Permutation techniques can be used in conjunction with other technique includes substitution, encryption function etc. for effective performance. The goal of this article to show how the one-time pad encryption technique can be achieved including complement approach technique. Keywords: Cryptography, One-time pad, Encryption, Key -Enhancement, Network Security, Computer Security.

Phase-Coded Waveforms and Their Design

The design of radar waveforms has received considerable attention since the 1950s. In 1953, P.M. Woodward (1953; 1953) defined the narrowband radar ambiguity function or, simply, ambiguity function. It is a device formulated to describe the effects of range and Doppler on matched filter receivers. Woodward acknowledged the influence that Shannon's communication theory from 1948 had on his ideas; and he explained the relevance of ambiguity in radar signal processing, perhaps best conceived in terms of a form of the uncertainty principle (see the sections Motivation and Ambiguity Functions). However, in the 50 or so years since Woodward's book was published, radar signal processing has used the ambiguity function as an intricate and flexible tool in the design of waveforms to solve diverse problems in radar. In the process, substantial connections were established in mathematics, physics, and other areas of signal processing. As such, we are introducing two new methods, discussed in sections CAZAC Sequences and Aperiodic Simulations.

Study of swing potential on deep submicron on-chip interconnect

The low energy limit of signal on deep submicron on-chip interconnect is deduced from Shannon's communication theorem considering the influence of noise. Based on this energy limit, the analytic model of minimum swing potential considering transmission line effects is constructed. Applying the analytic model to interconnect in deep submicron technology nodes from 0.18 to 0.05 μm, it is shown that the swing potential with present low-swing technique such as SDVST could be reduced further by 70–95% according to the analysis of this work. Correspondingly, by using the low-swing interconnect technique with the minimum swing potential obtained in this work, the decrement of interconnect dynamic power dissipation can be further decreased by about 10–20% of their original one by using SDVST technique, and that of interconnect propagation delay, by one third. Furthermore, the maximum interconnect length is evaluated with a minimum swing potential value in interconnect design. All the results are valuable for interconnect performance optimization, such as repeater insertion in deep submicron circuits. As an application, the design of low swing potential interconnect with interface circuit is introduced.