Shallot Varieties Research Articles

Response of Five Shallot Varieties Applied with Bacillus spp. Against Twisted Disease

The use of several shallot varieties applied with the biological agent Bacillus spp. is one of the most developed methods of controlling twisted disease, as it is safe and efficient. The large number of shallot varieties released to farmers requires the selection of varieties with the best resistance response to twisted disease. This study aimed to determine the different responses between five local shallot varieties treated with a combination of Bacillus velezensis B-27 and B. cereus RC76 against the twisted disease. This study was conducted in a greenhouse and on the field using Tajuk, Bima Brebes, Bauji, Crok Kuning, and Manjung varieties, which were dipped and sprayed with a B. velezensis B-27 and B. cereus RC76. The treatment of B. velezensis B-27 and B. cereus RC76 on five varieties showed a good response to suppressing twisted disease. The twisted disease incubation period in five varieties treated with the combination of B. velezensis B-27 and B. cereus RC76 showed a slower result than the control, the disease incidence and intensity could be reduced by 70 90%. The best resistance response of varieties treated with the combination of B. velezensis B-27 and B. cereus RC76 was shown by Tajuk compared to the other four varieties.

Shallot cultivation originated from true shallot seed (TSS) on Andisols enriched with various ameliorants

Application of soil ameliorants is important to improve Andisols properties and increase shallot productivity. The research objective is to determine the kind of ameliorant which the best effect on the growth and productivity of shallots originating from TSS in Andisols Lembang, West Java. The experiment was conducted in Margahayu Research Station, Lembang, West Java from January to May 2021. A randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 5 replications was set up in the field. Treatments include control (no ameliorant), 20 tons/ha of horse manure, 10 tons/ha of rice straw compost, 10 tons/ha of bamboo leaf compost, 10 tons/ha of husk biochar, and 5 kg/ha humic acid. The results showed that vegetative performance and yield of true shallot seed-based shallot variety of Trisula in Andisols enriched with rice straw compost was higher than in other ameliorant treatments. Additionally, nutrient uptake in rice straw compost treatment was also higher than in other ameliorant treatments.

Determination of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) resistance group in shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)

Shallot anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a devastating disease in a tropical country with high humidity and rainfall. Chemical control of anthracnose is neither economical nor eco-friendly, and genetic resistance is considered an efficient management method. This study aimed to determine the resistance groups of several shallot varieties and predict resistance heritability characteristics. In this study, a total of 13 Indonesian shallot varieties were evaluated for anthracnose resistance and separated into two groups, resistance and susceptible, based on K-means clustering developed by using disease resistance/susceptibility characteristics such as incubation period, disease incidence, disease severity, and spot diameter. The results indicate that the Agrihorti, Maja Cipanas, Batu Ijo, and Rubaru varieties were identified as resistant groups based on lower disease severity and incidence, smaller spot diameter, and longer incubation period. Maja Cipanas and Rubaru were more consistent in all variables, which is recommended as a source of genetic resistance genotypes. On the other hand, the Biru Lancor, Bima Brebes, Srikayang, Violetta, Slupu Merah, Pancasona, Sakato, Katumi, and Kuning varieties were identified as susceptible groups based on high disease severity and incidence, large spot diameter, and short incubation period.
 Keywords: susceptibility characteristics, genetic resistance, k-means clustering, disease severity

Promoting Flowering and Yield in Indonesian Shallot Varieties Through the Application of Gibberellins

Promoting Flowering and Yield in Indonesian Shallot Varieties Through the Application of Gibberellins

Growth and response of several shallot varieties to its important diseases in Lembang highlands

