Species Shannon-Wiener Diversity Research Articles

Arthropods Diversity in Insectary Plant on Cocoa Cultivation Ecosystems

The purpose of this research to determine the population abundance and arthropod diversity on insectary plants that are among the cocoa plantation ecosystems. The research was conducted on five types of insectary plants which were used as objects for observing arthropods, that is; H.annuus L., T.erecta L., Z.elegans Jaqc., G.globose L. and C.argentea. Arthropod observations were carried out using three methods the results of which were identified and then the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H'). The results showed that the total abundance of arthropods in the five types of insectary plants was 374 individuals with the highest total arthropods being found in T.erecta with 118 individuals, followed by H.annuus 79 individuals, C.argentea purple 70 individuals, Z.elegans 55 individuals, and the lowest in 52 individual G.globose. The number of arthropods found was 98 individuals acting as pollinators, 111 individuals predators, 53 individuals decomposers, 9 individuals parasitoids, 96 individuals pests and 7 individuals as neutral insects from 10 orders, 34 families and 51 species. The species diversity index (H') value for all types of insectary plants is included in the moderate category with a value of 1.0 <H'> 3.322 which means sufficient productivity, balanced ecosystem conditions and moderate ecological pressure.

Makrofauna Tanah di Bawah Pohon Jelutung Rawa (Dyera polyphylla Miq) Di Kebun Benih Semai (KBS) Universitas Palangka Raya

Decomposition of organic matter in the soil is closely related to the presence of soil macrofauna. The better the process of organic matter decomposition, the better the physical and chemical properties of the soil, which, of course, will support soil fertility in a land area. This research aims to determine the presence of soil macrofauna under Jelutung Rawa trees (Dyera polyphylla Miq) in the peatland of the Seedling Garden (KBS) at Palangka Raya University. The research method was conducted by sampling soil macrofauna through Hand sorting method at 25 observation points and Pittfall Trap method at 20 observation points. The observed and identified soil macrofauna were examined in the laboratory using identification guidelines and literature on macrofauna types. The data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index formula, the Margalef species richness index, the Pielou evenness index, and the calculation of species presence frequency. The research findings revealed 24 species, 23 genera, 20 families, 7 classes, and 3 phyla of soil macrofauna, with a total of 3,579 individuals. The values of the species diversity index (H'), species richness index (Dmg), evenness index (E), and the frequency of soil macrofauna presence (F) at KBS, Palangka Raya University were as follows: H' = 2.303325269 (moderate category), Dmg = 2.810760521 (moderate category), E = 0.724759677 (fairly even category), and frequency of presence, F = 80% - 100%.

Species diversity, richness, and conservation status of Pteridophyta in the karst ecosystem of Donorejo Forest, Kaligesing, Purworejo, Indonesia

Abstract. Pramudita DA, Armando MF, Rahmayani D, Afifah FN, Putri NRA, Hartanti AN, Safira RN, Mahajoeno E, Indrawan M, Nazar IA, Buot Jr IE, Setyawan AD. 2023. Species diversity, richness, and conservation status of Pteridophyta in the karst ecosystem of Donorejo Forest, Kaligesing, Purworejo, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 7: 16-25. Pteridophyta is often used as an environmental bioindicator. It can be found anywhere because of its cosmopolite ability. Karst ecosystem is one type of Pteridophyta habitat and roles as a pioneer plant. This study aims to determine Pteridophyta's biodiversity and conservation status in Donorejo Forest, Kaligesing, Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia. The data collection of Pteridophyta species was carried out by survey method. Furthermore, the species found were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener species Diversity Index (H'), Margalef Species Richness Index (Dmg), and Evenness Species Index (E). The research found 1387 individuals from 14 families and 34 species. Then, from the analysis that has been carried out using the calculation of tree indices, the following results are obtained; Shanon-Wiener Index (H') = 2.53, Margalef Species Richness Index (Dmg) = 4.56, Evenness Species Index (E) = 0.72. Selaginella plana (Desv. ex Poir.) is the most dominant in the area. From its conservation status, there are two species in LC (Least Concern) under IUCN conservation status, namely Pteris vittata L. and Sphaeropteris glauca (Blume) R.M.Tryon., while the rest are in NE status (Not Evaluated). Moreover, the CITES found one species under Appendix II status, S. glauca. Those biodiversity indices showed that Donorejo Forest has a stable, productive, and complex ecosystem with moderate biodiversity, a high value for Margalef Species Richness Index (Dmg), and an Evenness Species Index (E). At the same time, it faces threats from dominant species and local community activity. This study result can be used for diversity assessment, especially karst land ecosystems, and for further research to make the appropriate conservation strategy.

