Shanghai Hongqiao Research Articles

The chinesenization of American zoning in the 1980s: From Shanghai Hongqiao experiment to Wenzhou old town renewal

The most instrumental reform in Chinese urban planning system during the market reform in the 1980s is the introduction of so-called “regulatory detailed planning” (in Chinese pinyin, kong gui), an adaptive form of American zoning in Chinese cities. However, this episode of the reform hasn’t been closely examined from a historic and critical perspective so far. Based on archival research, mapping and interviews, this article traces the planning and development process of Shanghai Hongqiao New District and Wenzhou old town, and explores the original process of transplantation and localization of American zoning in Chinese cities. By comparing the planning and construction explorations of the two cities, we will argue that although it learned much from zoning techniques, especially the control indexes, the regulatory detailed planning is more to be a plat form for local government to negotiate with the foreign businessmen and other private sectors, rather than representing public intervention and regulation in the US, and served as a technical tool to materialize the development goals of Chinese cities.

A Study on the Strategy for Departure Aircraft Pushback Control from the Perspective of Reducing Carbon Emissions

In order to reduce the taxiing time of departing aircraft and reduce the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of the aircraft, Shanghai Hongqiao Airport was taken as an example to study the control strategy for aircraft departure. In this paper, the influence of the number of departure aircraft on the runway utilization rate, the takeoff rate, and the departure rate of flight departures under the conditions of airport runway capacity constraints are studied. The influence of factors, such as the number of departure aircraft, the gate position of the aircraft, and the configuration of airport arrival and departure runways, on the aircraft taxiing time for departure is analyzed. Based on a multivariate linear regression equation, a time prediction model of aircraft departure taxiing time is established. The fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of aircraft are calculated. The experimental results show that, without reducing the utilization rate of the runway and the departure rate of flights, implementing a reasonable pushback number for control of departing aircraft during busy hours can reduce the departure taxiing time of aircraft by nearly 32%, effectively reducing the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions during taxiing on the airport surface.

Foreign object debris material recognition based on convolutional neural networks

The material attributes of foreign object debris (FOD) are the most crucial factors to understand the level of damage sustained by an aircraft. However, the prevalent FOD detection systems lack an effective method for automatic material recognition. This paper proposes a novel FOD material recognition approach based on both transfer learning and a mainstream deep convolutional neural network (D-CNN) model. To this end, we create an FOD image dataset consisting of images from the runways of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and the campus of our research institute. We optimize the architecture of the D-CNN by considering the characteristics of the material distribution of the FOD. The results show that the proposed approach can improve the accuracy of material recognition by 39.6% over the state-of-the-art method. The work here will help enhance the intelligence capability of future FOD detection systems and encourage other practical applications of material recognition technology.

Mapping spatial accessibility of public transportation network in an urban area – A case study of Shanghai Hongqiao Transportation Hub

Accessibility is a key metric when assessing the efficiency of an urban public transportation network. This research develops a methodology for evaluating spatial accessibility of a system with multiple transportation modes in an urban area, Shanghai Hongqiao Transportation Hub (SHTH) and its surrounding area. The method measured total traveling time as an accessibility indicator, which summed the time people spent on walking, waiting, transfer and transportation in a journey from the SHTH to destinations. Spatial accessibility was classified into five levels from very high to very low. The evaluation was conducted at a cell-by-cell basis under an overall scenario and three specific scenarios. Evaluation results were presented in a series of maps. The overall accessibility scenario shows a concentric-ring trend decreasing from the SHTH to the fringe of the study area. Areas along the metro lines generally have a much higher accessibility than those along the bus lines with some exceptions where bus routes play a more important role. Metro stations identified as either time-saving or time-consuming points are mainly distributed around the urban center. Some suggestions are proposed for improving accessibility of public transportation network in the study area. The results from this study provide a scientific basis and useful information for supporting decision-making on urban planning, and assisting dwellers to travel in a time-efficient manner. The methodology offers a simple, flexible way to the spatial evaluation, metro station identification and network modification of accessibility of public transportation systems with multiple transportation modes.