Disease attacks on shallots (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) are one of the main constraints on increasing shallot production. Important diseases that often appear in shallots are purple blotch disease (Alternaria porri), leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium), and downy mildew (Peronospora destructor). The diversity of existing varieties is wealth as a substitution for seed sources. The aim of this study was to determine the growth and disease resistance of several shallot varieties grown in Lembang highlands. The research was conducted at the Margahayu Experiment Field of the Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute Lembang, from March to July 2021. The Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used in this study with a treatment consisting of 11 varieties of shallots (Violetta 1 Agrihorti, Violetta 2 Agrihorti, Violetta 3 Agrihorti, Ambassador 1 Agrihorti, Ambassador 2 Agrihorti, Ambassador 3 Agrihorti, Ambassador 4 Agrihorti, Maja Cipanas, Pancasona, Kramat 1, and Sembrani), with 3 replications. The results showed that the growth performance varied between varieties. The Violetta 3 Agrihorti was the highest for plant height, the highest number of tillers was in the Pancasona, and the highest number of leaves was in the Ambassador 3 Agrihorti. Among the eleven shallot varieties tested at high altitudes, none were resistant to the diseases of Alternaria porri, Stemphylium vesicarium, and Peronospora destructor, except for the Pancasona variety which was classified as tolerant (resistance category included in the susceptible category, but has high yield). Meanwhile, for disease resistance, the Violetta 1 Agrihorti is relatively resistant to purple blotch disease, leaf blight, and downy mildew.

Exogenous Zinc Application and Generative Traits of Three Local Shallot Varieties

Increasing shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) production can be done by application of botanical or true shallot seeds (TSS). Meanwhile, it is well understood that botanical seeds are difficult to produce due to shallots' low flowering capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the generative traits of three local shallot varieties affected by various doses of zinc (Zn). This study was structured using a split-plot design, where the main plots were varieties (Lokana, Rubaru, and Ambassador 3 Agrihorti). In addition, the sub-plot treatment, the dose of zinc (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 kg ha-1), was repeated three times. There is an effect of the main factor (variety) where Rubaru and Ambassador 3 Agrihorti show the fastest umbel emergence. In addition, our data show the interaction effects on the age of sheat breaking, flower blooming (DAP), morphology traits of generative organs, and leaf traits. In detail, Lokana with a Zn dose of 1.5 ha-1 shows the best results on the length and diameter of the umbel stalk; Rubaru with Zn 1 kg ha-1 on the age of broken sheath and chlorophyll index; and the Ambassador 3 Agrihorti with Zn 0.5 kg ha-1 on the number of flowers. On the one hand, it can be concluded that each variety responded differently to the dose of Zn. Concerning seed production, on the other hand, the Ambassador 3 Agrihorti with Zn 0.5 kg ha-1 has better potential to be developed for TSS, as seen from the number of flowers per umbel, a higher percentage of flowering plants and a relatively fast flowering time than other varieties.

Determination of the Tolerance of Shallot Varieties at Water Level Depth by Water-saturated Cultivation in Tidal Land

Determination of the Tolerance of Shallot Varieties at Water Level Depth by Water-saturated Cultivation in Tidal Land

Analisis Pendapatan Petani Bawang Merah Berdasarkan Penggunaan Pupuk Organik dan Anorganik di Kecamatan Anggeraja Kabupaten Enrekang (Studi Kasus Desa Pekalobean)

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the production and income shallots farmers using organic and inorganic fertilizers on Bima shallot varieties and local shallot varieties in Pekalobean Village, Anggeraja District, Enrekang Regency. This study is a qualitative descriptive study to determine the comparison of production and income of shallot farmers using organic and inorganic fertilizers. The analysis technique used is descriptive analysis where the researcher explains the data and facts obtained during the field research stage. The results of this study indicate that based on the research conducted, it can be seen that the total income obtained by Mr. Moh. Nadir B with the Bima shallot variety using organic fertilizer was Rp 3,871,625 and the Bima shallot variety using inorganic fertilizer was Rp 3,787,225, while the local shallot variety using organic fertilizer had an income of Rp 2,264,625 and the local shallot variety using inorganic fertilizer had an income of Rp 3,162,625. The use of inorganic fertilizers resulted in higher shallot production compared to the use of organic fertilizers.

