Shallot Bulbs Research Articles

Synergistic Phytochemical and Pharmacological Actions of Hair RiseTM Microemulsion: A Novel Herbal Formulation for Androgenetic Alopecia and Hair Growth Stimulation.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a genetic condition characterized by an excessive response to androgens, leading to hairline regression in men and hair thinning at the vertex in women, which can negatively impact self-esteem. Conventional synthetic treatments for AGA are often limited by their side effects. In contrast, Thai medicinal plants offer a promising alternative with fewer adverse effects. This study investigates the synergistic phytochemical and pharmacological effects of a novel Hair RiseTM microemulsion, formulated with bioactive extracts from rice bran (Oryza sativa), shallot bulb (Allium ascalonicum), licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), and corn kernels (Zea mays), for the treatment of hair loss. The microemulsion, in concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% (v/v), significantly enhanced the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) compared to minoxidil. Additionally, it upregulated critical hair growth signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin (CTNNB1), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH, SMO, GLI1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), surpassing standard controls such as minoxidil and purmorphamine. The microemulsion also demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by reducing nitric oxide production and oxidative stress, factors that contribute to inflammation and follicular damage in AGA. Furthermore, Hair RiseTM inhibited 5α-reductase (types 1-3), a key enzyme involved in androgen metabolism, in both human prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and HFDPCs. These findings suggest that Hair RiseTM microemulsion presents a promising natural therapy for promoting hair growth and reducing hair loss via multiple synergistic mechanisms, offering a potent, plant-based alternative to synthetic treatments.

RESPON PRODUKSI TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) TERHADAP BOKASHI KOTORAN SAPI DAN PUPUK ROCK FOSFAT PADA MEDIA GAMBUT

The development of shallot cultivation in Riau needs to be done by optimizing peatlands. However, problems such as low pH and low nutrient availability need to be addressed. The use of cow manure bokashi can increase the availability of soil nutrients and the addition of P fertilizer from rock phosphate is expected to increase the availability of P in peat soil. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cow manure bokashi and rock phosphate fertilizer in increasing the production of shallot plants in peat media. This research was carried out at the UIR Experimental Garden, Pekanbaru, from September to December 2022. The materials used in this study were Brebes shallot seedlings, cow manure bokashi, rock phosphate, urea, KCl. The tools used in the research included hoes, tape measure, cutter knife, analytical scales, camera and stationery. The research method used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor was the dose of cow manure bokashi with 4 treatment levels: without cow manure bokashi, 40, 80 and 120 g/polybag Bokashi cow manure. The second factor was the dose of rock phosphate fertilizer with 4 treatment levels: 0, 0.8 g/polybag, 1.6, 2.4 g/polybag. Each experimental unit was repeated 3 times. Observational data were analyzed statistically and further tested for HSD the 5% level. Application of cow manure bokashi with rock phosphate can increase shallot production. Application of cow manure bokashi 80 g/polybag with rock phosphate dose of 2.4 g/polybag increased the wet and dry shallot bulb weight.

The effectiveness of Liliaceae phyllospheric Actinomycetes as biocontrol agent of purple blotch disease (Alternaria porri Ell. Cif) on shallot