Evaluation of the quality of mangrove ecosystems using macrozoobenthos as bioindicators in the Southern Coast of East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Retnaningdyah C, Febriansyah SC, Hakim L. 2022. Evaluation of the quality of mangrove ecosystems using macrozoobenthos as bioindicators in the Southern Coast of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 6480-6491. The mangrove ecosystem in East Java has been degraded due to land use change. Some of these mangrove ecosystems have been restored. However, the success of these restoration activities has never been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of some mangrove ecosystems on the Southern Coast of East Java by observing the physical and chemical quality of water and macrozoobenthos that live in mangroves, especially crustaceans and gastropods, as bioindicators. Samplings were carried out on seven mangrove ecosystems, namely restored ecosystems (Cengkrong, Sine, Getem, Kondang Merak, Clungup Mangrove Conservation/CMC) and natural ecosystems as reference sites (Alas Purwo National Park/TNAP and Sempu island). The water quality parameters observed were pH, conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate, orthophosphate, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), salinity, sulfide content (H2S), oil and fat content, and dissolved lead (Pb) content. The macrozoobenthos communities observed were gastropods and crabs, while the mangrove communities monitored were only trees, using plots, each measuring 10x10 m. The results showed that some water quality parameters did not meet the sea water quality standards for marine life, namely DO and nitrate levels for all locations, H2S, and oil/fat in some locations. The quality of the restored mangrove ecosystem in the Cengkrong and CMC areas was better than that of other sites, with a Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H') for mangrove trees of 2.796 and 2.235 and was close to the quality at the reference sites, namely Alas Purwo and Sempu island (H' 2.953 and 2.356). The H' value of macrozoobenthos in the Cengkrong and CMC mangrove ecosystem was also high (4.37 and 3.47) and almost the same as the H' value of Sempu Island and Alas Purwo (3.45 and 3.88), while in other mangrove ecosystems it ranged from 1.33 to 2.60. The species diversity of mangrove vegetation had a significant (? 0.05-0.1) to very significant (? <0.05) positive correlation with the diversity of crabs and gastropods, so the diversity of macrozoobenthos (crabs and gastropods) can be used as a bioindicator of the quality of the mangrove ecosystem.

The Spring Insects Diversity in Mutis Timau Nature Reserve

Insect diversity is believed to be used as a bio-indicator of spring quality. This study aimed at determining the spring insect diversity around the Mutis Timau Nature Reserve. The study was conducted from June to August 2019. Insects were caught by using the yellow pan trap and hand sorting. The diversity of spring insects was determined based on the Shannon-Wienner diversity index (H'), species richness index (R1), species dominance index (D), and evenness index (E). The results showed that 16 species belong to 11 families, and 5 orders of insects. The families included Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae, Tetrigidae, Formicidae, Pompilidae, Apidae, Ochteridae, Veliidae, Hydrometridae, Nepidae, Coenagrionidae, Libellulidae, Carabidae, and Coccinellidae. The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index and the wealth index of the species of springs were classified as moderate (H '= 2.12 and R1 = 4.19). There was no type of spring insects dominated (D = 0.23). All springs insects were found to have almost the same level of evenness (E<1), with a value of 0.76. Abiotic factors such as pH and soil temperature were within the tolerance range of spring insects.
 