Effect of Soil Texture on the Productivity of Two Shallot Varieties

The Lake Toba Catchment Area (LTCA) has long been known as a producer of shallots in North Sumatra. The Samosir variety is the mainstay local variety of the farmers. Due to the lack of quality seeds and disease attacks on the Samosir variety, farmers began to cultivate the Bima Brebes variety. This study aims to prove the difference in productivity of shallot varieties Samosir and Bima Brebes cultivated in the LTCA region by considering soil texture as a factor affecting productivity. This study was conducted in 6 shallot producing districts included in the LTCA. For analysis, 30 samples were selected based on the level of shallot productivity, with details of 10 low category production (< 4.5 tons/ha), 10 medium category production (4.5-7.5 tons/ha), and 10 high category production (> 7.5 tons/ha), along with the results of soil texture analysis. Correlation analysis was conducted to find the type of soil fraction that influenced productivity. ANCOVA to analyze the relationship between soil fraction and shallot productivity in each variety and analyze the difference in the productivity of Samosir and Bima Brebes shallots. The results showed that the sand fraction had an effect on shallot productivity in LTCA. The shallot cultivation land in LTCA has a sand fraction of 69-76% (sandy loam texture), where the greater the percentage of sand fraction, the higher the productivity of both shallot varieties. There was no difference in the productivity of Samosir and Bima Brebes shallots varieties. Bima Brebes variety can be a substitute seed for shallot cultivation in LTCA.

Increased Yield of Three Shallot Varieties from Seed with Addition of Liquid Organic Fertilizer in the Highlands

Shallots are a vegetable commodity that is considered used as a spice in cooking, so the need of the consumer is high. To supply this high consumption is needed increased productivity. Productivity can be increased by using varieties suitable for the growing environment, quality seeds, and proper fertilization. One of the uses of quality seeds is from seeds, but to obtain high production from seeds, appropriate fertilization is necessary. The goal of the study is to establish the liquid organic fertilizers type and the shallot variety from true shallot seed (TSS) can increase yield in the highlands. This research was conducted in IP2TP Berastagi, with a height of 1340 m asl and andisol. This study was conducted from May to September 2018. The Randomized Block Design factorial was used as a research design with 3 replications. The first factor is liquid organic fertilizer (LOF): Without LOF, Rabbit manure LOF, Fish fertilizer LOF, and Fish LOF. The second factor is shallot varieties from seed: Bima, Trisula, and Tuktuk. The results showed that the growth of shallots had no effect in giving liquid organic fertilizer to the seeds. The Trisula shallot variety can adapt to grow and produce well in highlands, while the Tuk-tuk variety is only adapted for growth and the Bima variety is less adaptive for growth and yield. The Trisula shallot variety with rabbit manure liquid organic fertilizer was able to give the best results compared to other treatment combinations (increased the yield by 13.70 – 65.10%.). The Trisula variety can be recommended for planting in highlands by utilizing LOF of rabbit manure.

The effect of varieties of true shallot seed and paclobutrazol concentrations on growth and production of shallot plant

The increasing demand for shallots is inversely proportional to the quality of the current production. Efforts to improve and increase quality of production are selection of good varieties and add plant regulatory substances has also become the focus of many researchers in their effect on plant growth. Therefore, research was carried out on the effect of the varieties and also plant regulatory substances namely paclobutrazol on the growth and production of shallot plants. This research was carried out at the Teaching Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University from August to November 2021. This research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a split plot design, as the main plot, namely the botanical seed varieties of shallot (v) consists of 3 varieties, namely the Lokananta varieties (v1), Maserati varieties (v2), and Sanren varieties (v3), as a sub-plot, namely the concentration of paclobutrazol consists of 4 levels, namely 0 ppm (k0), 100 ppm (k1), 200 ppm (k2) and 300 ppm (k3). The research results showed that the interaction of the Sanren varieties with paclobutrazol concentration of 100 ppm gave the best results on the weight of fresh stover per plant (26.04 g), weight of dry stover per plant (19.23 g) and production per hectare (9.20 ton/ha). The Sanren varieties gave the best results on chlorophyll a (387.23 μmol.m−2), chlorophyll b (187.12 μmol.m−2), total chlorophyll (564.14 μmol.m−2) and number of tubers (1.81). Paclobutrazol concentration of 100 ppm gave the best results on plant height (43.07 cm) and number of leaves (6.24 strands), while paclobutrazol concentration of 200 ppm gave the best results on tuber diameter (23.13 mm) and paclobutrazol concentration of 300 ppm gave the best results on the number of tubers (1.54).