Purple blotch, caused by Alternaria porri, affects leaves and tubers, leading to reduced yields. Traditionally, synthetic chemical fungicides were heavily relied upon for control. As an alternative, biocontrol agents like actinomycetes have gained attention. Some actinomycetes can suppress plant pathogens by producing antifungal compounds. This research aimed to investigate the efficacy of phyllosphere actinomycetes from Liliaceae plants as biocontrol agents against purple blotch disease on shallots in the greenhouse. Conducted at the IPB University Plant Bacteriology and Mycology Laboratory and the greenhouse at Bogor Agricultural Development Polytechnic, West Java, the research involved several stages, including pathogen identification, preparation of actinomyces inoculum and A. porri, and application of actinomycetes biocontrol agents to shallots in the greenhouse. A. porri isolates were obtained from shallot production centers in the Brebes area, Central Java. The use of the actinomycetes from the phyllosphere effectively suppressed purple blotch disease, with the lowest area under the disease development curve (AUDPC) recorded at 635.9% for the CFS28 isolate. Lower AUDPC values indicated slower disease progression. Actinomycetes biocontrol agents showed promising efficacy, with the CFS28 isolate achieving the highest efficacy percentage of 78.37%. Additionally, plant growth was significantly enhanced by actinomycete application, with tuber sizes ranging from 1.44 to 2.06 g, fresh weights from 17.63 to 24.72 g, and dry weights of shallot bulbs from 5.43 to 17.96 g. The incubation period for A. porri could be extended by actinomycetes, ranging from 5.43 to 8.5 days for purple blotch symptoms to manifest on shallots. The use of Actinomyces phyllosphere biocontrol agents holds promise for disease control on other plants’ leaves, contributing to environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural practices.

The effectiveness of Liliaceae phyllospheric Actinomycetes as biocontrol agent of purple blotch disease (Alternaria porri Ell. Cif) on shallot

Purple blotch, caused by Alternaria porri, affects leaves and tubers, leading to reduced yields. Traditionally, synthetic chemical fungicides were heavily relied upon for control. As an alternative, biocontrol agents like actinomycetes have gained attention. Some actinomycetes can suppress plant pathogens by producing antifungal compounds. This research aimed to investigate the efficacy of phyllosphere actinomycetes from Liliaceae plants as biocontrol agents against purple blotch disease on shallots in the greenhouse. Conducted at the IPB University Plant Bacteriology and Mycology Laboratory and the greenhouse at Bogor Agricultural Development Polytechnic, West Java, the research involved several stages, including pathogen identification, preparation of actinomyces inoculum and A. porri, and application of actinomycetes biocontrol agents to shallots in the greenhouse. A. porri isolates were obtained from shallot production centers in the Brebes area, Central Java. The use of the actinomycetes from the phyllosphere effectively suppressed purple blotch disease, with the lowest area under the disease development curve (AUDPC) recorded at 635.9% for the CFS28 isolate. Lower AUDPC values indicated slower disease progression. Actinomycetes biocontrol agents showed promising efficacy, with the CFS28 isolate achieving the highest efficacy percentage of 78.37%. Additionally, plant growth was significantly enhanced by actinomycete application, with tuber sizes ranging from 1.44 to 2.06 g, fresh weights from 17.63 to 24.72 g, and dry weights of shallot bulbs from 5.43 to 17.96 g. The incubation period for A. porri could be extended by actinomycetes, ranging from 5.43 to 8.5 days for purple blotch symptoms to manifest on shallots. The use of Actinomyces phyllosphere biocontrol agents holds promise for disease control on other plants’ leaves, contributing to environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural practices.

Impact of compost and biochar from agricultural waste on reducing cadmium concentration and mancozeb residue in soil

The negative impact of excessive exposure to agrochemicals in shallot cultivation causes environmental pollution and human health. Biochar has the potential to absorb agrochemical contamination. This research aimed to investigate the effect of providing compost and biochar from agricultural waste on land quality, reducing the concentration of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and mancozeb pesticide residues in soil and products in shallot. The experiment was carried out in shallot fields in Ngurensiti Village, Pati Regency, Central Java Province. Four different treatments, including combinations of biochar and compost, were applied, along with conventional controls. Data were analyzed using the F test (ANOVA) and Tukey's test using the Minitab statistical program version 16.0. The research showed that using biochar made from sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, corncob, and compost helped more soil bacteria grow and lowered Cd and mancozeb concentrations. In addition, treatment with biochar from sugarcane bagasse waste showed a decrease in Cd and mancozeb concentrations and a more significant increase in bacterial populations compared to other treatments (rice husk biochar and corncob biochar). Although there was a slight increase in Cd concentration in shallot leaves post-treatment, Cd levels in shallot bulbs remained within safe limits. This study shows that using biochar and compost from agricultural waste effectively improves soil quality, reduces heavy metal pollution, and lowers pesticide levels to support sustainable agriculture and protect people's health.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOCHAR AS SOIL AMELIORANT TO INCREASE SMALL SHALLOT BULBS YIELD FROM TRUE SHALLOT SEED (TSS) IN DRYLAND AGROECOSYSTEM