 Key words: Insects diversity, Spring, Mutis Timau Nature Reserve

Species diversity of subterranean ants in Rangsit Marsh, Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand

Abstract. Wanna C, Boonman N, Phakpaknam S, Pikulthong V, Jaitrong W, Soi-Ampornkul R. 2022. Species diversity of subterranean ants in Rangsit Marsh, Khlong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 1283-1292. The present study aimed to compare species diversity and abundance of subterranean ants in three habitats: scrub forest, forest plantations, and glades at Rangsit Marsh, Khong Luang District, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand. The ant samples were collected twice a month during the rainy season (June-August 2019) and dry season (September-November 2019) using a pitfall trap in the soil. A total number of 6,305 individuals belonging to 4 subfamilies, 16 genera, and 16 species of ants were recorded. The subfamilies Myrmicinae comprising 6 species were the most prevalent, followed by 4 species of Formicinae, 3 species of Dolichoderinae, and 3 species of Ponerinae. The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index indicated the diversity was the highest in the glade (1.951), followed by the forest plantation (1.635), and lastly the scrub forest (0.419). Sorensen’s similarity coefficient to determine the similarity in community composition was highest between the forest plantation and the glade at 63.40%, and then between the scrub forest and the forest plantation at 44.30%, and between the scrub forest and the glade at 39.60%. This indicated that both ant species diversity and community composition were distinctly varied in these three sites. The rainy season revealed higher species richness than the dry season. The highest occurrence of ant species was for Iridomyrmex anceps (Roger, 1863), which was recorded as uncommon and was the most abundant species in the glade, while Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith, 1857) and Carebara diversa (Jerdon, 1851) were the most abundant species in the scrub forest and forest plantation, respectively. Therefore, this study revealed that different habitat types and seasons resulted in differences in subterranean ant species diversity.

Assessment of Population Status of Melia Volkensii Gürke and Diversity of Tree Species in Kasaala Location in Kitui County Kenya

This study was conducted to evaluate the population status of Melia volkensii and the diversity of tree species in Kasaala Location in Kitui County. Subsequently assessing the natural regeneration of M. volkensii and thus promote its propagation and conservation in the dry lands of Kenya. Plant population was determined in situ across seven transect lines measuring 1050 meters in length. Sampling was carried out in five plots measuring 50 × 50 meters established at intervals of 1,000 meters. Transect 1 and 7 were laid in farmland while the transects between these two were laid in bushland. All tree species represented in each plot were counted. Height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured for all M. volkensii trees within the plots. Melia volkensii seedlings and coppices were counted in 5 × 5 meter nested plots within the larger plots. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence interval was used to test for variance in parameters measured and means separated using Tukey’s HSD. There were significant differences in mean number of height and DBH of M. volkensii that were found in transect one and two. Transect 2 had the lowest mean height and DBH while the tallest trees were in the other transects. Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD test) was used to test separation of means (of mature trees and coppices of M. volkensii). There were no significant differences between the mean number of coppices and seedlings found in transect two and four. Moreover, relative abundance, species richness and diversity of plant species observed were analyzed using Simpson’s index of biodiversity and Shannon-Wiener species diversity index. Melia volkensii was the most frequently occurring species with 12.2% (n=67) followed by Acacia tortilis10.0% (n=55). Calotropis strophela, Commiphora capensis, Maerua crassifolia were the least represented relative abundance of 0.18%. Values of indices used varied among transects and did not follow the location of transect implying that diversity was not determined by land disturbance. Based on diversity and relative abundance of M. volkensii and associated tree species in the study area, the results show clearly that the risk of tree depletion in Kasaala Location has no significant effects on the population status of M. volkensii.