The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) varieties with different method of cultivation and altitude

Differences in altitude and plant cultivation methods greatly affect the nutrient content of shallot plants. The objective of the research is to evaluate differences in the nutrient content of N, P and K in two true shallot seeds (TSS) with different cultivation methods and altitude. The study was conducted in series in the highlands (Berastagi 1295 m asl) and in Medan (32 m asl) using a factorial randomized block design. The first factor is TSS varieties (Sanren F1 and Lokananta). The second factor is the cultivation method used based on the recommendation of the seed supplier, the recommendation for double production, the modification of the recommendation of the seed supplier and the modification of the recommendation for the double production). The results showed that the location, variety, cultivation and their interactions significantly affected the N, P andK content. In both Sanren F1 and Lokananta varieties, the use cultivation method from the recommendation of the seed supplier in highlands resulted in the highest P and K content compared to other treatment combinations. The use recommendation for double production in the lowlands in Sanren F1 and Lokananta varieties resulted in the highest N content compared to other treatment combinations.

Performances of 34 shallot accessions in Lembang highland

Identification of the appearance of shallot accession is needed in the selection of new superior varieties of shallots. Therefore, performance identification of shallot accessions from various parental backgrounds was carried out. Thirty-four shallot accessions were planted on open land in Lembang highlands (1250 m asl) from May to September 2022. The performance of shallot plants was observed starting from percentage of flowering, number of tillers, plant fresh weight, bulb dry weight, weight loss, bulb number, weight, height and diameters of bulbs and cloves. The data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that there were 11 accessions with 100% flowering percentage, 10 accessions with more than 5 tillers per plant, 5 accessions with weight loss potential of less than 40%, 3 accessions with more than 10 bulbs per plant, 6 accessions with bulb weight more than 10 grams, 11 accessions with bulb diameter more than 2.5 cm and 6 accessions with clove diameter more than 2.5 cm. There were 2 accessions that have a combination of superior traits, namely accessions BLK and C89.

Control for purple blotch and anthracnose diseases using biopesticides and local varieties of shallots in the rainy season

Purple blotch and anthracnose disease are the main diseases of shallots. The purpose of this study was to obtain an environmentally friendly technology for controlling purple blotch and anthracnose on shallots during the rainy season. The design used in this research was a split plot design with the main plots of local varieties of shallots (A) namely Sembrani, Bima Brebes and Maja Cipanas. As a sub-plot is the use of fungicides, namely chemical fungicides, chemical fungicides and bio-fungicides are used interchangeably and bio-fungicides are used routinely. The results of research conducted in the rainy season show that Sembrani variety had a significant effect on reducing the severity of purple blotch, anthracnose, and Stemphylium leaf blight disease compared with Bima Brebes and Maja Cipanas varieties. The use of chemical fungicides continuously is comparable to use of chemical fungicides and bio-fungicides which are carried out alternately in suppressing the severity of purple blotch, anthracnose and Stemphylium leaf blight diseases on shallots. Control by using chemical fungicides and bio-fungicides alternately that are can save the use of chemical fungicides by 50% thereby can protect the environment sustainability.