The decline in soil fertility, characterized by extremely low organic matter content, is a common occurrence in agricultural land due to the intensified practices of crop production. These practices often involve the unwise application of chemical fertilizers and a lack of recycling agricultural waste as organic fertilizers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of biochar on the yield of small shallot bulbs grown from true shallot seed (TSS) in a dryland agroecosystem. The experimental trial was conducted using a randomized block design, incorporating two factors: organic amendments (biochar, manure, and biomass) and TSS varieties (Tuk-tuk, Sanren, and Trisula). The results demonstrated that the use of biochar, particularly in the Trisula variety, resulted in the highest production of mini-tubers, with an average of 4.5 tubers per seed. In comparison, the Sanren variety yielded 1.8 bulbs per seed, while the Tuk-Tuk variety yielded 1.2 bulbs per seed. Furthermore, the application of biochar had a positive influence on soil properties, such as increased levels of organic carbon (C- organic), availability of phosphorus (P-available), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in dry soils. The utilization of biochar as an organic amendment demonstrated its potential to enhance shallot bulb yield, particularly in the Trisula variety, within a dryland agroecosystem.

Comparative metabolite profiling in single and multiple bulb cultivars of shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group)

Tuk-Tuk and Sanren F1 are two shallot cultivars that exhibit divergent bulb multiplication traits. Tuk-Tuk typically produces one bulb. In contrast, Sanren F1 tends to produce multiple bulbs. This study used metabolomics during bulb development and harvesting. The objective of the study was to identify the metabolites that might affect the bulb multiplication of shallot. The initial samples of both cultivars were collected during the bulbs developmental stage i.e, 11 weeks after sowing (WAS), while the second sample was gathered during harvesting stage (16 WAS). The Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) analysis was applied to freeze-dried shallot bulbs formetabolomics analysis. Multivariate analysis utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by Orthogonal Projections Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were conducted using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The 1H NMR spectra revealed 28 putative metabolites. All data, including both cultivars during development and harvesting, was not clearly separated by PCA. However in the development stage, Sanren F1 was observed to have higher histidine than Tuk-Tuk, indicating the involvement of histidine kinase signaling system in the bulb multiplication. Hence, histidine kinase known for its role in the cytokinin signaling which contributing in the cell division regulation and may affect Sanren F1 bulb multiplication. Four metabolites i.e., sucrose, arginine, acetic acid, and myricetin were higher in Tuk-Tuk than Sanren F1, a cultivar tends to produce a single bulb. Valine, phenylalanine, formic acid, and α-linolenic acid were considerably higher in Sanren F1 than Tuk-Tuk during harvesting. There were also several metabolites with greater relative concentrations than the others. Though not all of those metabolites significantly differed amongst the examined cultivars, it was thought that they had an impact on bulb development. It would be of great interest to ascertain whether metabolites detected in Sanren F1 at higher levels have the potential to function as chemical markers for distinguishing shallot cultivars that are capable of producing multiple bulbs.