Diversity, Evenness, and Abundance of Epiphytic Ferns in The Area Around Villa Silma, Cilember Sub-District, Bogor Regency

This research aimed to find out the diversity, evenness, and distribution abundance of epiphytic ferns scattered in the area around Villa Silma, Cilember District, Bogor Regency. This research used a purposive sampling method by taking samples as the data determined by determining the characteristics of the epiphytic ferns found. Collecting data in this research exploratively by exploring all epiphytic ferns found in the area and observations on the morphology of epiphytic ferns. Data were analyzed through the diversity index using the Shannon-Wiener index, distribution of abundance using the Margalef index, and evenness index using based on the value of the Shannon-Wiener species diversity index. The research results obtained that three species of epiphytic ferns were found in the area around Villa Silma, namely Asplenium nidus L., Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L., and Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M.G. Price with different numbers of individuals. The diversity index of epiphytic fern is 0.7 which indicates the level of diversity in the area is low. Then, The distribution of abundance and evenness epiphytic ferns is 0.6 which indicates that there are epiphytic ferns dominant in the area and the number of individuals in each species is unevenly distributed. The most abundant fern epiphytic was found is Asplenium nidus L. with 84 individuals. This because the environment allows it to spread and grow the spores of this epiphytic fern plant properly.

Seasonal Variation of Zooplankton Communities and the Effects of Environmental Factors in the Seawater Near Taishan Nuclear Power Station

In the seawater near Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Zooplankton community composition and abundance, the biomass of major taxa, vertical distribution pattern, together with several environmental factors were investigated to evaluate the variation tendency as the seasons change. The structure characteristics of the zooplankton community were analyzed by Margalef species richness (d), Shannon-wiener species diversity index (H’), Pielou evenness index(J’), zooplankton dominant (Y), and dominant species replacement rate (R). There are 48 species within 11 classes of zooplankton identified, including 32 species of copepods. Zooplankton species richness changed obviously in the four seasons, Spring saw the highest (8010.00 ind.m-3), followed by winter (5100.00 ind.m-3), autumn (1713.75 ind.m-3), and summer (1196.25 ind.m-3). Similar trends were observed for the wet biomass, which was highest in spring (215.90 mg.m-3), followed by winter (181.70 mg.m-3), summer (78.56 mg.m-3), and autumn (24.69 mg.m-3), which gave an annual average of 125.21 mg.m-3. The results indicate that the abundance and biomass in spring were significantly higher than those in other seasons. Altogether 8 dominant species were identified along the whole year: Acrocalanmus gibber, Bestiolina amoyensis, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia danae, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Noctiluca scientillans, Penilla avirostris, and Lucifer penicilliger. The annual average Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Margalef diversity index, Pielou evenness index were 1.75, 1.83, and 0.74, respectively. The effects of environmental factors on the zooplankton community were studied by R and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). According to Pearson correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis, the most important environmental factors influencing the changes of zooplankton species composition, abundance and distribution were water temperature, salinity, and pH in the whole year.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Vegetasi di Kawasan Resort Kembang Kuning Kabupaten Lombok Timur

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of vegetation types in the Kembang Kuning Resort Area, Jeruk Manis Village, Sikur District, East Lombok Regency, based on the density of vegetation types. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative. The population in this study were all plant species in the Kembang Kuning Resort Area. Purposive sampling method was used to determine the location and grouping based on growth criteria to obtain data on species richness. A total of 3 research plot locations were determined, namely: plot A (top), plot B (middle), and plot C (bottom). The analysis was carried out descriptively quantitatively based on the Shannon-Wiener (H') species diversity index. The results obtained for plot A area are 19 species with an H' value of 1.117 in the medium category, for plot B area there are 17 species with an H' value of 2.001 in the medium category, and for plot C area 16 species are found with an H' value of 7,045 in the high category. The conclusions obtained are the tree-level diversity index in all areas of plot A, plot B, and plot C of 3.38 in the high category.