The Potential and Characteristics of Genetic Resources of 7 National Superior of Shallots Varieties in Indonesia

Shallots are one of strategic Indonesian commodity that has high economic value and one of the causes of inflation. Since Indonesia has released 46 superior varieties of shallots and 7 of them came from East Java. The condition before the existence of superior varieties of shallots from specific local origins in East Java, the productivity of East Java’s shallots was below 7.5 t/ha, whereas after the release of superior varieties, the productivity in 2020 was an average of 9.6 t/ha or increased 27.63%. This study was carried out from 2015 to 2018 in several East Java districts, namely Nganjuk, Probolinggo, Malang, Sumenep and Pamekasan. The research was carried out by characterizing the performance of 7 superior varieties namely Super Philip, Bauji, Batu Ijo, Biru Lancor, Rubaru, Monjung and Tajuk to determine the potential and characteristics of the seven varieties in various development locations. The research was conducted through a survey with purposive sampling. The vegetative and generative growth performance was observed according to the nature of the growth as well as the specific characteristics of each variety. The results of the plant diversity and genetic potential of the 7 superior varieties showed that each variety had specific characteristics, namely Super Philip, Biru Lancor and Tajuk suitable for planting in the dry season in the lowlands to medium with the respective productivity of 16.65 t/ha, 17.45 t/ha, 17.33 t/ha. Whereas those that are suitable for the rainy season are Bauji, Rubaru, Monjung in the low to medium lands with respective productivity of 14.25 t/ha, 14.60 t/ha and 14.40 t/ha and are tolerant of Fusarium sp., while Batu Ijo which has large tubers (15-20 g/tuber) suitable for the rainy and dry seasons in the highlands (800- 1,500 m asl), productivity 14.75 t/ha and tolerant to Fusarium sp.

The Effect of Compost Combination on Growth and Yield of Three Varieties Shallot Plants (Allium ascalonicum L).

This experiment aims to determine the effect of the combination of compost on the growth and yield of plants of three varieties of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L). The experiment was carried out in Karangwangun Village, Babakan District, Cirebon Regency - West Java. The research period will be carried out from January to May 2023. The location is located at an altitude of 93 meters above sea level (asl), the soil type of Latosol and Regosol association, including rain type C (moderately wet). The experimental method used is using an experimental method with a Randomized Group Design (RAK) combination pattern, the treatment consists of two factors that are repeated three times. The first factor is compost which consists of three levels, namely compost 10 tons / ha, compost 15 tons / ha, and compost 20 tons / ha. While the second factor is varieties consisting of three levels, namely pancasona varieties, violetta varieties, and bima varieties. The main observation data were processed using linear model statistical tests, fingerprint analysis, and scott-knot group follow-up test analysis. To determine the correlation between the treatment and the growth and yield components of shallots, the correlation used is with the Product Moment correlation coefficient. The experimental results showed: (1) The combination of compost treatment and onion plant varieties had an effect on the weight of fresh bulbs per plot and the weight of dry tubers per clump, but did not affect plant height, number of leaves, number of saplings per clump, root volume, number of tubers per plant, diameter of tubers per plant, weight of fresh bulbs per plant, and weight of dry tubers per plot, (2) The highest dry tuber weight per plot was produced by a combination of compost treatment of 10 tons / ha and bima varieties of 3.85 kg / plot or equivalent to 10.26 tons / ha and was not significantly different from other treatment combinations, and (3) There was a significant correlation between plant height and the number of leaves aged 35 HST and 45 HST with seed weights per plot with weak and medium categories. However, there was no apparent correlation between plant height and leaf count aged 25 HST with seed weight per plot with very weak category.

Growth and Yields of Bima Brebes Shallot Variety Planted Using A Floating Hydroponics System

Shallots are a horticultural crop that has an important meaning for the community, so in Indonesia there are various methods of utilizing narrow land as an empowerment effort in growing shallots, one of which is by means of hydroponics. Hydroponics has various types, one of which is the floating hydroponics system. This study aims to determine the growth and yield of shallot plants of the Bima Brebes variety grown using the floating hydroponics system. This research uses a qualitative approach with the Miles and Huberman interactive data analysis model which consists of 3 main things: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Meanwhile, data collection used documentation techniques to collect journals with the keywords shallot and floating hydroponics system from various sources. The results showed that shallots have high economic value and complete nutritional content, making it an important vegetable commodity for the community. The Bima Brebes shallot variety is very suitable for planting with this method because it has good characteristics. By using the right tools and materials, the growth of shallots of the Bima Brebes variety can be successfully implemented in a floating hydroponic system.