A methodology for calculating the passenger comfort benefits of railway travel

A comfortable environment in railway passenger coaches can be regarded as a resource for social consumption during the transport process. Railway passenger comfort benefits (RPCBs) can be regarded as a special generalized cost. In this paper, we select a series of objective and subjective indexes to formulate a quantitative method of calculating the RPCB with considering ticket fares. This method includes three steps: make the initial data dimensionless, calculate the weight of each index, and finally calculate the RPCBs. The proposed method was validated with the data collected from two types of trains: G13 from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao and T109 from Beijing to Shanghai. Also, questionnaire survey was conducted in both trains. After data processing, the results show that there is a linear relationship between the RPCB and ticket fare with a correlation coefficient of 0.9616.

Locational Characteristics of Firms in the Business Service Industry in Airport Economic Zones: Case of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport

AbstractAirports are important components in urban economies. With the rapid growth in civil aviation, airport economic zones (AEZs) have been established in China since the 1990s, attracting airpo...

The 9th Annual Biosimilar Asia 2018 (May 16-17, 2018 - Shanghai, China)

The 9th Annual Biosimilar Asia, an event hosted by ICB Asia, was held at the Hilton Shanghai Hongqiao from May 16 to 17. It was held simultaneously with Biomanufacturing Asia, and Cell Line Development and Engineering Asia. These three events formed Biopharma Development and Production (BDP) 2018. The BDP 2018 event had more than 60 sessions, over 70 speakers and more than 300 companies from around the world.

A STUDY OF CHINA’S MAJOR DOMESTIC AIRLINES’ SERVICE QUALITY AT SHANGHAI’S HONGQIAO AND PUDONG INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS

In a highly competitive market, service quality can be the core competitive advantage for airline’s profitability and sustained development. This paper has investigated the differences in the passengers’ expectations and perceptions of the service quality of China’s four major domestic airlines: Air China, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, and Hainan Airlines in China’s domestic market. The results will assist airline management to improve service quality by reducing the difference. Surveys were conducted with domestic passengers at Shanghai Hongqiao Airport and Shanghai Pudong Airport in China. The results show that there are significant differences of service quality between passengers’ expectations and perceptions among major Chinese airlines. Passengers consistently rate ‘good safety records’ as the first priority of seven SERVQUAL dimensions, but low price remains the most important factor that passengers consider when choosing a Chinese airline. The conclusions reached in this work suggest that Chinese airlines should consider improving service quality rather than providing cheaper air tickets in order to gain competitive advantage.

Measuring Multi-Modal Connections and Connectivity Radiations of Transport Infrastructure: The Methodology and an Application to China

This study develops a Connectivity Utility Model which can be used to calculate the connectivity of an airport, a train station, a city or a region in multi-modal transport networks involving the quantity and multiple dimensions of quality of transport services. This new connectivity measure considers both direct connections, and single- and multi-modal indirect connections, and corrects/adjusts the quality of a connection by applying capacity and velocity penalty factors. The model is useful in terms of evaluating the vulnerability and resilience of an existing transport system and conducting transport network planning and management. Numeric results have been produced for air–rail connectivity using the 2016 data, with a focus on cities in China. The three major economic zones in China – Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta – are found to lead the connectivity. The international airports of Beijing Capital, Shanghai Pudong, Hong Kong and Guangzhou Baiyun are far ahead of all other airports in terms of the overall connectivity, and especially international connectivity. The railway stations of Nanjing South, Hangzhou East, Suzhou and Shanghai Hongqiao are the four best-connected railway stations. The United States of America is the foreign country best connected with China.

Place Making in Shanghai Hongqiao Business District: An Institutional Capacity Perspective

The pro-growth, state-led institutional setting in China makes it easy to build infrastructure and physical space. Nevertheless despite the aspiration to create the qualities often associated with place making, many urban developments around new High-Speed Railway hubs lack essential urban qualities. This paper uses the idea of institutional capacity to explore the conditions that, in the Chinese context, might contribute to place making. The Hongqiao Business District, developed around a new transportation hub in western Shanghai indicates that the involvement of a varied set of actors that is not only guided by hierarchical relationships has several consequences for place making. It allows for value capturing to support unprofitable components of development plans such as public space. Furthermore, it turns actors on the district and street-offices level into constructive stakeholders of urban mega-projects and creates awareness of the importance of open knowledge management (transparency of information openness, use of local knowledge, etc.). While the Hongqiao conditions might not be copied straightforward to other Chinese cases, they could provide a source of inspiration for other projects that strive for urban quality.