Increasing shallot yields by using solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer on dryland

Abstract Palu’s local shallot are very popular because they have a distinctive texture, taste and aroma. This research aims to determine the effect of the dose of cow manure and the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of the Palu Valley variety of shallots. The research was carried out in Bulupountu Jaya Village, Sigi Biromaru District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, from May 2023 to September 2023. The research used a randomized block design (RBD) with a factorial pattern. The first factor was the dose of cow manure which consisted of 3 levels, namely: S0 = no cow manure, S1 = 10 tons/ha and S2 = 20 tons/ha. The second factor was the fertilizer concentration. liquid organic which consists of 3 levels, namely: H1= 5 mL/L water and H2= 10 mL/L water, and H3 = 15 mL/L water. Each experimental unit was repeated 3 times so that there were 27 experimental units. The research results showed that there was an interaction between the dose of cow manure and the concentration of herbafarm’s liquid organic fertilizer on plant height, number of leaves, bulb diameter, fresh weight of bulbs and shallot bulb yield per hectare. Cow manure treatment with a dose of 20 tons/ha and a liquid organic fertilizer concentration of 15 mL/L of water gave the highest yield of shallot compared to other treatments.

Decoction derived from Allium ascalonicum L. bulbs and Sojae Semen Praeparatum alleviates wind-cold-type common cold via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and modulation of Lactobacillus murinus level.

Cong-Chi decoction (CCD) is made using Allium ascalonicum L. (shallot) bulbs and Sojae Semen Praeparatum (SSP). Shallot bulbs and SSP are both used regularly in traditional Chinese medicine; however, there are no recent pharmacological studies on their synergistic effects. Despite their roles in the treatment of the common cold for thousands of years, their pharmacological mechanisms of action against wind-cold-type common cold are yet to be explored comprehensively. A mouse model was standardized using wind-cold modeling equipment to study the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects of CCD. Then, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to analyze the association between Lactobacillus murinus and changes in body temperature. Additionally, the antipyretic effects of L. murinus were validated via animal experiments. The results indicate that CCD improves the symptoms of wind-cold by reducing fever, levels of pro-inflammatory factors, and cellular apoptosis, as well as increasing the blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, thereby alleviating lung tissue damage. The effects of CCD are mediated by upregulation of pulmonary Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions, thereby reducing oxidative damage in the lungs, in addition to other anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, CCD increases the abundance of L. murinus in the intestinal tract. The animal experiments confirm that L. murinus ameliorates fever in mice. CCD exhibits remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties for effectively treating wind-cold-type common cold. Furthermore, its regulatory effects on L. murinus represent a novel mechanism for product development.

Effects of water hyacinth compost and biological agents (Trichoderma sp) on the growth and yield of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) in dry land

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is one of leading vegetable commodities intensively cultivated by farmers for a long time, including farmers in East Nusa Tenggara (ENT). The purpose of this study was to produce water hyacinth compost with ability to interact with Trichoderma sp. in order to improve the shallot bulb quality cultivated in dry land. This factorial experimental research was arranged in a Split Plot Design with 10 treatments and 3 replications. There were 10 treatment combinations with 30 experimental plots. Two factors were tested in this research. The first factor was the water hyacinth compost as the main plot, namely: 15 ton ha⁻¹ water hyacinth compost (K1) and without water hyacinth compost (K2), while the second factor as a sub-plot was the concentration of Trichoderma sp., consisting of watering with plain water (as control) of 100 mL(P0), watering with a concentration of Trichoderma sp. 5 mL.L⁻¹ (P1), watering with a concentration of Trichoderma sp. 10 mL.L⁻¹ (P2), watering with Trichoderma sp. concentration 15 mL.L⁻¹ (P3) and watering with Trichoderma sp. 20 mL.L⁻¹ (P4). The treatment of water hyacinth compost fertilizer at 15 tons ha⁻¹ with a concentration of Trichoderma sp 20 mL.L⁻¹ resulted in the highest number of shallot leaves (84.27 strands) and tillers (10.82). The shallot bulb weight per plot was 2455.33 g, and the number of bulbs per plot was 350.40 bulbs.