ANALYSIS OF GROWTH AND YIELD OF SHALLOT VARIETIES WITH ORGANIC LIQUID FERTILIZER IN THE SUB-OPTIMAL LAND OF WAMENA

This study compares the degree of adaptation of four shallot varieties introduced to the sub-optimal land of Wamena with one local variety. The study determined the physiological processes of plants observed 5 and 11 weeks after planting. The results show that the best-adapted shallot is the local variety which is indicated by the parameter of harvest index (0.820). In addition, the results showed that the local Wamena variety produced high production with a high assimilation rate (0.072 g/dm2week-1), had a leaf area (41,750 cm) and a high leaf area value (0.465 cm) even though it was indicated by treatment without fertilizer application. Liquid organic (control treatment). Compared with the introduced varieties, which showed no significant effect on each liquid organic fertilizer treatment level. The difference in responses shown by each variety is influenced by the genetic ability of each variety which is supported by environmental conditions.

The Effect of Indigenous AMF Applications on The Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Two Varieties of Shallots on Drought Stress Conditions

One of the limiting conditions for shallot plants to grow optimally is dry land conditions. Indigenous AMF application is one way to overcome this condition. This study aimed to determine the effect of indigenous AMF application on the morpho-physiological characters of two shallot varieties which are sensitive and tolerant to drought stress conditions. The study was carried out for 6 months on a wirehouse and laboratory scale. The Experiment used a completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor was varieties of shallots, i.e. Brebes (Sensitive) and Kuning (Tolerant) varieties of shallots. The second factor was the application of indigenous AMF which consisted of 5 levels i.e. Glomus sp1, Glomus sp2, Glomus sp3, a mixed those three isolates and control treatment (without application of AMF). The morpho-physiological observation parameters included header dry weight, root weight, and leaf proline content. From the observations, it can be concluded that under stressed conditions, the leaf proline content of the sensitive variety accumulated higher in the header than the tolerant variety, because the tolerant variety was better able to produce higher root and header weights when adapting than the sensitive. AMF inoculation did not show significant differences with the treatment without AMF inoculation on leaf proline. However, there was a tendency that inoculation of a mix of AMF isolates (Glomus sp1+Glomus sp2+ Glomus sp3) decrease the proline content in the leaves, both in sensitive and tolerant varieties so that plants are more resistant to drought stress.

Effects of Varieties and Different Environments on Growth and Yield Performance of Shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)

Shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) is one of the major cash crops produced in the Amhara region, including East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. However, the shallot is being out of production, and there are limited research efforts concerning the influence of the growing environment on shallot varieties. Thus, the objective of the study was to identify adaptable and high-yielding shallot varieties across different agroecologies/location in the East Gojjam Zone of Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted at three locations (Debre Markos, Wonka, and Yelam Gej) during 2019/20 and 2020/21 growing seasons. The study consists of four shallot varieties (Minjar, Huruta, Negelle, and local). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on growth, yield, and yield component parameters were recorded and analyzed using SAS Computer Software version 9.0. The present results indicated that the highest plant height, leaf length, number of shoots per plant, number of bulblets per bulb, average bulb weight, total yield, and marketable yield per hectare were recorded from improved shallot varieties Minjar, Negelle, and Huruta. Thus, Minjar, Negelle, and Huruta were better performed for growth, yield, and yield components at all testing locations. Thus, Minjar, Negelle, and Huruta were found to be superior in yield and yield components at all testing locations and were thus suggested to be used by the growers in the study area. It would be advisable to evaluate the varieties in the participatory varietal trail for further dissemination of varieties to shallot growers in the study area.