Diversity Insects of Spring in Mutis Timau Nature Reserve, TTS District, NTT Province

Insect diversity is believed to be used as a bio-indicator of spring quality, this study aimed at determining the spring insect diversity around the Mutis Timau Nature Reserve. The study was conducted from June to August 2019. Insects were caught by using the yellow pan trap and hand sorting. The diversity of spring insects was determined based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), species richness index (R1), species dominance index (D), and evenness index (E). The results showed that 16 species belong to 11 families, and five orders of insects. The families included Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae, Tetrigidae, Formicidae, Pompilidae, Apidae, Ochteridae, Veliidae, Hydrometridae, Nepidae, Coenagrionidae, Libellulidae, Carabidae, and Coccinellidae. The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index and the wealth index of the species of springs were classified as moderate (H '= 2.12 and R1 = 4.19). There was no type of spring insects dominated (D = 0.23). All springs insects were found to have almost the same level of evenness (E<1), with a value of 0.76. Abiotic factors such as pH and soil temperature were within the tolerance range of spring insects. ÂÂ

Diversity of ichthyofauna in Hiran-II reservoir, Gujarat (India)

The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Hiran-II reservoir, Gujarat. Sampling was carried out on monthly basis from January 2019 to February 2020. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December (post monsoon) highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Hiran-II reservoir. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Hiran-II reservoir.

Dragonfly Diversity (Insect: Odonata) in Asem Binatur River, Pekalongan, Indonesia

Dragonflies have an essential role in the aquatic ecosystem. The nymph phase lives in water and is sensitive to environmental changes. The reduced number of dragonflies in an area can be an indication of changes in the quality of water and environmental health. This research was conducted in the Asem Binatur River, Pekalongan, Indonesia, from November 2018 to April 2019. The purpose of this study was to determine species diversity, the index value of the Pekalongan River dragonfly diversity by using the point count method. Long hand high net, wrapping paper/papilot and camera were used to catch and observe the dragonflies. The Shannon-Wiener species diversity index was calculated. Seven species of dragonflies were recorded from Asem River. There were Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes trivalis, Neurothemis ramburii, Crocothemis servilia, Pantala flavescens, Neurothemis stigmatizans and Orthetrum chrysis. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index analysis was ranged from 0 to 0.31, indicating low diversity. Abiotic parameter measurements showed the humidity was 67.17%, the soil pH was 7.11, the light intensity was 46310 lux and the temperature was 30 °C. The analysis of the dragonfly diversity index was correlated with the poor water quality status in Asem Binatur River, Pekalongan.

The effects of the disturbance of tourism activities on Rhododendron chrysanthum in Changbai Mountain Reserve

The effects of tourism disturbance on the community structure composition and variation of species diversity of Rhododendron chrysanthum population in the alpine tundra of Changbai Mountain were studied to provide reference for better protection of the ecological environment of Changbai Mountain. At different altitudes in the alpine tundra, the regions close to and far from the tourist routes were selected as the study sites, and the typical Rhododendron chrysanthum community in the alpine tundra was selected as the research object. The results showed that tourism disturbance would affect the plant growth of Rhododendron chrysanthum community. The average height, relative coverage and relative density of Rhododendron chrysanthum decreased, leading to the decrease of the important value and dominance of Rhododendron chrysanthum in the whole community. The higher the intensity of tourism disturbance was, the more significant the characteristics of Rhododendron chrysanthum were. In addition, the variation of the biodiversity of Rhododendron chrysanthum community under different tourist disturbance intensity in the middle and low altitude areas of Changbai Mountain alpine tundra was consistent with the theory of “moderate disturbance hypothesis”. At high altitude, Shannon-Wiener species diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index of Rhododendron chrysanthum community all decreased with the decrease of disturbance intensity. Therefore, in order to achieve a better development of tourism in Changbai Mountain, some measures should be taken to reduce the impact of the disturbance intensity of tourism activities on the plant community in the scenic area.