Pendampingan Demplot Teknik Budidaya Bawang Merah pada Musim Hujan Secara Ramah Lingkungan

Background: Shallot cultivation in the rainy season faces the constraints of more severe plant disease problems. Utilization of mixed biopestisda Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus sp. B8 and Pseudomonas flourescens P8 as well as proper cultivation techniques have not been adopted by farmers. It is necessary to assist farmers in implementing the technology The objectives of the activity are: assisting farmers in implementing the shallot cultivation technology package appropriately, increasing the quantity and quality of crop production, and increasing farmers' income through increasing farm efficiency. Method: The farmers participating in the activity are members of the farmer group "Lestari" Tambak Sogra Village, Sumbang District, Banyumas Regency. Technology transfer method through demplot assistance. The biopesticide technology package and environmental manipulation are compared to the conventional package of synthetic chemical pesticides. Data on the growth and yield of technological plot crops compared to conventional plots. The large number of farmers who can independently apply the technology is observed. Results: mentoring activities showed that farmer group members were able to independently implement technology packages. The use of biopesticides and proper cultivation techniques can produce growth and yield equivalent to the use of synthetic chemical pesticides. Conclusion: 80% partner farmers can apply technology packages, the use of biopesticides is able to substitute the use of synthetic chemical pesticides, technology packages are able to increase 5.9% of shallot bulbs and reduce 75% production costs.

Phenotypic performance of Srikayang's shallot variety M1 by colchicine induction

Abstract. Rahmawati ADN, Nandariyah, Parjanto. 2024. Phenotypic performance of Srikayang's shallot variety M1 by colchicine induction. Biodiversitas 25: 1297-1303. Srikayang shallot is one of the shallot varieties from Kulonprogo Yogyakarta, and it has relatively small bulbs. Indonesian consumers prefer shallot, which has dense bulbs, is large (diameter ? 2.5 cm), has a spicy taste, and is fragrant. The efforts to increase shallot's diversity are important. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Srikayang shallot M1 and evaluate Lethal Doses (LD50) of colchicine. This research was conducted from September to November 2023 at Balecatur Planting Garden, Yogyakarta. Srikayang shallot bulbs were used, and colchicine concentration consisted of 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1%, with a soaking period of 3, 6, and 12 hours. The study was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and probit analysis. The colchicine concentration and soaking duration affected the morphological character of Srikayang plants in leaf color, bulb skin color, bulb shape, bulb neck shape, and root tip shape. This study showed that the interaction of colchicine concentration and soaking duration improved variability on plant height, number of leaves, number of saplings, bulb weight in the cluster, main bulb weight, and main bulb diameter. The LD50 of Srikayang shallots was obtained at a colchicine concentration of 0.065%.

Breaking Dormancy of Shallot (Allium ascolonicum L.) Bulb Using Hydrogen Peroxide

Shallot bulbs have a dormancy period, so they must be stored for 3-4 months. This condition inhibits the acceleration of planting, which has a short time, so efforts are needed to accelerate the dormancy period by using hydrogen peroxide. This research was carried out from June to July 2023 at the Screen House, Teaching Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. The study was arranged in a randomized block design with a two-factor factorial design. The first factor is the variety of Mentes, Rubaru, Violetta 2 Agrihorti, Kramat 1, and Ambassador 3 Agrihorti. The second factor is hydrogen peroxide concentration with three levels, namely 0%, 10% and 20%. The results showed that breaking the dormancy of shallot bulbs using hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 20% effectively triggered the process of bulb growth in the various shallot varieties tested, marked by an increase in the percentage of rooted and sprouted bulbs. The Rubaru and Mentes varieties had an excellent response to 20% hydrogen peroxide immersion, indicated by a shorter rooting and sprouting time, compared to other varieties and concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide with a concentration of 20% can be used to break dormancy in shallot bulbs. However, further studies are needed on growth and production in the field and the quality and safety of shallot bulbs. Keywords: Bulb, Dormancy, Hydrogen peroxide, Shallot.

Agronomic Yield and Pyruvate Content of Local Samosir Shallot Bulbs due to Trichoderma spp.