Airline and railway disintegration in China: the case of Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub

In China, the need to integrate the air and rail networks has been identified and dozens of transport hubs that include air and HSR links have been built or are planned. In this research, which is complementary to Chen and Lin, the level and potential for air–rail integration at Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub is examined and analyzed. The results show that despite the excellent infrastructure the actual level of integration is low, while the potential benefits from such integration could be very large. It seems that in China the main barrier for air–rail integration is institutional and stems from the institutional (and cultural) division between air and rail transport and from the importance placed on promoting competition almost at any cost – both of these barriers can be said to be ‘imported’ to China from (especially) the U.S. and Europe. But with the infrastructure for air–rail integration in place, the potential to realize such an integration is far greater. A move away from the uni-modal governance and planning of transport can open the door not only to air–rail integration but to the creation of a truly integrated transport system in China.

Comparative Analyses of Taxi Operations at the Airport

We propose statistical methodologies to investigate taxi operations at the airport. Based on Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) data of nearly 9,000 taxis in five weekdays, we apply the proposed methodologies to evaluate taxi operations at Shanghai's Hongqiao international airport. The empirical studies statistically compare the operations of taxis serving the airport and urban areas and identify the periods in which the taxi profits are relatively stable. Possible explanations for the empirical results are provided. The findings would offer a better understanding of the mechanism that drives vacant-taxi drivers to serve the airport.

Towards people-centered integrated transport: A case study of Shanghai Hongqiao Comprehensive Transport Hub

Multimodal integration has become a significant issue in urban sustainable transport; however, there are some challenges in practice, especially in the developing countries. Based on passengers' travel experience, this paper establishes a conceptual framework of multimodal integration that considers nine categories of interchange performance indicators at three different levels of the “integration ladder”. This framework is illustrated by a case study of Shanghai Hongqiao Comprehensive Transport Hub in China, to identify the main barriers of multimodal integration inside the hub from a people-centered perspective. On one hand, observational survey was conducted to record the indicators about interchange facilities provision; on the other hand, 603 questionnaires were collected to reflect the passengers' perception of interchange services. Both surveys show that the lowest level of information integration has been achieved in this hub, but the moderate level of facilities and services integration and the highest level of ticketing and fare integration are still limited. Further improvement is expected with respect to multimodal services and ticketing, such as time coordination, luggage delivery facilities, through ticketing and interchange discount. Moreover, for people with different personal and travel characteristics, their perceptions of multimodal integration have some differences, which suggest that the design, operation, and management of urban transport hubs should be people-centered in the future.

The Integration of Air and Rail Technologies: Shanghai's Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub

This paper examines the different approaches to integrating air and rail technologies and their services at the Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub (“the Hongqiao Hub”) in China. Even though the Hongqiao Hub has the advantage of having both an airport and a railway station located at the same place, its level of air-rail integration remains at a low or moderate level. By analyzing existing air and rail services and potential travel demands, this paper recommends further streamlining the relationships among the Shanghai Airport Authority, the Shanghai Railway Bureau, and airline companies by fostering air-rail integration through the improvement of joint ticketing and code-sharing, direct luggage transfer, the provision of the fast and convenient connection from the Hongqiao International Airport to the Pudong International Airport, and air-rail linkage service area expansion.

Managing Transportation Megaproject Schedule Risks Using Structural Equation Modelling: A Case Study of Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub in China

Tight schedules, multifunctional scopes, and colossal sizes usually characterize transportation megaprojects as challenging tasks for completion. In order to address these situations, a schedule risk management method was developed in this paper based on the structural equation model. In the proposed method, risk identification, evaluation and response were arranged as a sequence, and the expert elicitation technique was adopted in order to quantify the schedule risk status. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model, a megaproject case in China, the Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transport Hub (SHITH), was chosen. Information within the expanded risk register was collected including the probability and consequence of risk events, the complexity of risk responsible owners, the reaction time, and the time lasting for risk countermeasures. Final risk control results showed that the method could not only address the schedule risks correlations effectively, but also maintained the simplicity for construction management practices.