EVALUATING THE POSSIBLE USE OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOBENTHOS FOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY AT BUNG BINH THIEN RESERVOIR, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIET NAM

The study aimed to evaluate water quality at Bung Binh Thien Reservoir, in An Giang Province, Viet Nam using Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H’) and associated average score per taxon (ASPT) calculated from composition of phytoplankton and zoobenthos. The water quality index (WQI) was used as the reference forthe quality of surface water. The samples of surface water quality, phytoplankton, and zoobenthos were simultaneously collected at 11 sites during the dry season. The results showed that WQI (57-88) classified waterquality from good to medium, H’ calculated using phytoplankton species (1.12-2.71) presented water quality from medium to bad where as, H’z calculated (0 to 2.07) and ASPT (2-4.21) calculated from zoobenthos species divided water quality from bad to very bad. The findings revealed that assessing water quality should not totally rely on diversity indices (H’, ASPT), but compositions of phytoplankton and zooplankton should also be taken into consideration.

Community structure and ant species diversity across select sites of Western Ghats, India

Information available on species composition, richness and diversity of ant communities of Western Ghats is limited. Recognizing this, the study (2010−2013) was undertaken to evaluate richness and diversity of ants in eight sites of Western Ghats, India, with added notes on how it varies on elevation gradient. Spanning across broad altitudinal and latitudinal gradient, selected sites differed greatly for various micro-habitat variables. Using standard collection protocols and employing five collection techniques, 173 species belonging to 65 genera in 10 subfamilies were collected including twenty species published as new to science and two genera and six species reported for the first time from India. Varying among sites, species richness was recorded lowest (S = 29) at Manalar and highest (S = 116) at Periyar Tiger Reserve. With little but significant variations among sites, the Shannon-Wiener's species diversity index (H′) was recorded highest (H′ = 2.60) at Periyar Tiger Reserve and lowest (H′ = 2.11) at Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary connoting that sites with lower richness were not necessarily less diverse. Beta diversity (β-diversity) was lowest (19%) between contiguous sites like Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary and Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary and highest between site Manalar and Periyar Tiger Reserve at 68% suggesting that ant species composition distinctly varied in these sites. Our results indicated that only few species were adapted to full spectrum of environmental variation along altitudinal gradient studied and both species richness and diversity peaked at mid-elevations as against higher elevations wherein it underwent rapid decline. Such behavior is presumably due to favorable ecological conditions at middle altitudes. Our findings rank high as they not only provide baseline data against which futuristic faunal changes could be assessed with respect to perturbations in a biodiversity hotspot but they also could be used to designate ecological sensitivities to various regions of Western Ghats for future conservation programs.

Phytosociological Survey of Sugarcane Crop Weeds in Different Agroecological Areas in Tucumán Province, Argentina

ABSTRACT: Weeds constitute the main constraint on the productivity of sugarcane agroecosystems in Argentina. This work aimed to analyze the floristic and phytosociological composition of sugarcane weed communities in different agroecological areas in Tucumán. Fifteen plots from each area were sampled 60 to 90 days after crop shooting, by throwing a 0.5 m x 0.5 m quadrat metallic frame six times in random directions in each of the plots. Species found within the frame were identified. Later, fresh and dry biomass weight were calculated per quadrat sample and species. Frequency, density, dominance, importance value index, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson species diversity index and Jaccard similarity index were calculated. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) was used to interpret similarity. Overall, 35 species were identified, 24 of which were dicotyledons and 11 monocotyledons. Eighteen of them were annual species, versus 17 which were perennial. Considering IVI, the most outstanding families were Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Amaranthaceae and Asteraceae. The results obtained in all the areas revealed the importance of the species Panicum maximum, Sorghum halepense, Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon and Euphorbia hyssopifolia. The areas with greater and less diversity were the Depressed Plain-Non-Saline Depressed Plain Subregion and the Subhumid-Humid Chaco-Pampean Plain, respectively. There was a 53% similarity between the Depressed Plain-Saline Depressed Plain and the Depressed Plain-Non-Saline Depressed Plain, and a 47% similarity between the Humid and Perhumid Foothills and the Subhumid-Humid Chaco-Pampean Plain. Hierarchical clustering and Jaccard index led to similar results.