Agronomic Yield and Pyruvate Content of Local Samosir Shallot Bulbs due to Trichoderma spp.

Early Detection of Fusarium Basal Rot Infection in Onions and Shallots Based on VOC Profiles Analysis.

Gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology is drawing increasing attention due to its high sensitivity, low drift, and capability for the identification of compounds. The noninvasive detection of plant pests and pathogens is an application area well suited to this technology. In this work, we employed GC-IMS technology for early detection of Fusarium basal rot in brown onion, red onion, and shallot bulbs and for tracking disease progression during storage. The volatile profiles of the infected and healthy control bulbs were characterized using GC-IMS and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). GC-IMS data combined with principal component analysis and supervised methods provided discrimination between infected and healthy control bulbs as early as 1 day after incubation with the pathogen, classification regarding the proportion of infected to healthy bulbs in a sample, and prediction of the infection's duration with an average R2 = 0.92. Furthermore, GC-TOF-MS revealed several compounds, mostly sulfides and disulfides, that could be uniquely related to Fusarium basal rot infection.

Exploration and identification of morphological characters of local Samosir shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) accessions for sustainable agriculture

Samosir local shallots are a superior local resource commodity with a very distinctive taste and aroma, more pungent and fragrant, the color is redder and shiny. Currently, Samosir local shallots are experiencing a shortage therefore exploratory research is needed to obtain sources of quality planting material for sustainable agriculture. The objective of the research was to explore and identify the morphological characters of Samosir local shallots accessions at Bakti Raja District. The research method was carried out using a descriptive exploratory method. The results showed that the Samosir local shallots from all the accessions observed had cylindrical leaves with holes, with dark green leaf color, medium leaf size, low leaf density, umbrella-like flower shape, white flower color and purple/white bulb color. There is diversity in the shape of the bulb, namely Siunong-unong Julu accession, Simangulampe 1 and Simangulampe 2 have a globe tuber shape, while Simamora 1 accession has broad elliptic leaf shapes, Simamora 2, Simamora 3, Simamora 4 Marbun Tonga Dolok, Tipang 1 and Tipang 2 has a broad oval shape. Tipang 2 accession had the highest weight of 100 dry shallot bulbs, Simangulampe 1 and Simangulampe 2 accessions had the highest tuber diameter.

Response Of Growth And Production Of Shallot To The Genus Of Mycorrhiza And Npk Fertilizer

Mycorrhizal biofertilizer is a biotechnology agent and bio protector that is environmentally friendly and supports the concept of sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of growth and production of shallots on the application of the genus Mycorrhizae and N,P,K fertilizers. This study used a completely randomized design method with two factors: The first factor was the application of the mycorrhizal genera Glomus (M1), Gigaspora (M2), Acaulospora (M3), and the Mycorrhizal Consortium (M4); and the second factor is 0-gram NPK fertilizer (NPK0), 25-gram NPK fertilizer (NPK25), 50-gram NPK fertilizer (NPK50), 75-gram NPK fertilizer (NPK75). The results of the identification of Glomus spore form is obovoid, the spore wall is more than one layer, yellow in color. Gigaspora spore form is globose, spore walls do not have an inner wall, and the spore is yellowish cream in color. Acaulospora spore is elliptic, has 2 spore walls, spores are yellow. The results of mycorrhizal responses and doses of NPK fertilizer on the growth and production of shallots were not significantly different according to the analysis of variance in all observation parameters, but some treatments consistently produced the highest results among other treatments. The highest treatment was M1.NPK50 produced an average number of shallots of 50 pieces, the number of shallot bulbs averaged 13.4 and the diameter of shallot bulbs averaged 4.9.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Pupuk Organik Cair Nira Aren (<i>Arenga pinnata</i>) Terhadap pertumbuhan Tanaman Bawang Merah (<i>Allium ascalonicum</i>)