The node-place analysis on the “hubtropolis” urban form: The case of Shanghai Hongqiao air-rail hub

This paper uses the Shanghai Hongqiao Integrated Transportation Hub (“the Hongqiao Hub”) as an empirical case to conduct a preliminary node (transportation functional value) and place (urban functional value) analysis. The Hongqiao Hub is the strategic node not only for the Hongqiao Business District (“the Hongqiao Hubtropolis”), but also for the western Shanghai, Shanghai Municipality, and the rest of Yangtze River Delta Region and beyond. This newly emerging “hubtropolis” is a brand new urban form integrating air, rail and other transportation modes as well as urban functions, which is more complicated than single-mode “aerotropolis” urban form in terms of both node functions and place functions. The existing Hongqiao Hub remains as the unbalanced node case, but will become more balanced after the complete construction of the Hongqiao Business District. This study also finds that, even though Bertolini's node-place model provides an important tool, its operationalisation remains a huge challenge.

Design and Performance of Large Excavations for Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport Transport Hub Using Combined Retaining Structures

AbstractAs an important add-on to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, the Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport transport hub is the biggest transport center in China. The transport hub consists of interchange stations for five different metro lines, two traffic squares, a high-speed railway station, and a station for the maglev train connecting the Hongqiao and Pudong international airports. The excavation area of the project reached up to 350,000 m2 and the excavation depth ranged from 9 to 29 m. A combined retaining system, which consisted of slope excavation, a gravity retaining wall, and a diaphragm wall, was adopted. Sloped excavation and a gravity wall were used for the shallow excavation area, while a diaphragm wall braced by two levels of concrete struts was adopted for the deep excavation area. An extensive instrumentation program was carried out to monitor the performance of the large deep excavation and hence verify the design work. The deformations of the combined retaining system dur...

Analysis on the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway Ticket Discount Strategy

In June 2012, the beijing-shanghai high-speed railway began time-phased preferential policies on parts of the high-speed trains' seats. By studying the data from questionnaire survey in the Beijing South Railway Station, Shanghai Hongqiao Station, and on T109 & T110 train, this article put forwards some discount schemes to meet the demand of passengers, and uses revenue model to provide reasonable discount suggestion.

A note on high-speed rail investments and travelers’ value of time

High-speed rail (HSR) is designed for travellers with high value of time. HSR offers fast and reliable services and good possibilities for work during the journey. Surprisingly, these benefits of HSR investments are often appraised with travel-time value of people who use conventional train services. This note considers under what circumstances the assumption that the value of time remains unchanged by the speed improvement induces a significant bias in appraisals. We first outline some conceptual points with a modal-mix model where travellers have varying value of time and then discuss how this could affect the social profitability of three recently constructed or proposed HSR lines: Oslo–Stockholm (Norway and Sweden), Stockholm–Göteborg (Sweden) and Beijing–Shanghai Hongqiao (China). We conclude that economic evaluations of HSR line should at the least be complemented by a sensitivity analysis of the possible effect of a change of the composition of travellers with various values of travel time.

Comparative Analysis of Efficiency for Major Northeast Asia Airports

AbstractGrowing airport capacity constraint, airports' increasing attention to profits, and regional hub formation in Northeast Asia suggest a need to study efficiency performance of the region's major airports. This article empirically evaluates the level and change of efficiency (productivity) of Tokyo (Narita), Osaka (Kansai), Seoul (Incheon and Gimpo), Beijing Capital, Shanghai Hongqiao, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong airports. We apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) to new panel data covering the 1994-2007 time period. We find that all the sample airports have recorded an increase in productivity over the period. Given the initial low productivity level of Chinese airports, this finding suggests that a series of deregulatory measures adopted by the Chinese government may have worked in improving airport productivity. On the other hand, no sample airports have experienced consistent growth in productivity. To improve productivity, the airports in Northeast Asia need not only technological revolutions at the industry level, but also technical improvements, such as better airport management, operations, and investment, at an airport level. Alternatively, the region may need to adopt more aggressive liberalization measures to stimulate further traffic growth. A number of future research areas are also discussed.