Floral Biodiversity in Western Part of Kolhapur District, Maharashtra

A study on the floral biodiversity has been attempted by many researchers from botany. But a multidisciplinary study using more dependable techniques which provide more authentic data is need of the day. Study was carried out in western part of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra with an objective of determining species diversity from the dense forest area. Random sampling method was used to collect vegetation data. According to this technique due care was taken to lied, plots laid in the field randomly to represent the entire floristic region in order to avoid biased sampling. The size of the plot/quadrant chosen varied from 1 x 1 m to 20 x 50 m. For this study, representative plots of 400 m2 were chosen for sampling of floral biodiversity in all seven tahsils of the study area. Simpson Index, Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index and Species Richness Index were used to calculate floral species diversity among the various families observed in the region. Fabaceae (14) and Asteraceae (10) family had maximum number of species while Annonaceae (6), Euphorbiaceae (7), Rubiaceae (7) and Malvaceae (8) are noted middle range species while other families have represented less than five numbers of species. out of the total 310 species studied in the region 133 (42.90%) species were Tree, 63 (20.32%) species were Shrub, 68 (21.94%) species were Herbs, 44 (14.19%) species were Climber and 2 (0.65%) species were Fern. The study suggested that this region had maximum number of Trees and minimum number of Fern. Result of Simpson Biodiversity Index and Shannon-Wiener Index calculated showed that this region represented huge floral biodiversity and need to be considered as biodiversity hot spot. Keywords Floral Biodiversity; Simpson Index; Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index; Species Richness Index DOI: https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijarsg.383

Species Diversity of Oak Stands and Its Significance for Drought Resistance

Drought periods have an adverse impact on the condition of oak stands. Research on different types of ecosystems has confirmed a correlation between plant species diversity and the adverse effects of droughts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes that occurred in an oak stand (Krotoszyn Plateau, Poland) under the impact of the summer drought in 2015. We used a method based on remote sensing indices from satellite images in order to detect changes in the vegetation in 2014 and 2015. A positive difference was interpreted as an improvement, whereas a negative one was treated as a deterioration of the stand condition. The Shannon-Wiener species diversity was estimated using an iterative principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm based on aerial images. We observed a relationship between the species indices of the individual forest divisions and their response to drought. The highest correlation between the index differences and the Shannon-Wiener indices was found for the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) index (+0.74). In addition, correlations were observed between the mean index difference and the percentage shares in the forest divisions of species such as Pinus sylvestris L. (P. sylvestris) (+0.67 ± 0.08) and Quercus robur L. (Q. robur) (−0.65 ± 0.10). Our results lead us to infer that forest management based on highly diverse habitats is more suitable to meet the challenges in the context of global climatic changes, characterized by increasingly frequent droughts.

Diversity and Species Composition of Odonates (Insecta: Odonata) of Hutan Lipur Soga Perdana, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia: A Green Lung

In Malaysia, Odonates have been used widely in the assessment of water quality. This study is part of an effort to prepare a baseline data for the state of Johor, where development is happening at a fast rate which in turn could affect the water quality. Hutan Lipur Bukit Soga Perdana is a green lung for Batu Pahat which is considered as the second largest industrial town in Malaysia. Opportunistic sampling using sweep nets along 1 km line transect was conducted for a total of six days. Twenty-two species of Odonata belonging to 17 genera and seven families were recorded. Among the seven families, the most species-rich were Libellulidae (12 species) followed by Coenagrionidae and Platycnemididae (three species) while Gomphidae, Platystictidae, Devadattidae and Euphaeidae represented by single species. Drepanosticta fontinalis, a damselfly endemic to Peninsular Malaysia was collected. The abundance of the endemic Drepanosticta fontinalis was 10.3% from a total of 126 individuals. Tyriobapta torrida (15.9%) was found to be the most abundant species found followed by Prodasineura notostigma (12.7%) and Neurothemis fluctuans (11.9%). The data were further analysed by using Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index giving a value of 2.63 indicating a moderate diversity. Simpson’s Evenness is 0.91 indicating a high evenness in the distribution of Odonates. Since the forest gains high public interest in Batu Pahat and Odonates are visible and useful insects, more studies could be done, and the data could be transferred to the public as a model for biodiversity and conservation.