The need for red onions has not yet been balanced by the amount of production, so the government always brings in red onions through imports to meet the community's needs. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of the growth of shallots (Allium ascalonicum) on the application of liquid organic fertilizer from sap (Arenga pinnata). The approach used in this research is quantitative research. The research was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) with different concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer from palm sap, with concentrations of 0 ml, 20 ml, 40 ml, 60 ml, 80 ml and 100 ml, a total of 6 treatments, with 5 replications. The results of the research show that based on the ANOVA test, the calculated F value was 1,954, while the F table (0.05) on the diameter of shallot plant bulbs shows that there is a significant influence provided that F calculated>F table. Apart from that, based on the results of the anova test, the parameters of plant height (0.178), the significant value of the number of plant leaves (0.067), and the significant value of the diameter of the plant tuber (0.133) so that the research results obtained indicate that liquid organic fertilizer of sugar palm sap has an effect on height growth. plants, number of leaves, and diameter of shallot bulbs (Allium ascalonicum).

Effect of Fobio on Intensity of Moler Disease (Fusarium oxysporum) on Various Shallot Cultivars

Fusarium oxysporum is the pathogen that causes moler disease which can reduce the productivity of shallot plants. The use of cultivars greatly affects the production. Control method that is more environmentally friendly is currently being pursued towards organic farming. Fobio is a biopesticide containing plant root microorganisms as biological control agents. This study aims to determine the effect of Fobio biopesticide on Fusarium wilt (moler) disease incidence and production of three shallot cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the shallot planting area of Sukorejo Village, Rejoso District, Nganjuk Regency, East Java. This experiment was arranged in the split plot design with two factors. The main plot of the concentration of the biopesticide formula (Fobio) consisted of 3 levels namely control (chemical fungicide), 5 ml/liter, and 10 ml/liter, and the subplot of shallot cultivar consisted of 3 types namely Tajuk, Biru Lanchor, and Super Philip. The observation in this study were the incubation period, disease symptoms, disease intensity, and shallot bulb yield. The results showed that Fobio biopesticide at the concentration of 10 ml/liter caused the same disease suppression as chemical fungicide (control) in the three shallot cultivars with the disease incidence of 18.78%. Fobio biopesticide concentration of 10 ml/liter had also the same effect as chemical fungicide on the production of those shallot cultivars, with the average wet weight of 2.25 kg/treatment and dry weight of 1.49 kg/treatment.

Efektifitas Tanaman Refugia Kacang-Kacangan Menangkal Intensitas Serangan Hama Ulat Grayak (spodoptera exigua Hubner.) Pada Bawang Merah

This experimental research aims to obtain the type of legume refugia plant that is most effective in preventing invasion, colonization and intensity of attack by the Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest on shallot. The experiment was designed with a randomized block design consisting of six treatments of various refugia plants, namely shallot plants without refugia treatment (Ro), shallot plants with refugia treatment peanuts (R1), soybeans (R2), green beans (R3), red beans (R4) and cowpeas (R5), which are planted in two rows on the side of the bund at a distance of 10 cm from the outermost row of shallot plants. Observation parameters were egg population, larvae, intensity of S. exigua pest attack and weight of fresh shallot bulbs. The variety of refugia plants from the legume group influences invasion, colonization and the intensity of Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest attacks. on red onions. Peanut and cowpea refugia plants planted in two rows on the sides of the shallot mounds, are very effective in preventing invasion, colonization and the intensity of Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest attacks, so that the shallot plants experience very light disturbance with an attack intensity of 2,522% – 4,432 %, which is in the very low category. As a result, the yield of fresh shallot tubers obtained was significantly higher compared to shallot plants without refugia plants and with refugia plants of soybeans, green beans and red beans. Soybean, green bean and red bean refugia plants are not effective in preventing Spodoptera exigua Hubner pest attacks on shallots because the plants experience attack intensity from the age of 49 HST – 63 HST of 21.86% - 23.34% with the attack intensity being in the medium category.